词条 | Cloud robotics |
释义 |
ComponentsA cloud for robots potentially has at least six significant components:[5]
Applications
Research{{visible anchor|RoboEarth}} [10] was funded by the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development projects, specifically to explore the field of cloud robotics. The goal of RoboEarth is to allow robotic systems to benefit from the experience of other robots, paving the way for rapid advances in machine cognition and behaviour, and ultimately, for more subtle and sophisticated human-machine interaction. RoboEarth offers a Cloud Robotics infrastructure. RoboEarth’s World-Wide-Web style database stores knowledge generated by humans – and robots – in a machine-readable format. Data stored in the RoboEarth knowledge base include software components, maps for navigation (e.g., object locations, world models), task knowledge (e.g., action recipes, manipulation strategies), and object recognition models (e.g., images, object models). The RoboEarth Cloud Engine includes support for mobile robots, autonomous vehicles, and drones, which require lots of computation for navigation.[11]Rapyuta [12] is an open source cloud robotics framework based on RoboEarth Engine developed by the robotics researcher at ETHZ. Within the framework, each robot connected to Rapyuta can have a secured computing environment (rectangular boxes) giving them the ability to move their heavy computation into the cloud. In addition, the computing environments are tightly interconnected with each other and have a high bandwidth connection to the RoboEarth knowledge repository.[13]{{visible anchor|KnowRob}} [14] is an extensional project of RoboEarth. It is a knowledge processing system that combines knowledge representation and reasoning methods with techniques for acquiring knowledge and for grounding the knowledge in a physical system and can serve as a common semantic framework for integrating information from different sources. {{visible anchor|RoboBrain}} [15] is a large-scale computational system that learns from publicly available Internet resources, computer simulations, and real-life robot trials. It accumulates everything robotics into a comprehensive and interconnected knowledge base. Applications include prototyping for robotics research, household robots, and self-driving cars. The goal is as direct as the project's name—to create a centralised, always-online brain for robots to tap into. The project is dominated by Stanford University and Cornel University. And the project is supported by the National Science Foundation, the Office of Naval Research, the Army Research Office, Google, Microsoft, Qualcomm, the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation and the National Robotics Initiative, whose goal is to advance robotics to help make the United States more competitive in the world economy.[16]MyRobots is a service for connecting robots and intelligent devices to the Internet.[17] It can be regarded as a social network for robots and smart objects (i.e. Facebook for robots). With socialising, collaborating and sharing, robots can benefit from those interactions too by sharing their sensor information giving insight on their perspective of their current state. {{visible anchor|COALAS}} [18] is funded by the INTERREG IVA France (Channel) – England European cross-border co-operation programme. The project aims to develop new technologies for handicapped people through social and technological innovation and through the users' social and psychological integrity. Objectives is to produce a cognitive ambient assistive living system with Healthcare cluster in cloud with domestic service robots like humanoid, intelligent wheelchair which connect with the cloud.[7]ROS (Robot Operating System) provides an eco-system to support cloud robotics. ROS is a flexible and distributed framework for robot software development. It is a collection of tools, libraries, and conventions that aim to simplify the task of creating complex and robust robot behaviour across a wide variety of robotic platforms. A library for ROS that is a pure Java implementation, called rosjava, allows Android applications to be developed for robots. Since Android has a booming market and billion users, it would be significant in the field of Cloud Robotics.[19]DAVinci Project is a proposed software framework that seeks to explore the possibilities of parallelizing some of the robotics algorithms as Map/Reduce tasks in Hadoop.