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词条 Chelyabinsk meteorite
释义

  1. Naming

  2. Composition and classification

  3. Asteroid

  4. Meteorite

  5. Popular culture

  6. Gallery

  7. See also

  8. References

  9. External links

{{Infobox meteorite
|Name = Chelyabinsk
|Alternative names =
|Image = 2 Cheljabinsk meteorite fragment.jpg
|Image_caption = Fragments of the meteorite that were first discovered at Lake Chebarkul.
|Type = Ordinary chondrite LL5[1]
|Class =
|Clan =
|Group =
|Grouplet =
|Subgroup =
|Structural_classification =
|Parent body =
|Composition =
|Shock = S4[2]
|Weathering = W0 (pristine)
|Country = Russia
|Region = Chelyabinsk Oblast
|Lat_Long = {{Coord|54.955146|N|60.326614|E|scale:5000000_region:RU_type:event|display=title,inline}}
|Observed_fall = Yes
|Fall_date = {{date|2013-02-15}}, 09:20 YEKT (00)
|Found_date = 17 February 2013
|TKW = approximately {{convert|1000|kg|lb|abbr=on}} [3]
|Strewn_field = Yes
|Image2 =
|Image2_caption =
}}

The Chelyabinsk meteorite (Russian: Челябинск or Челябинский метеорит) is the fragmented remains of the large Chelyabinsk meteor of 15 February 2013 which reached the ground after the meteor's passage through the atmosphere. The descent of the meteor, visible as a brilliant superbolide in the morning sky, caused a series of shock waves that shattered windows, damaged approximately 7,200 buildings and left 1,500 people injured.[4][5] The resulting fragments were scattered over a wide area.

The largest fragment had a total mass of {{convert|654|kg|lb|abbr=on}} and was raised from the bottom of Lake Chebarkul on 16 October 2013.[6]

Naming

The meteor and meteorite are named after Chelyabinsk Oblast, over which the meteor exploded. An initial proposal was to name the meteorite after Lake Chebarkul, where one of its major fragments impacted and made a 6-metre-wide hole in the frozen lake surface.[6]

Composition and classification

The meteorite has been classified as an LL5 ordinary chondrite. First estimates of its composition indicate about 10% of meteoric iron, as well as olivine and sulfides.[4][7]

Asteroid

The impacting asteroid started to brighten up in the general direction of the Pegasus constellation, close to the East horizon where the Sun was starting to rise.[8] The impactor belonged to the Apollo group of near-Earth asteroids.[8][9]

The asteroid had an approximate size of {{convert|18|m}} and a mass of about {{convert|9100|MT|ST}} before it entered the denser parts of Earth's atmosphere and started to ablate.[10] At an altitude of about 23.3 km (14.5 miles) the body exploded in an air burst.[10] Meteorite fragments of the body landed on the ground.[11][12]

Analysis of three fragments using optical microscopy, electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and isotopic composition techniques used to date Solar System objects, showed the isotopic clocks in the asteroids (rubidium and strontium ratios, argon isotope ratios) appear to have partially or totally reset in past collisions. The isotopic clock resets may result from thermal effects changing isotopic ratios, and changes to cosmic radiation exposure. The asteroid appears to have had eight major collisions, around 4.53, 4.45, 3.73, 2.81, and 1.46 billion years ago, then at 852, 312, and 27 million years ago.[13][14]

Meteorite

Scientists collected 53 samples nearby a 6-metre-wide hole in the ice of Lake Chebarkul, thought to be the result of a single meteorite fragment impact. The specimens are of various sizes, with the largest being {{convert|5|kg|lb|abbr=on}},[15] and initial laboratory analysis confirmed their meteoric origin.[1]

In June 2013, Russian scientists reported that further investigation by magnetic imaging below the location of the ice hole in Lake Chebarkul has identified a {{convert|60|cm|ft|adj=mid|-large}} meteorite buried in the mud at the bottom of the lake. An operation to recover it from the lake began on 10 September 2013[16][17] and concluded on 16 October 2013 with the raising of the rock with an estimated mass of {{convert|654|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.[18] It was examined by scientists and then handed over to the local authorities.[19][20] It was then put on display at the Chelyabinsk State Museum of Local Lore, causing protests from the followers of the recently set-up "Church of Chelyabinsk Meteorite".[21]

