“Argument Clinic”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

"Argument Clinic" is a sketch from Monty Python's Flying Circus, written by John Cleese and Graham Chapman. The sketch was originally broadcast as part of the television series and has subsequently been performed live by the group. It relies heavily on wordplay and dialogue, and has been used as an example of how language works.

Plot

Palin then enters Cleese's room, where Cleese immediately starts an argument, claiming that Palin has already been told that it is the right room. The argument is petty, and consists primarily of the two men contradicting each other. Eventually, Cleese rings a bell signifying the end of the argument, and after Palin pays for another five minutes, Cleese claims that he hasn't. Palin leaves in frustration.^[2]

In the version as originally broadcast, Palin leaves for Eric Idle's room to complain, only to have to listen to him ranting about his shoes; he moves on to Terry Jones' room, where Jones hits him on the head with a large wooden mallet, and instructs him on how to properly receive the blow. Jones clarifies the room that Palin just entered does not house the complaints department, but "being-hit-on-the-head" lessons. Soon enough, Inspector Fox (Chapman) enters to arrest both of them for participating in a strange sketch. A second policeman, Inspector Thomson's-Gazelle (Idle) then arrives to arrest the entire show on three counts: being overly self-referential, saying "[name] of the Yard?!" every time a policeman enters, and repeatedly getting out of sketches without a punchline by having a member of the forces arrest everybody. Inspector Thomson's-Gazelle himself is arrested by a third policeman (Cleese) for the latter crime, who is then arrested in turn by a hand (presumably belonging to Terry Gilliam).^[1]

Writing

The sketch parodies modern consumer culture, implying that anything can be purchased, even absurd things such as arguing, abuse, or being hit over the head.{{sfn|Larsen|2008|p=376}}

The sketch was typical for Cleese's and Chapman's writing at the time, as it relied on verbal comedy.^[2] Python author Darl Larsen believes the sketch was influenced by music hall and radio comedy, particularly that of the Goons, and notes that there is little camera movement during the original television recording.{{sfn|Larsen|2008|p=376}}

One line in the middle of the sketch, "An argument is a connected series of statements intended to establish a definite proposition" was taken almost verbatim from the Oxford English Dictionary.{{sfn|Larsen|2008|p=376}}

Performances

The sketch originally appeared in the 29th episode of the original television series, entitled "The Money Programme",{{sfn|Brighouse|2013|p=50}} and was released (in audio only) on the LP Monty Python's Previous Record, on Charisma Records in 1972.^[3]

The sketch was subsequently performed live at the Hollywood Bowl in September 1980, which was filmed and released as Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl.^[4] The sketch features the discussion with the receptionist (played here by Carol Cleveland), the abuse from Chapman, and most of the argument between Cleese and Palin. It is then ended abruptly by the entrance of Terry Gilliam, on wires, singing "I've Got Two Legs".^[5] A further live performance occurred in 1989 at the Secret Policeman's Ball, where Cleveland's and Chapman's roles were replaced by Dawn French and Chris Langham. This performance was subsequently released on DVD.^[6] The sketch was performed again in July 2014 during Monty Python Live (Mostly), with Terry Jones filling in for Chapman's role and Gilliam reprising "I've Got Two Legs".^[7]

Cultural references

The sketch has been frequently used as an example of how not to argue, because, as Palin's character notes, it contains little more than ad hominem attacks and contradiction,^[8] and does not contribute to critical thinking.^[9] It has also been described as a "classical case in point" of dialogue where two parties are unwilling to co-operate,^[10] and as an example of flawed logic, since Palin is attempting to argue that Cleese is not arguing with him.^[11]

The text of the argument has been presented as a good example of the workings of English grammar, where sentences can be reduced to simple subject/verb pairs.^[12] It has been included as an example of analysing English in school textbooks.^[13] The sketch has become popular with philosophy students, who note that arguing is "all we are good at", and wonder about the intellectual exercise one could get from paying for a professional quality debate.{{sfn|Brighouse|2013|p=52}}

The Python programming language has an internal-only module called "Argument Clinic" to pre-process Python files.^[14]^[15]

See also

References

Citations

1. ^¹²{{cite book|title=The Complete Monty Python's Flying Circus: All the Words, Volume 2|author=Monty Python|publisher=Pantheon Books|year=1989|page=86|isbn=9780679726487}}
2. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V-SLkIap93wC&pg=PA18&dq=cleese+chapman+dialogue+writing&hl=en&sa=X&ei=2dc1UsbcF9CKhQfEmoGQDw&ved=0CEMQuwUwAg#v=onepage&q=cleese%20chapman%20dialogue%20writing&f=false|title=Best of the Britcoms: From Fawlty Towers to The Office|page=18|first=Garry|last=Berman|publisher=Taylor Trade Publications|year=2011|isbn=9781589795662}}
3. ^{{cite book|title=Monty Python: a chronological listing of the troupe's creative output, and articles and reviews about them, 1969–1989|page=60|first=Douglas|last=McCall|publisher=McFarland|isbn=9780899505596}}
4. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/25/movies/python-in-hollywood.html|title='Python' in Hollywood|first=Vincent|last=Canby|work=The New York Times|date=25 June 1982|accessdate=15 September 2013}}
5. ^{{cite book|title=Monty Python: A Chronology, 1969–2012|first=Douglas|last=McCall|publisher=McFarland|year=2013|p=88|isbn=978-0-786-47811-8}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.readexpress.com/2009/01/the_secret_policemans_balls/|title=The Secret Policemens Balls|work=Read Express|publisher=The Washington Post Company|date=28 January 2009|accessdate=15 September 2013}}
7. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/comedy/10940401/The-almost-definitive-guide-to-Monty-Python-Live-Mostly.html|title=The (almost) definitive guide to Monty Python Live (Mostly)|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|first=Dominic|last=Cavendish|date=2 July 2014|accessdate=5 June 2015}}
8. ^{{cite book|title=Wired for Survival: The Rational (and Irrational) Choices We Make, from the Gas Pump to Terrorism|first=Margaret|last=Polski|page=50|publisher=FT Press|year=2008|isbn=9780138140595}}
9. ^{{cite book|title=FOCUS on College and Career Success|first1=Constance|last1=Staley|first2=Steve|last2=Staley|pages=109–110|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2011|isbn=9781439083901}}
10. ^{{cite book|title=Dialogue and Instruction: Modelling Interaction in Intelligent Tutoring Systems|page=22|editor1-first=Robbert-Jan|editor1-last=Beun|editor2-first=Michael|editor2-last=Baker|editor3-first=Miriam|editor3-last=Reiner|publisher=Springer|year=1995|isbn=9783540588344}}
11. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v9g5HrmcLaIC&pg=PA218&dq=%22argument+clinic%22+critical&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Ucw2UoXjKqWu4ASIkIHAAQ&ved=0CFwQuwUwBw#v=onepage&q=%22argument%20clinic%22%20critical&f=false|title=Philosophy Goes to the Movies: An Introduction to Philosophy|page=218|first=Christopher|last=Falzon|publisher=Routledge|year=2007|isbn=9780415357258}}
12. ^{{cite book|title=Analysing English Grammar: A Systemic Functional Introduction|page=115|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2012|first=Lise|last=Fontaine|isbn=9780521190664}}
13. ^¹{{cite book|title=Introducing English Language: A Resource Book for Students|first=Louise|last=Mullany|first2=Peter|last2=Stockwell|publisher=Routledge|year=2010|page=175|isbn=9780203858110}}
14. ^https://docs.python.org/3/howto/clinic.html
15. ^https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0436/