1. The base

2. Operational history
    After the War on Terror 

3. Protests

4. See also

5. References
     Notes    General sources  

6. External links

Partly run by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) and U.S. National Reconnaissance Office (NRO), the station is a key contributor to the NSA's global interception effort, which included the ECHELON program.^[2][3][4][5] The classified NRO name of the Pine Gap base is Australian Mission Ground Station (AMGS), while the unclassified cover term for the NSA function of the facility is RAINFALL.^[6]

The base

The facilities at the base consist of a massive computer complex with 38 radomes protecting radio dishes^[7] and has over 800 employees.^[8] A long-term NSA employee at Pine Gap, David Rosenberg, indicated that the chief of the facility at the time of his service was a senior CIA officer.^[9]{{rp|p 45–46}}^[10]

The location is strategically significant because it controls United States spy satellites as they pass over one-third of the globe which includes China, the Asian parts of Russia and the Middle East.^[7] Central Australia was chosen because it was too remote for spy ships passing in international waters to intercept the signal.^[9]{{rp|p xxi}}

The facility has become a key part of the local economy.^[11]

Operational history

In late 1966, in the thralls of the US/Soviet 'Cold War', a joint US-Australian treaty called for the creation of a US satellite surveillance base in Australia, to be titled the "Joint Defence Space Research Facility".^[12] The purpose of the facility was initially referred to in public as "space research".^[13] Operations started in 1970 when about 400 American families moved to Central Australia.^[11] Since the demise of the 'Cold War' in 1991 and the rise of the 'Terror War' in 2001, the base has seen a refocusing away from mere nuclear treaty monitoring and missile launch detection, to become a vital warfighting base for US military forces.^[6]

In 1999, with the Australian Government refusing to give details to an Australian Senate committee on treaties, intelligence expert Professor Des Ball from the Australian National University was called to give an outline of Pine Gap. According to Professor Ball, since 9 December 1966 when the Australian and United States governments signed the Pine Gap treaty, Pine Gap had grown from the original two antennas to about 18 in 1999, and now 38 by 2017. The number of staff had increased from around 400 in the early 1980s to 600 in the early 1990s and then to 800 in 2017, the biggest expansion since the end of the Cold War.{{cn|date=November 2017}}

Ball described the facility as the ground control and processing station for geosynchronous satellites engaged in signals intelligence collection, outlining four categories of signals collected:

• telemetry from advanced weapons development, such as ballistic missiles, used for arms control verification;
• signals from anti-missile and anti-aircraft radars;
• transmissions intended for communications satellites; and
• microwave emissions, such as long-distance telephone calls.

Ball described the operational area as containing three sections: Satellite Station Keeping Section, Signals Processing Station and the Signals Analysis Section, from which Australians were barred until 1980. Australians are now officially barred only from the National Cryptographic Room (similarly, Americans are barred from the Australian Cryptographic Room). Each morning the Joint Reconnaissance Schedule Committee meets to determine what the satellites will monitor over the next 24 hours.

With the closing of the Nurrungar base in 1999, an area in Pine Gap was set aside for the United States Air Force's control station for Defense Support Program satellites that monitor heat emissions from missiles, giving first warning of ballistic missile launches. In 2004, the base began operating a new satellite system known as the Space-Based Infrared System, which is a vital element of US missile defense.^[7]

Since the end of the Cold War, the station has mainly been employed with intercepting and recording weapons and communications signals from countries in Asia, such as China and North Korea. The station was active in supporting the wars in Yugoslavia, Afghanistan and Iraq and every US war since the September 11 attacks.^[14]

The Menwith Hill Station (MHS) in the UK is operated by the NSA and also serves as ground station for these satellite missions.^[6]

After the War on Terror

One of the station's primary functions is to locate radio signals in the world's Eastern Hemisphere, with the collected information fed into the U.S. drone program.^[15][16] This was confirmed by an NSA document from 2013, which says that Pine Gap plays a key role in providing geolocation data for intelligence purposes, as well as for military operations, including air strikes.^[6]

On 11 July 2013, documents revealed through former NSA analyst Edward Snowden, showed that Pine Gap, amongst three other locations in Australia and one in New Zealand, contributed to the NSA's global interception and collection of internet and telephone communications, which involves systems like XKEYSCORE.^[17]

According to Snowden documents published in August 2017, Pine Gap is used as a ground station for spy satellites on two secret missions:^[6]

• Mission 7600 with 2 geosynchronous satellites to cover Eurasia and Africa
• Mission 8300 with 4 geosynchronous satellites that covered the former Soviet Union, China, South Asia, East Asia, the Middle East, Eastern Europe, and countries on the Atlantic Ocean

Protests

As a US military installation involved in US wars legal and otherwise, and given it is placing its host country at some considerable risk of nuclear attack, Pine Gap has been the site of community rallies and protests.

