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词条 Pink and White Terraces
释义

  1. Formation

  2. History

  3. Lead up to loss

  4. Loss

  5. Rediscovery

  6. Similar places

  7. References

  8. External links

{{short description|Large silica sinter deposits in New Zealand destroyed in 1886 volcanic eruption}}{{Infobox spring
| name = Pink and White Terraces
| photo = White Terraces - Blomfield.jpg
| photo_width =
| photo_caption = Blomfield: The White Terraces (1884)
| map = New Zealand
| map_width =
| map_caption = Location of the Terraces in New Zealand
| name_origin =
| location = {{NZL}}
Bay of Plenty
| elevation =
| spring_source=Okataina
| coords = {{Coord|38|15|38|S|176|25|50|E|type:landmark}}
| coords_ref =
| hot_spring_type =Hot spring
| height =
| duration =
| frequency =
| discharge =
| temperature =
| depth =
| attraction =
}}

The Pink Terrace, or Te Otukapuarangi ("The fountain of the clouded sky") in Māori, and the White Terrace, also known as Te Tarata ("the tattooed rock"), were natural wonders of New Zealand.[1] They were reportedly the largest silica sinter deposits on earth.[2] Until recently, they were lost and thought destroyed in the 1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera, while new hydrothermal features formed to the south-west i.e. Waimangu Volcanic Rift Valley.

The Pink and White Terraces were formed by upwelling geothermal springs containing a cocktail of silica-saturated, near-neutral pH chloride water.[2][2] These two world-famous springs were part of a group of hot springs and geysers, chiefly along an easterly ridge this year{{when|date=November 2017}} named Pinnacle Ridge (or the Steaming Ranges by Mundy).[3] The main tourist attractions included Ngahapu, Ruakiwi, Te Tekapo, Waikanapanapa, Whatapoho, Ngawana, Koingo and Whakaehu.

The Pink and the White Terrace springs were around {{convert|1200|m|ft}} apart.[3] The White Terrace was at the north-east end of Lake Rotomahana and faced west to north west at the entrance to the Kaiwaka Channel. Te Tarata descended to the lake edge around {{convert|25|m|ft}} below.[2] The Pink Terrace lay four fifths of the way down the lake on the western shore, facing east to south-east. The pink appearance over the mid and upper basins (near the colour of a rainbow trout) was due to antimony and arsenic sulfides, although the Pink Terrace also contained gold in ore-grade concentrations.[4]

Formation

Until recently, the Pink and White Terraces were thought to be about 1,000 years old. The hydrothermal system which powered them may be up to 7,000 years old.[3] The silica precipitation formed many pools and steps over time. Precipitation occurred by two methods. The ascending foundation over time formed a lip which would trap the descending flow and become level again. This process formed attractive swimming places, both for the shape and for the warm water. When the thermal layers sloped in the other direction away from the geyser, then silica steps formed on the surface. Both types of formation grew as silica-laden water cascaded over them, and the water also enhanced the spectacle. Geologist Ferdinand von Hochstetter wrote after his visit in 1859 that "doubtless thousands of years were required" for their formation.[2]

The White Terrace was the larger formation, covering about {{convert|8|ha|acre|abbr=off}} and descending over about 50 layers with a drop in elevation of about {{convert|25|m|ft|abbr=out}}, and over about {{convert|240|m|ft|abbr=out}}. The Pink Terrace descended about {{convert|22|m|ft|abbr=out}} over about {{convert|100|m|ft|abbr=out}}. The Pink Terrace started at the top {{convert|75–100|m|ft|abbr=out}} wide and the bottom layers were about {{convert|27|m|ft|abbr=out}} wide. Tourists preferred to bathe in the upper Pink Terrace pools due to their clarity and the range of temperature and depths.[5]

History

One of the first Europeans to visit Rotomahana was Ernst Dieffenbach. He briefly visited the lake and terraces while on a survey for the New Zealand Company[6] in early June 1841. The description of his visit in his book Travels in New Zealand[7] inspired an interest in the Pink and White Terraces by the outside world.

