“Pituophis”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Pituophis

释义

Geographic range
Description
Modified epiglottis
Species and subspecies
References
Further reading
External links

{{Italic title}}{{Automatic Taxobox
| name = Pituophis
| image = Pithuophis melanoleucus annectens - Chris Brown.jpg
| image_caption = San Diego gopher snake
Pituophis catenifer annectens
| taxon = Pituophis
| authority = Holbrook, 1842
| synonyms = Arizona, Churchilla, Coluber, Elaphis, Epiglottophis, Pityophis, Rhinechis, Spilotes^[1]
}}

Pituophis is a genus of nonvenomous colubrid snakes commonly referred to as gopher snakes, pine snakes, and bullsnakes, which are endemic to North America.

Geographic range

Species and subspecies within the genus Pituophis are found throughout Mexico, the Southern and Western United States and Western Canada.^[2]

Description

All species of Pituophis are large and powerfully built. The head is relatively small in proportion to the body and it is only slightly distinct from the neck. The rostral is enlarged and elongated, imparting a characteristic somewhat pointed shape to the head. All the species occurring in the United States have four prefrontals instead of the usual two.^[2]

Modified epiglottis

In all snakes of the genus Pituophis, the epiglottis is peculiarly modified so that it is thin, erect and flexible. When a stream of air is forced from the trachea, the epiglottis vibrates, thereby producing the peculiarly loud, hoarse hissing for which bullsnakes, gopher snakes and pine snakes are well known.^[3]

Species and subspecies

P. catenifer {{small|(Blainville, 1835)}} – gopher snake
- P. c. affinis {{small|(Hallowell, 1852)}} – Sonoran gopher snake
- P. c. annectens {{small|Baird & Girard, 1853}} – San Diego gopher snake
- P. c. bimaris {{small|Klauber, 1946}} – central Baja California gopher snake
- P. c. catenifer {{small|(Blainville, 1835)}} – Pacific gopher snake
- P. c. coronalis {{small|Klauber, 1946}} – Coronado Island gopher snake
- P. c. deserticola {{small|Stejneger, 1893}} – Great Basin gopher snake
- P. c. fulginatus {{small|Klauber, 1946}} – San Martin Island gopher snake
- P. c. pumilis {{small|Klauber, 1946}} – Santa Cruz gopher snake
- P. c. sayi {{small|(Schlegel, 1837)}} – bullsnake
P. deppei {{small|(A.M.C. Duméril, 1853)}} – Mexican pine snake
- P. d. deppei {{small|(A.M.C. Duméril, 1853)}} – southern Mexican pine snake
- P. d. jani {{small|(Cope, 1861)}} – northern Mexican pine snake
P. insulanus {{small|Klauber, 1946}} – Credos Island gopher snake
P. lineaticollis {{small|(Cope, 1861)}} – Middle American gopher snake
- P. l. gibsoni {{small|Stuart, 1954}}
- P. l. lineaticollis {{small|(Cope, 1861)}}
P. melanoleucus {{small|(Daudin, 1803)}} – pine snake
- P. m. lodingi {{small|Blanchard, 1924}} – black pine snake
- P. m. melanoleucus {{small|(Daudin, 1803)}} – northern pine snake
- P. m. mugitus {{small|Barbour, 1921}} – Florida pine snake
P. ruthveni {{small|Stull, 1929}} – Louisiana pine snake
P. vertibralis {{small|(Blainville, 1835)}} – Cape gopher snake

References

1. ^Wright AH, Wright AA (1957). Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada. Ithaca and London: Comstock. 1,105 pp. (in 2 volumes) (Pituophis, pp. 585–626, Figures 171–181, Map 46).
2. ^¹Conant R (1975). A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. {{ISBN|0-395-19977-8}} (paperback). (Genus Pituophis, pp. 198–201 + Plate 27 + figure 57 + Map 147).
3. ^Schmidt KP, Davis DD (1941). Field Book of Snakes of the United States and Canada. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 365 pp. (Genus Pituophis, pp. 158–160).

External links

{{EMBL genus|genus=Pituophis}}
Accounts of four subspecies, P. deppei deppei, P. deppei jani, P. lineaticollis lineaticollis and P. lineaticollis gibsoni, are given in Duellman WE (1960). "A Taxonomic Study of the Middle American Snake, Pituophis deppei". University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History 10: 599–610.

5 : Pituophis|Colubrids|Snake genera|Snakes of North America|Taxa named by John Edwards Holbrook

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