[20] The project aims to build a cloud computing environment capable of providing a compute cluster built with commodity hardware exposing a suite of robotic algorithms as a SaaS and share data co-operatively across the robotic ecosystem.[20] This initiative is not available publicly.[21]C2RO (C2RO Cloud Robotics) is a platform that processes real-time applications such as collision avoidance and object recognition in the cloud. Previously, high latency times prevented these applications from being processed in the cloud thus requiring on-system computational hardware (e.g. Graphics Processing Unit or GPU). C2RO published a peer-reviewed paper at IEEE PIMRC17 showing its platform could make autonomous navigation and other AI services available on robots- even those with limited computational hardware (e.g. a Raspberry Pi)- from the cloud.[22] C2RO eventually claimed to be the first platform to demonstrate cloud-based SLAM (simultaneous localization and mapping) at RoboBusiness in September 2017. [https://noos.cloud Noos] is a cloud robotics service, providing centralised intelligence to robots that are connected to it. The service went live in December 2017. By using the Noos-API, developers could access services for computer vision, deep learning, and SLAM. Noos was developed and maintained by Ortelio Ltd. [https://www.rocos.io Rocos] is a centralized cloud robotics platform that provides the developer tooling and infrastructure to build, test, deploy, operate and automate robot fleets at scale. Founded in October 2017, the platform went live January 2019. Limitations of cloud roboticsThough robots can benefit from various advantages of cloud computing, cloud is not the solution to all of robotics.[23]
ChallengesThe research and development of cloud robotics has following potential issues and challenges:[23]
RisksEnvironmental security - The concentration of computing resources and users in a cloud computing environment also represents a concentration of security threats. Because of their size and significance,[24] cloud environments are often targeted by virtual machines and bot malware, brute force attacks, and other attacks. Data privacy and security - Hosting confidential data with cloud service providers involves the transfer of a considerable amount of an organisation's control over data security to the provider. For example, every cloud contains a huge information from the clients include personal data. If a household robot is hacked, users could have risk of their personal privacy and security, like house layout, life snapshot, home-view, etc. It may be accessed and leaked to the world around by criminals. Another problems is once a robot is hacked and controlled by someone else, which may put the user in danger. Ethical problems - Some ethics of robotics, especially for cloud based robotics must be considered. Since a robot is connected via networks, it has risk to be accessed by other people. If a robot is out of control and carries out illegal activities, who should be responsible for it. HistoryThe term "Cloud Robotics" first appeared in the public lexicon as part of a talk given by James Kuffner in 2010 at the IEEE/RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robotics entitled "Cloud-enabled Robots". [25] Since then, "Cloud Robotics" has become a general term encompassing the concepts of information sharing, distributed intelligence, and fleet learning that is possible via networked robots and modern cloud computing. Kuffner was part of Google when he delivered his presentation and the technology company has teased its various cloud robotics initiatives until 2019 when it launched the Google Cloud Robotics Platform for developers.[26]From the early days of robot development, it was common to have computation done on a computer that was separated from the actual robot mechanism, but connected by wires for power and control. As wireless communication technology developed, new forms of experimental "remote brain" robots were developed controlled by small, onboard compute resources for robot control and safety, that were wirelessly connected to a more powerful remote computer for heavy processing. [27]The term "cloud computing" was popularized with the launch of Amazon EC2 in 2006. It marked the availability of high-capacity networks, low-cost computers and storage devices as well as the widespread adoption of hardware virtualization and service-oriented architecture.