The terraces became New Zealand's most famous tourist attraction, sometimes referred to as the Eighth Wonder of the World. New Zealand was still relatively inaccessible to Europeans and passage took several months by ship. The journey from Auckland was typically by steamer to Tauranga, the bridle track to Ohinemutu on Lake Rotorua, by coach to Te Wairoa (the home of the missionary the Reverend Seymour Mills Spencer),[8] by canoe across Lake Tarawera, and then on foot or by canoe up and/or down the Kaiwaka Channel; over the hill to the swampy shores of Lake Rotomahana and the terraces.[1]

Those that made the journey to the terraces were most frequently well-to-do, young male overseas tourists or officers from the British forces in New Zealand.[9] The list of notable tourists included Sir George Grey in 1849, Alfred Duke of Edinburgh in 1869, and Victorian novelist Anthony Trollope in 1874.[10]

The appearance of the terraces was recorded for posterity by a number of photographers, but as it was before colour photography was invented, their images lack the enticing colour the formations were known for. Several artists drew and painted the terraces before their loss in 1886, most notably Charles Blomfield who visited on more than one occasion. Their atmospheric views are the main record of the Eighth Wonder of the World. The colour chemistry of the Pink terrace can be seen today at Waiotapu, where the Champagne Pool is lined with these same colloidal sulfides.[4]

Sophia Hinerangi, sometimes known as Te Paea, took over as principal guide from the older Kate Middlemass in the early 1880s. She became recognised as the principal tourist guide of the Pink and White Terraces. Sophia observed the disturbances to Lake Tarawera water levels in the days preceding the eruption.[11] In 1885, Alfred Warbrick began guiding, though he was not from Te Tuhourangi.[12]

Lead up to loss

A number of people mapped and commented on the region before the loss of the terraces. Ferdinand von Hochstetter carried out a topographic and geological survey of the Lake Rotomahana area in 1859, producing his Geographic and Geological survey. This gave enough data to form the first map of the area and to suggest how the terraces had been formed.[5]

In 1873, Percy Smith climbed Mt. Tarawera and gave the impression that the mountain top was rough but showed no sign of volcanic vents.


In March 1881, G. Seelhorst climbed Wahanga dome and the northern end of Ruawahia dome in search of a presumed "falling star" following reports of glowing and smoke from an area behind Wahanga.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}


In 1884, a surveyor named Charles Clayton described the top of Wahanga dome as volcanic with several depressions, one being approximately {{convert|61|m|ft|abbr=out}}.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}

Loss

{{main|Eruption of Mount Tarawera}}

On 10 June 1886, Mount Tarawera erupted. The eruption spread from west of Wahanga dome, {{convert|5|km|mi}} to the north, down to Lake Rotomahana.[13] The volcano belched out hot mud, red hot boulders, and immense clouds of black ash from a {{convert|17|km|mile}} rift that crossed the mountain, passed through the lake, and extended beyond into the Waimangu valley.

After the eruption, a crater over {{convert|100|m|ft|abbr=out}} in depth encompassed the former site of the terraces.[13] After some years this filled with water to form a new Lake Rotomahana, {{convert|30–40|m|ft|abbr=out}} higher, ten times larger and deeper than the old lake.[14][15]

Alfred Patchet Warbrick, a boat builder at Te Wairoa, witnessed the eruption of Mount Tarawera from Maunga Makatiti to the north of Lake Tarawera. Warbrick soon had whaleboats on Lake Tarawera investigating the new landscape; he in time became the chief guide to the post-eruption attractions. Warbrick never accepted that the Pink and White Terraces had been destroyed.[16]

Rediscovery

The terraces were long thought to have been destroyed in the 1886 eruption. However, in February 2011, a team including researchers from GNS Science, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, and Waikato University were mapping the lake floor when they reported discovering part of the Pink Terraces. The lowest two tiers of the terraces were reported found at {{convert|60|m|ft|-1}} deep.[17][18] A part of the White Terraces was also reported as rediscovered in June 2011.[19][20] The announcement of the rediscovery of the White Terraces coincided with the 125th anniversary of the eruption of Mt. Tarawera in 1886.

The 2011 GNS claims of rediscovery were challenged by Bill Keir, who calculated that the 'rediscovered' structures were not where the terraces had been before the eruption. Specifically, the then newly discovered structures were {{convert|50–60|m|ft|abbr=out}} under the lake surface, but the historic terraces were expected to be as little as {{convert|10|m|ft|abbr=out}} under, and "could not be more than {{convert|40|m|ft|abbr=out}} below the surface". Keir speculated that the structures discovered by the GNS team were prehistoric terraces, never before seen by humans; or perhaps step-shaped objects created by the eruption.[21][22]