• On 11 November 1983, Aboriginal women led 700 women to the Pine Gap gates where they fell silent for 11 minutes to mark Remembrance Day and the arrival of Pershing II missiles at Greenham Common in Britain.{{dubious|reason=Pershing was deployed to Germany, BGM-109G Ground Launched Cruise Missile were deployed to Greenham Common|date=June 2015}} This was the beginning of a two-week, women-only peace camp, organised under the auspices of Women For Survival. The gathering was non-violent, and several women trespassed on to the military base and on one day 111^[18] were arrested and gave their names as Karen Silkwood, an American nuclear worker who was murdered after campaigning for nuclear safety. There were allegations of police brutality and a Human Rights Commission Inquiry ensued.^[19]
• In 1986 the base was issued with an eviction notice to be "closed by the people" in a Close the Gap campaign, at which women and men in their hundreds gathered from across Australia.{{cn|date=December 2018}}
• In 2002 about 500 people gathered to protest at the gates of Pine Gap, including some politicians{{Which|date=November 2018}}. They were objecting to its use in the then impending Iraq war and missile defence, attracting a massive police presence.{{cn|date=December 2018}}
• In December 2005 six members of the Christians Against All Terrorism group staged a protest outside Pine Gap. Four of them later broke into the facility and were arrested. Their trial began on 3 October 2006 and was the first time that Australia's Defence (Special Undertakings) Act 1952 was used.^[20] In June 2007 the four were fined $3,250 in the Northern Territory Supreme Court with the possibility of a seven-year jail term. The Commonwealth prosecutor appealed the decision saying that the sentence was "manifestly inadequate".{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} The Pine Gap Four cross-appealed to have their convictions quashed. In February 2008 the four members successfully appealed their convictions and were acquitted.^[21] Judges who worked on the case stated that a "miscarriage of justice" had taken place because the four were denied the right to argue their main defence: that the Pine Gap base was being used to conduct a war of aggression in Iraq. ^[22]

See also

• GCSB Waihopai
• RAF Menwith Hill
• Misawa Air Base

References

Notes

General sources

• 1999 Joint Standing Committee on Treaties. An Agreement to extend the period of operation of the Joint Defence Facility at Pine Gap. Report 26. Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, October 1999.
• 2002 Craig Skehan, "Pine Gap gears for war with eye on Iraq". Sydney Morning Herald, 30 September 2002.
• 2002 [https://web.archive.org/web/20070831000357/http://www.anti-bases.org/pine_gap_Sept_2002_protest/protest_news.htm MR: Australian Anti Bases Coalition]
• 2003 Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Pine Gap. Retranscription of program broadcast on 4 August 2003.
• 2007 [https://web.archive.org/web/20070626040904/http://pinegap6.livejournal.com/ Pine Gap 6]
• 2007 "Judge rejects Pine Gap house arrest bid" The Australian, 29 May.
• 2007 "Aussies eye BMD role" United Press International, 11 Jun.
• 2007 "Pine Gap protest linked to Iraq war, pacifists tell court" ABC, Australia, 5 Jun.
• 2007 Protesters get a wrist slap

External links

• Pine Gap's wider missile role, The Age, 21 September 2007
• Pine Gap protests–historical at Nautilus Institute, April 2008
• [https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/backgroundbriefing/the-base-pine-gaps-role-in-us-warfighting/8813604/ The Base: Pine Gap's Role in US Warfighting], Background Briefing, ABC Radio National, 20 August, 2017
• [https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/backgroundbriefing/the-base-pine-gaps-role-in-us-warfighting/8813604/ NSA Documents on Pine Gap], from archive of Edward Snowden, Background Briefing, ABC Radio National, 20 August, 2017
• [https://theintercept.com/2017/08/19/nsa-spy-hub-cia-pine-gap-australia/ The U.S. Spy Hub in the Heart of Australia], The Intercept, 20 August, 2017

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