In the aftermath of the superbolide air burst, a large number of small meteorite fragments fell on areas west of Chelyabinsk, including Deputatskoye, generally at terminal velocity, about the speed of a piece of gravel dropped from a skyscraper.[11] Local residents and schoolchildren located and picked up some of the meteorites, many located in snowdrifts, by following a visible hole that had been left in the outer surface of the snow. Speculators have been active in the informal market for meteorite fragments that has rapidly emerged.[11]

Popular culture

  • {{asof|2013|02|18}}, some reports surfaced of people trying to sell fake meteorites on the Internet.[22]
  • On 15 February (anniversary of the event), during the 2014 Winter Olympics, winners received medals with embedded fragments of the meteorite.[23]
  • The "Church of the Chelyabinsk Meteorite" has been set up in the Russian city of Chelyabinsk.[19][24] The founder of the church, Andrey Breyvichko, claims that the large meteorite fragment retrieved from the lake contains a coded "set of moral and legal norms that will help people live at a new stage of spiritual knowledge development".[17] Breyvichko opposes the operation to expose the meteorite fragment in a museum, claiming that only "psychic priests" of his church are qualified to decode and handle the celestial body, which they want to be placed in a temple to be built in Chelyabinsk for the purpose.[17][19][24]

Gallery

See also

{{commons|Category:Chelyabinsk_meteorite|Chelyabinsk meteorite}}
  • Meteorite fall