The GNS team went back in 2012, and again in February 2014, to photograph the remains. When their work was published in 2016 in the Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, they drew back from earlier claims and reported the terraces were likely destroyed.[23][24] In 2017 an article by Bill Keir in the Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand stated that the terraces could not have survived intact.[25]

In 2010, Sascha Nolden discovered Hochstetter's archive in Basel, Switzerland, and began progressively cataloging and publishing it.[26][27][28] The archive includes Hochstetter's field diaries which contain the raw data from his compass survey of Lake Rotomahana and the Pink and White Terraces. These diaries include bearings which, when reverse-engineered, delivered the geographical coordinates of the Pink and White Terrace locations.[28][29] The Hochstetter diaries have been published in two research papers by Bunn and Nolden.[29][30] This research led Bunn and Nolden to report that, contrary to the prevailing belief, the Pink and White Terraces were not submerged beneath Lake Rotomahana: they are instead buried 10 to 15 metres underground along the shoreline, based on coordinates in an article published in the Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, and could potentially be excavated and restored to public view.[30][31] Any such excavation, however, would need the permission of the Maori tribe which owns the land.[32] Bunn released a summary and supporting image gallery of the new 2018 findings.[33] Later, he explained the release of the new findings.[34][35]

{{As of|2018|March}}, Tuhourangi Tribal Authority chairman Alan Skipworth was not yet convinced by Bunn and Nolden's claims, calling press reports that the Pink and White Terraces had been rediscovered "premature".[35][36]

An article written by Bunn, Davies and Stewart, published in 2018, uses a novel "field of view" approach to navigate to the Pink and White terrace locations. This draws on unpublished photography from Hochstetter's 1859 expedition, as well as his diary data.[37]

A review article by de Ronde, Caratori Tontini, and Keam about the location of the Pink and White Terraces was published in 2018. The article concluded "… various lines of geological and geophysical evidence do not support the location of the Pink and White Terraces as suggested by {{harvp |Bunn |Nolden |2016}}." and "… possible Pink Terrace tiers first reported by {{harvp |de Ronde, Fornari et al. |2016}} are located exactly where we believe they should lie after fitting the {{harvp |Keam |2016}} pre-eruption outline map of Lake Rotomahana to our high-resolution bathymetric map." The article also states that the data analysis confirms that the White Terraces would have been destroyed.[38]

Similar places

  • Badab-e Surt in Iran
  • Hierve el Agua in Mexico
  • Mammoth Hot Springs at Yellowstone National Park in the United States
  • Pamukkale in Turkey
  • Terme di Saturnia in Italy