[28] In an correspondence with Popular Science in July 2006, Kuffner wrote that after a robot was programmed or successfully learned to perform a task it could share its model and relevant data with all other cloud-connected robots: [29]{{Quote|text="...the robot could then 'publish' its refined model to some website or universal repository of knowledge that all future robots could download and utilize. My vision is to have a 'robot knowledge database' that will over time improve the capabilities of all future robotic systems. It would serve as a warehouse of information and statistics about the physical world that robots can access and use to improve their reasoning about the consequences of possible actions and make better action plans in terms of accuracy, safety, and robustness. It could also serve as a kind of 'skill library'. For example, if I successfully programmed my butler robot how to cook a perfect omelette, I could 'upload' the software for omelette cooking to a server that all robots could then download whenever they were asked to cook an omelette. There could be a whole community of robot users uploading skill programs, much like the current 'shareware' and 'freeware' software models that are popular for PC users." |author=James Kuffner, (July 2006) }} Some publications and events related to Cloud Robotics (in chronological order):
See also
References1. ^1 {{cite web|title=Cloud Robotics and Automation A special issue of the IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering.|url=http://www.ieee-ras.org/publications/t-ase/special-issues/special-issue-on-cloud-robotics-and-automation|publisher=IEEE|accessdate=7 December 2014}} 2. ^{{cite web|title=RoboEarth|url=http://roboearth.org/cloud_robotics/}} 3. ^{{cite web|last1=Goldberg|first1=Ken|title=Cloud Robotics and Automation|url=http://goldberg.berkeley.edu/cloud-robotics}} 4. ^1 {{cite web|last1=Li|first1=R|title=Cloud Robotics-Enable cloud computing for robots|url=https://sites.google.com/site/ruijiaoli/blogs/page|accessdate=7 December 2014}} 5. ^{{cite journal|last1=Kehoe|first1=Ben|last2=Patil|first2=Sachin|last3=Abbeel|first3=Pieter|last4=Goldberg|first4=Ken|title=A Survey of Research on Cloud Robotics and Automation|journal=IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering|date=13 September 2014|url=http://goldberg.berkeley.edu/pubs/2015-T-ASE-Cloud-Robotics-Survey.pdf}} 6. ^{{cite web|title=Impact of Cloud Computing on Healthcare|url=http://www.cloudstandardscustomercouncil.org/cscchealthcare110512.pdf}} 7. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Li|first1=Ruijiao|last2=Hu|first2=Huosheng|title=Towards ROS Based Multi-robot Architecture for Ambient Assisted Living|journal=Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC), 2013 IEEE International Conference on|date=16 October 2013|pages=3458–3463|doi=10.1109/SMC.2013.590|isbn=978-1-4799-0652-9|citeseerx=10.1.1.648.3228}} 8. ^{{cite web|title=Project of the Future: Industry 4.0|url=http://www.bmbf.de/en/19955.php|accessdate=9 December 2014}} 9. ^{{cite web|last1=LaSelle|first1=Rush|title=Automation in the Cloud|url=http://www.robotics.org/content-detail.cfm/Industrial-Robotics-Industry-Insights/Automation-in-the-Cloud/content_id/2826|publisher=Robotic Industries Association|accessdate=9 December 2014}} 10. ^{{cite web|title=roboearth|url=http://roboearth.org|website=|accessdate=7 December 2014}} 11. ^{{cite journal|last1=Waibel|first1=M|last2=Tenorth|first2=M|last3=D'Andrea|first3=R|title=RoboEarth|journal=IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine|volume=18|issue=2|pages=69–82|doi=10.1109/MRA.2011.941632|date=June 2011|url=http://mediatum.ub.tum.de/doc/1287233/document.pdf}} 12. ^{{cite web|title=Rapyuta|url=http://rapyuta.org/welcome|accessdate=7 December 2014}} 13. ^{{cite book|last1=Hunziker|first1=D|last2=D'Andrea|first2=R|last3=Gajamohan|first3=M|last4=Waibel|first4=M|title=Rapyuta: The RoboEarth Cloud Engine|journal=Robotics and Automation (ICRA), 2013 IEEE International Conference on|date=May 2013|pages=438–444|doi=10.1109/ICRA.2013.6630612|isbn=978-1-4673-5643-5|citeseerx=10.1.1.800.2033}} 14. ^{{cite web|title=KnowRob|url=http://ias.in.tum.de/research/knowledge|accessdate=8 December 2014}} 15. ^{{cite web|title=RoboBrain Project|url=http://robobrain.me|website=|accessdate=7 December 2014}} 16. ^{{cite web|title=Robo Brain' mines the Internet to teach robots|url=http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/2014/08/robo-brain-mines-internet-teach-robots}} 17. ^{{cite web|title=MyRobots|url=http://www.myrobots.com/wiki/About|accessdate=9 December 2014}} 18. ^{{cite web|last1=Hu|first1=Huosheng|last2=McDonald-Maier|first2=Klaus D|last3=Gu|first3=Dongbing|last4=Li|first4=Ruijiao|title=COLAS|url=http://coalas-project.eu/indexen.php?p=team|accessdate=7 December 2014}} 19. ^{{cite web|title=ROSjava-Cloud Robotics|url=http://docs.rosjava.googlecode.com/hg/rosjava_core/html/index.html|accessdate=9 December 2014}} 20. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Arumugam|first=R.|last2=Enti|first2=V. R.|last3=Bingbing|first3=L.|last4=Xiaojun|first4=W.|last5=Baskaran|first5=K.|last6=Kong|first6=F. F.|last7=Kumar|first7=A. S.|last8=Meng|first8=K. D.|last9=Kit|first9=G. W.|date=2010|title=DAvinCi: A cloud computing framework for service robots|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5509469|journal=2010 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation|volume=|pages=3084–3089|doi=10.1109/ROBOT.2010.5509469|via=|isbn=978-1-4244-5038-1}} 21. ^{{Cite web|url=http://index.html/|title=RoboEarth {{!}} What is Cloud Robotics?|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-08}} 22. ^{{Cite journal|last=C2RO Cloud Robotics|date=2017-10-18|title=Real-Time Cloud Robotics in Practical Smart City Applications|url=https://www.slideshare.net/c2ro/realtime-cloud-robotics-in-practical-smart-city-applications}} 23. ^1 2 {{cite web|last1=Robotics-vo|title=A Roadmap for U.S. Robotics From Internet to Robotics 2013 Edition|url=https://robotics-vo.us/sites/default/files/2013%20Robotics%20Roadmap-rs.pdf|website=|accessdate=8 December 2014}} 24. ^{{ cite web | url=https://artificial-future.com/cloud-robotics/| title=Linking of cloud robotics to server }} 25. ^1 {{cite web|last1=Kuffner|first1=James|title=Cloud-Enabled Robots|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/47486324/Cloud-Enabled-Robots|publisher=IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robotics |date=2010}} 26. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.therobotreport.com/google-cloud-robotics-platform/|title=Google Cloud Robotics Platform coming to developers in 2019|last=Crowe|first=Steve|date=2018-10-24|website=The Robot Report|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-03-08}} 27. ^{{cite conference |last1=Inaba |first1=Masayuki |title=Remote-brained robots |book-title=Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Joint Conference on Artifical Intelligence-Volume 2 |pages=1593–1606 |date=1997 |publisher=Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc. }} 28. ^{{Cite news |url= http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=14637206 |title= Cloud Computing: Clash of the clouds |date= 2009-10-15 | work = The Economist |accessdate= 2009-11-03}} 29. ^{{cite magazine |date=September 2006 |pages=55–71 |title=The Future of Robots |magazine=Popular Science }} 30. ^{{cite web|title=Networked Robots Committee|url=http://www-users.cs.umn.edu/~isler/tc/|accessdate=8 December 2014}} 31. ^{{cite web|title=Google I/O 2011: Cloud Robotics, ROS for Java and Android|url=http://www.ros.org/news/2011/05/google-io-2011-cloud-robotics-ros-for-java-and-android.html|accessdate=9 December 2014}} 32. ^{{cite web|title=Big NSF grant funds research into training robots to work with humans|url=https://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2012/12/17/ken-goldbergs-latest-big-adventure-cloud-robotics/}} 33. ^{{cite web|title=cloud-robotics.cs.umn.edu/|url=http://cloud-robotics.cs.umn.edu/|accessdate=7 December 2014}} 34. ^{{cite book|last1=Goldberg|first1=Ken|title=Cloud-based robot grasping with the google object recognition engine|journal=Robotics and Automation (ICRA), 2013 IEEE International Conference on|pages=4263–4270|doi=10.1109/ICRA.2013.6631180|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4673-5643-5|citeseerx=10.1.1.299.3857}} 35. ^{{cite web|title=2013 IEEE IROS Workshop on Cloud Robotics. Tokyo. November 2013|url=http://roboearth.org/iros2013/}} 36. ^{{cite web|title=RobotApp|url=http://www.robotappstore.com|accessdate=7 December 2014}} 37. ^{{cite web|title=DARPA-Cloud-Robotics|url=http://robohub.org/darpas-gill-pratt-on-googles-robotics-investments/|accessdate=7 December 2014}} 38. ^{{cite web|title=When Robotics Meets the Cloud, Customers Win|url=https://blog.universal-robots.com/when-robotics-meets-the-cloud-customers-win|accessdate=18 April 2017}} 39. ^{{cite web|title=Robot Control From the Cloud|url=https://www.automationworld.com/all/robot-control-cloud|accessdate=17 April 2017}} External links
5 : Robotics|Cloud computing|Assistive technology|Artificial intelligence|Cloud robotics |
随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识,基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识,是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。