References

1. ^1 {{cite web | url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meteor/metbull.php?code=57165 | title=Chelyabinsk |work=Meteoritical Bulletin Database | publisher=The Meteoritical Society | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603103339/http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meteor/metbull.php?code=57165 | archivedate=2013-06-03 | deadurl=no }}
2. ^{{cite web | url=https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fria.ru%2Fscience%2F20130228%2F925165413.html | script-title=ru:Тип челябинского метеорита оказался уникальным для России - ученые | trans-title=Chelyabinsk meteorite type was unique for Russia - Scientists | language=Russian | publisher=ria.ru | date=28 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626235652/http://ria.ru/science/20130228/925165413.html | archivedate=2013-06-26 | deadurl=no | title=Google Translate }}
3. ^{{cite web|last1=Kocherov|first1=A.V.|last2=Ivanova|first2=M.A.|title=Chelyabinsk, recovery of additional masses|url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meteor/metbull.php?code=57165|website=Meteoritical Bulletin Database|publisher=The Meteoritical Society|accessdate=23 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223220959/http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meteor/|archivedate=23 December 2015}}
4. ^1 {{cite news | title=Russische Wissenschaftler finden Teile des Meteoriten |trans-title=Russian scientists find parts of the meteorite | url=http://www.zeit.de/wissen/umwelt/2013-02/meteorit-wissenschaftler-fund | date=18 February 2013 | newspaper=Zeit | language=German | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420145301/http://www.zeit.de/wissen/umwelt/2013-02/meteorit-wissenschaftler-fund | archivedate=2013-04-20 | deadurl=no }}
5. ^{{cite news | url=http://rbth.ru/news/2013/03/05/meteorite-caused_emergency_situation_regime_over_in_chelyabinsk_region_23513.html | title=Meteorite-caused emergency situation regime over in Chelyabinsk region | work=Russia Beyond The Headlines | publisher=Rossiyskaya Gazeta | date=5 March 2013 | agency=Interfax | deadurl=no }}
6. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-24550941 | work=BBC News | title=Meteorite pulled from Russian lake | publisher=BBC | date=16 October 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016113749/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-24550941 | archivedate=2013-10-16 | deadurl=no }}
7. ^{{cite news |title=Russische Wissenschafter fanden Fragmente des Meteoriten |trans-title=Russian scientists found fragments of the meteorite | url=http://derstandard.at/1360681801881/Russische-Wissenschafter-fanden-Fragmente-des-Meteoriten | date=18 February 2013 | newspaper=Standard | language=German | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623224730/http://derstandard.at/1360681801881/Russische-Wissenschafter-fanden-Fragmente-des-Meteoriten | archivedate=2013-06-23 | deadurl=no }}
8. ^1 {{cite arxiv | last1=Zuluaga | first1=Jorge I. | last2=Ferrin | first2=Ignacio | title=A preliminary reconstruction of the orbit of the Chelyabinsk Meteoroid | year=2013 | eprint=1302.5377 | quote=We use this result to classify the meteoroid among the near Earth asteroid families finding that the parent body belonged to the Apollo asteroids. | class=astro-ph.EP }}
9. ^{{cite journal |title=Chasing the Chelyabinsk asteroid N-body style |first1=C. |last1=de la Fuente Marcos |first2=R. |last2=de la Fuente Marcos | first3=S. J. | last3 = Aarseth|date=10 October 2015 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=812 |issue=1 |pages=26 (22 pp) |arxiv=1508.05907|bibcode=2015ApJ...812...26D |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/812/1/26}}
10. ^1 {{cite web | date=1 March 2013 | title=Additional Details on the Large Fireball Event over Russia on Feb. 15, 2013 |publisher=NASA/JPL Near-Earth Object Program Office | first1=Don | last1=Yeomans | first2=Paul | last2=Chodas | url=http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/news/fireball_130301.html | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430164941/http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/news/fireball_130301.html | archivedate=2013-04-30 | deadurl=no | quote=Note that [the] estimates of total energy, diameter and mass are very approximate.}}
NASA's web page in turn acknowledges credit for its data and visual diagrams to::Peter Brown (University of Western Ontario); William Cooke (Marshall Space Flight Center); Paul Chodas, Steve Chesley and Ron Baalke (JPL); Richard Binzel (MIT); and Dan Adamo.
11. ^1 2 {{cite news | last=Kramer | first=Andrew E. | title=Russians Wade Into the Snow to Seek Treasure From the Sky | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/19/world/europe/russian-scientists-say-they-found-meteorite-fragments.html | date=18 February 2013 | newspaper=New York Times | deadurl=no }}
12. ^{{cite news | title=Meteorite fragments found in Russia's Urals region | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-21494963 | date=18 February 2013 | work=BBC News | publisher=BBC | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219022021/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-21494963 | archivedate=2013-02-19 | deadurl=no }}
13. ^{{Cite web|title = Chelyabinsk Meteor Played 4.5 Billion Years of Cosmic Pinball|url = http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/life-unbounded/chelyabinsk-meteor-played-4-5-billion-years-of-cosmic-pinball/|accessdate = 2015-10-01|first = Caleb A.|last = Scharf}}
14. ^{{Cite journal|title = Mineralogy, petrology, chronology, and exposure history of the Chelyabinsk meteorite and parent body|journal = Meteoritics & Planetary Science|date = 2015-09-01|issn = 1945-5100|pages = 1790–1819|doi = 10.1111/maps.12511|first = K.|last = Righter|first2 = P.|last2 = Abell|first3 = D.|last3 = Agresti|first4 = E. L.|last4 = Berger|first5 = A. S.|last5 = Burton|first6 = J. S.|last6 = Delaney|first7 = M. D.|last7 = Fries|first8 = E. K.|last8 = Gibson|first9 = M. K.|last9 = Haba|volume=50|issue = 10|bibcode = 2015M&PS...50.1790R}}
15. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/09/world/europe/space-russia-meteor/ | title=Tough to spot: Chelyabinsk meteor tinted by ancient crashes | first=Matt | last=Smith | work=CNN | publisher= | date=10 October 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020220151/http://edition.cnn.com/2013/10/09/world/europe/space-russia-meteor/ | archivedate=2013-10-20 | deadurl=no }}
16. ^{{cite news | title=Probable Fragments of Chelyabinsk Meteorite Lifted From Lake | date=26 September 2013 | url=http://en.ria.ru/science/20130926/183754123/Probable-Fragments-of-Chelyabinsk-Meteorite-Lifted-From-Lake.html | last= | first= | work=RIA Novosti | publisher= | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017032748/http://en.ria.ru/science/20130926/183754123/Probable-Fragments-of-Chelyabinsk-Meteorite-Lifted-From-Lake.html | archivedate=2013-10-17 | deadurl=no }}
17. ^1 2 {{cite news | title=Like a rock: Church of meteorite set up by worshippers of famous space debris | date=17 September 2013 | url=http://rt.com/news/meteorite-church-established-russia-971/ | last= | first= | work=Russia Today | publisher= | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927103218/http://rt.com/news/meteorite-church-established-russia-971/ | archivedate=2013-09-27 | deadurl=no }}
18. ^1 {{cite news | title=654 kg chunk of Russian meteorite recovered from a lake | date=16 October 2013 | last= | first= | publisher=CBC News | url=http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=add_1381954601 | work=Voice Of Russia | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020221203/http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=add_1381954601 | archivedate=2013-10-20 | deadurl=no }}
19. ^1 2 {{cite news | title=Church of Chelyabinsk Meteorite Founded in Russian Urals | date=16 September 2013 | url=http://rianovosti.com/science/20130916/183504482/Church-of-Chelyabinsk-Meteorite-Founded-in-Russian-Urals.html | last= | first= | work=RIA Novosti | publisher= | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017094336/http://en.ria.ru/science/20130916/183504482/Church-of-Chelyabinsk-Meteorite-Founded-in-Russian-Urals.html | archivedate=2013-10-17 | deadurl=no }}
20. ^{{cite journal | url=http://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2014/pdf/2227.pdf | title=Recovery, Laboratory Preparation and Current State of the Main Mass of the Chelyabinsk Meteorite | issue=1777 | pages=2227 | journal=45th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference | year=2014 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222153347/http://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2014/pdf/2227.pdf | archivedate=2014-02-22 | deadurl=no | bibcode=2014LPI....45.2227K | last1=Kocherov | first1=A. V. | last2=Korochantsev | first2=A. V. | last3=Lorenz | first3=C. A. | last4=Ivanova | first4=M. A. | last5=Grokhovsky | first5=V. I. }}
21. ^{{cite news | url=http://voiceofrussia.com/2014_02_15/Chelyabinsk-asteroid-fall-anniversary-Sochi-champions-get-meteorite-medals-3322/ | title=Chelyabinsk asteroid fall anniversary: Sochi champions get meteorite medals | publisher=The Voice of Russia | date=15 February 2014 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222012501/http://voiceofrussia.com/2014_02_15/Chelyabinsk-asteroid-fall-anniversary-Sochi-champions-get-meteorite-medals-3322/ | archivedate=2014-02-22 | deadurl=no }}
22. ^{{cite web | title=Meteorites Found, But Beware Offers to Sell | url=http://www.spacepolicyonline.com/news/meteorites-found-but-beware-offers-to-sell | publisher=Space Policy Online | date=18 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702065945/http://www.spacepolicyonline.com/news/meteorites-found-but-beware-offers-to-sell | archivedate=2013-07-02 | deadurl=no }}
23. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/sports/sochi-olympics-win-asteroid-pieces-in-medals-meteor-anniversary-245703681.html | title=Olympians Win Asteroid-Filled Medals on Russia's Meteorite Anniversary | last=Whithers | first=Tom | work=NBC News | location=California | date=15 February 2014 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222153846/http://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/sports/sochi-olympics-win-asteroid-pieces-in-medals-meteor-anniversary-245703681.html | archivedate=2014-02-22 | deadurl=no}}
24. ^1 {{cite news | title=Chelyabinsk meteorite: a message from God? | date=4 October 2013 | url=http://voiceofrussia.com/2013_10_04/Chelyabinsk-meteorite-a-message-from-God-1542/ | first=Milena | last=Faustova | work=The Voice of Russia | publisher= | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004220325/http://voiceofrussia.com/2013_10_04/Chelyabinsk-meteorite-a-message-from-God-1542/ | archivedate=2013-10-04 | deadurl=no }}

External links

{{Commons category|Chelyabinsk meteorite}}
  • {{cite web | url=http://astrobob.areavoices.com/2013/02/18/scientists-study-53-tiny-meteorites-from-russian-fireball/ | title=Scientists study 53 tiny meteorites from Russian fireball | work=Astro Bob | date=18 February 2013 }}
  • {{cite web | url=http://astrobob.areavoices.com/2013/02/23/digging-for-chebarkul-meteorites-in-the-snow-new-pix-plus-an-orbit/ | title=Digging for "Chebarkul" meteorites in the snow, new pix plus an orbit | work=Astro Bob | date=23 February 2013 }}
{{Meteorites}}{{Meteorites by name}}{{Modern impact events}}{{2013 in space}}

7 : Chondrite meteorites|Meteorites found in Russia|2013 in Russia|2013 in space|Modern Earth impact events|Chelyabinsk Oblast|February 2013 events in Asia
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