References

1. ^1 {{cite web |title=Pink and White Terraces |website=Rotorua Museum |url=http://www.rotoruamuseum.co.nz/visit-us/the-pink-white-terraces/ |accessdate=30 July 2012 |dead-url=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113232534/http://www.rotoruamuseum.co.nz/visit-us/the-pink-white-terraces/ |archive-date=2015-01-13}}
2. ^1 {{cite book|author=Ferdinand von Hochstetter |authorlink=Ferdinand von Hochstetter |title=New Zealand: Its Physical Geography, Geology and Natural History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mnwKAQAAIAAJ |year=1867 |publisher=J. G. Cotta |location=Stuttgart}}
3. ^1 2 {{cite journal |ref=harv |last1=Keam |first1=Ronald F. |title=The Tarawera eruption, Lake Rotomahana, and the origin of the Pink and White Terraces |journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research |date=15 March 2016 |series=The Lake Rotomahana Geothermal System and Effects of the 1886 Mt. Tarawera Eruption |volume=314 |pages=10–38 |doi=10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2015.11.009}}
4. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Hutching|first1=Hamish Campbell & Gerard|title=In search of ancient New Zealand|date=2011|publisher=Penguin|location=North Shore, N.Z.|isbn=978-0143206170}}
5. ^1 {{cite book |author1=Ferdinand von Hochstetter |author2=August Heinrich Petermann |title=The Geology of New Zealand: In Explanation of the Geographical and Topographical Atlas of New Zealand, from the Scientific Publications of the Novara Expedition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pN8QAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA69#v=onepage&q&f=false |year=1864 |publisher=T. Delattre |location=Auckland |page=69}}
6. ^{{cite web |author=Denis McLean |title='Dieffenbach, Johann Karl Ernst', Dictionary of New Zealand Biography |orig-year=First published in 1990 |date=July 2015 |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1d13/dieffenbach-johann-karl-ernst |website=Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand |access-date=13 August 2018}}
7. ^{{cite book |last=Dieffenbach |first=Ernest |title=Travels in New Zealand [Vol. I] |url=http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/docs/epub/travels_in_new_zealand_voli-210.epub |chapter=Part II. - Northern Island - Northern Districts - Chapter XXV |year=1843 |publisher=John Murray |pages=382–383 |chapter-url=http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document?wid=238&page=0&action=null}}
8. ^{{cite book |first=Andrews |last=Philip |year=1995 |title=Rotorua Tarawera and The Terraces |location=Rotorua |publisher=Bibliophil & The Buried Village |edition=2nd |isbn=0-473-03177-9 |oclc=847993967 }}
9. ^{{cite book |author=Lydia Wevers |title=Country of Writing: Travel Writing and New Zealand, 1809-1900 |year=2002 |publisher=Auckland University Press |isbn=978-1-86940-271-6}}
10. ^{{cite journal |last=Bag |first=Terry |title=Strange Days on Lake Rotomahana: The End of the Pink and White Terraces |journal=White Fungus |date=17 August 2007 |issue=7 |url=http://whitefungus.com/tag/pink-and-white-terraces/ |dead-url=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613041205/http://whitefungus.com/tag/pink-and-white-terraces/ |archivedate=13 June 2011 |accessdate=5 April 2017}}
11. ^{{cite web |author=Jenifer Curnow |title='Hinerangi, Sophia', Dictionary of New Zealand Biography |orig-year=First published in 1993 |date=July 2015 |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/2h37/hinerangi-sophia |website=Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand |access-date=13 August 2018}}
12. ^{{cite book |last=Warbrick |first=A. |title=Adventures in Geyserland : life in New Zealand's thermal regions, including the story of the Tarawera eruption and the destruction of the famous terraces of Rotomahana |others=Preface by James Cowan |location=Dunedin, N.Z. |publisher=Reed |year=1934 |oclc=16004580 }}
13. ^1 {{cite encyclopedia |last1=McSaveney |first1=E. |last2=Stewart |first2=C. |last3=Leonard |first3=G. |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/historic-volcanic-activity/page-2 |title=Historic volcanic activity: Tarawera |encyclopedia=Te Ara – The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |publisher=Manatū Taonga Ministry for Culture and Heritage |date=12 June 2006 |accessdate=18 February 2015}}
14. ^{{cite web |url=http://my.christchurchcitylibraries.com/tarawera-eruption/ |title=Mount Tarawera eruption |website=Christchurch City Libraries |accessdate=17 February 2015 |dead-url=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219112249/http://my.christchurchcitylibraries.com/tarawera-eruption/ |archive-date=2015-02-19}}
15. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/travel/news/video.cfm?c_id=7&gal_objectid=10703655&gallery_id=116521 |title=The search for the Pink and White Terraces |work=The New Zealand Herald |accessdate=3 November 2011}}{{Dead link|date=August 2018}}
16. ^{{cite encyclopedia |last=Keam |first=R.F. |title=Warbrick, Alfred Patchett |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/2w7/warbrick-alfred-patchett |encyclopedia=Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand |publisher=Manatū Taonga Ministry for Culture and Heritage |year=1993 |accessdate=3 August 2012}}
17. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/travel/news/article.cfm?c_id=7&objectid=10703655 |title=Remains of Pink Terraces discovered |last=Donnell |first=Hayden |date=2 February 2011 |newspaper=The New Zealand Herald |accessdate=3 November 2011 |dead-url=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304021228/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/travel/news/article.cfm?c_id=7&objectid=10703655 |archive-date=2016-03-04}}
18. ^{{cite web |website=GNS Science |url=http://www.gns.cri.nz/Home/News-and-Events/Media-Releases/Scientists-find-part-of-Terraces |title=Scientists find part of Pink and White Terraces under Lake Rotomahana |date=2 February 2011 |dead-url=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205092107/http://www.gns.cri.nz/Home/News-and-Events/Media-Releases/Scientists-find-part-of-Terraces |archive-date=2011-02-05}}
19. ^{{cite news |url=http://tvnz.co.nz/national-news/scientists-make-pink-and-white-terraces-discovery-4219866 |title=Terrace discovery most surprising yet |date=10 June 2011 |work=One News |accessdate=3 November 2011 |via=TVNZ |dead-url=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611072037/http://tvnz.co.nz/national-news/scientists-make-pink-and-white-terraces-discovery-4219866 |archive-date=2011-06-11}}
20. ^{{Cite magazine |url=http://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/feature/in-search-of-the-pink-and-white-terraces |author=Cherie Winner |date=9 May 2012 |title=In Search of the Pink and White Terraces |magazine=Oceanus Magazine |issn=1559-1263 |volume=49 |issue=2 |language=en |access-date=2017-06-13 |dead-url=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822010516/http://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/feature/in-search-of-the-pink-and-white-terraces |archive-date=2014-08-22 |publisher=Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution }}
21. ^{{cite news |first=Cornel E. J. |last=de Ronde |title=Fault found in Terraces scepticism |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/rotorua-daily-post/opinion/news/article.cfm?c_id=1503435&objectid=11075824 |date=22 Sep 2012 |newspaper=Rotorua Daily Post |department=Opinion |postscript=. Published early on 22 Sep, 6:57am. |via=nzherald.co.nz |access-date=2018-08-12 |dead-url=no |archive-url=|archive-date=}}
{{cite news |first=Bill |last=Keir |title=Bill Keir: Imagination needed to see Terraces |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/rotorua-daily-post/opinion/news/article.cfm?c_id=1503435&objectid=11075825 |date=22 Sep 2012 |newspaper=Rotorua Daily Post |department=Opinion |postscript=. Published later on 22 Sep, 4:07pm. |via=nzherald.co.nz |access-date=2018-08-12 |dead-url=no |archive-url=|archive-date=}}
22. ^{{cite journal |last=Keir |first=Bill |title=The Pink and White Terraces: still lost? |journal=New Zealand Skeptic |volume=110 |pages=7–12 |year=2014}}
23. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20160427-a-natural-wonder-lost-to-a-volcano-has-been-rediscovered |title=A natural wonder lost to a volcano has been rediscovered |last=Wylie |first=Robin |date=28 April 2016 |website=BBC |access-date=2016-04-30 |dead-url=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428201422/http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20160427-a-natural-wonder-lost-to-a-volcano-has-been-rediscovered |archive-date=2016-04-28}}
24. ^1 2 3 {{Cite journal |ref={{harvid|de Ronde, Fornari et al.|2016}} |last=de Ronde |first=C.E.J. |last2=Fornari |first2=D.J. |last3=Ferrini |first3=V.L. |last4=Walker |first4=S.L. |last5=Davy |first5=B.W. |last6=LeBlanc |first6=C. |last7=Caratori Tontini |first7=F. |last8=Kukulya |first8=A.L. |last9=Littlefield |first9=R.H. |date=15 March 2016 |title=The Pink and White Terraces of Lake Rotomahana: what was their fate after the 1886 Tarawera Rift eruption? |journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research |series=The Lake Rotomahana Geothermal System and Effects of the 1886 Mt. Tarawera Eruption |volume=314 |pages=126–141 |doi=10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.02.003 }}
25. ^{{cite journal |first=Bill |last=Keir |year=2017 |orig-year=Published online: 3 Dec 2017 |title=The location of the Pink and White Terraces of Lake Rotomahana, New Zealand |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand |doi=10.1080/03036758.2017.1404479 }}
26. ^{{cite book |last1=Nolden |first1=Sascha |last2=Nolden Sandy B. |title=Hochstetter Collection Basel |volume=Part 1, NZ Paintings & Drawings |publisher=Mente Corde Manu |year=2011}}
27. ^{{cite book |last1=Nolden |first1=Sascha |last2=Nolden Sandy B. |title=Hochstetter Collection Basel |volume=Part 2, NZ Photographs & Prints |publisher=Mente Corde Manu |year=2012}}
28. ^1 {{cite book |last1=Nolden |first1=Sascha |last2=Nolden Sandy B. |title=Hochstetter Collection Basel |volume=Part 3, NZ Maps & Sketches |publisher=Mente Corde Manu |year=2013}}
29. ^1 {{Cite journal |ref=harv |last=Bunn |last2=Nolden |first=Rex |first2=Sascha |date=December 2016 |title=Te Tarata and Te Otukapuarangi: Reverse engineering Hochstetter’s Lake Rotomahana Survey to map the Pink and White Terrace locations |journal=Journal of New Zealand Studies |issn=2324-3740 |volume=23 |pages=37–53 |doi=10.26686/jnzs.v0i23.3988 }}
30. ^1 {{Cite journal |last=Bunn |first=Rex |last2=Nolden |first2=Sascha |date=2018 |orig-year=Published online: 7 Jun 2017 |title=Forensic cartography with Hochstetter’s 1859 Pink and White Terraces survey: Te Otukapuarangi and Te Tarata |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=39–56 |doi=10.1080/03036758.2017.1329748 |issn=0303-6758}}
31. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2017/06/pink-and-white-terraces-buried-no-more.html |title=Pink and White Terraces – buried no more? |date=10 June 2017 |work=Newshub |accessdate=11 June 2017 |dead-url=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610103849/http://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2017/06/pink-and-white-terraces-buried-no-more.html |archive-date=2017-06-10}}
32. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/pink-white-terraces-new-zealand-hochstetter-lost |title=The Quest to Rediscover New Zealand's Lost Pink and White Terraces|author=Kelsey Kennedy|date=6 September 2017|work=Atlas Obscura|access-date=2018-03-30 |dead-url=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906234753/https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/pink-white-terraces-new-zealand-hochstetter-lost |archive-date=2017-09-06}}
33. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/national/programmes/ninetonoon/audio/2018636848/pink-and-white-terraces-final-location-discovered |title=Pink and White Terraces final location 'discovered' |date=20 March 2018 |work=Radio New Zealand |access-date=2018-05-04 |language=en-nz |dead-url=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330060145/https://www.radionz.co.nz/national/programmes/ninetonoon/audio/2018636848/pink-and-white-terraces-final-location-discovered |archive-date=2018-03-30}}
34. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/bay-of-plenty/102705862/iwi-consultation-claims-risible-says-pink-and-white-terraces-researcher |title=Iwi consultation claims 'risible' says Pink and White Terraces researcher |author=Benn Bathgate |date=28 March 2018 |website=Stuff |language=en |access-date=2018-05-04 |dead-url=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504225708/https://www.stuff.co.nz/bay-of-plenty/102705862/iwi-consultation-claims-risible-says-pink-and-white-terraces-researcher |archive-date=2018-05-04}}
35. ^1 {{Cite news |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12021995 |title=Iwi speaks out about 'premature' Pink and White Terraces announcement |date=29 March 2018 |work=NZ Herald|access-date=2018-05-04|language=en-NZ |issn=1170-0777 |dead-url=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329064417/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12021995 |archive-date=2018-03-29}}
36. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/102675102/pink-and-white-terraces--discovery-announcement-premature-says-iwi |title=Pink and White Terraces discovery announcement premature, says iwi |date=28 March 2018 |website=Stuff |access-date=2018-03-30 |dead-url=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707005947/http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/102675102/pink-and-white-terraces--discovery-announcement-premature-says-iwi |archive-date=2018-07-07}}
37. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.surveyors.org.nz/Article?Action=View&Article_id=103 |date=27 June 2018 |title=Article - Dr Hochstetter's Lost Survey |publisher=New Zealand Institute of Surveyors |website=NZIS |access-date=2018-06-29 |dead-url=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629074337/https://www.surveyors.org.nz/Article?Action=View&Article_id=103 |archive-date=2018-06-29}}
{{cite journal |url=https://www.surveyors.org.nz/Attachment?Action=Download&Attachment_id=5109 |title=Dr Hochstetter's Lost Survey – The Pink and White Terraces at Lake Rotomahana |first1=Rex |last1=Bunn |first2=Nick |last2=Davies |first3=David |last3=Stewart |journal=Surveying+Spatial |issue=94 |pages=5–13 |date=June 2018 |access-date=2018-08-12 |dead-url=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812194134/https://www.surveyors.org.nz/Attachment?Action=Download&Attachment_id=5109 |archive-date=2018-08-12}}
38. ^{{cite journal |first=Cornel E. J. |last=de Ronde |first2=Fabio |last2=Caratori Tontini |first3=Ronald F. |last3=Keam |year=2018 |orig-year=Published online: 31 Jul 2018 |title=Where are the Pink and White Terraces of Lake Rotomahana? |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand |doi=10.1080/03036758.2018.1474479 }}

External links

  • Images and Paintings of the Pink and White Terraces in the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
  • Photos of the Pink & White Terraces
  • Map of the Terraces on The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}

8 : Rotorua District|Landforms of the Bay of Plenty Region|Okataina Volcanic Centre|Natural disasters in New Zealand|1886 in New Zealand|1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera|History of the Bay of Plenty Region|Rock formations of New Zealand
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