“Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Council of Ministers of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ({{lang-rus|Сове́т мини́стров СССР|r=Sovet Ministrov SSSR|p=sɐˈvʲɛt mʲɪˈnʲistrəf ɛsɛsɛˈsɛr}}; sometimes abbreviated to Sovmin or referred to as the Soviet of Ministers), was the de jure government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), comprising the main executive and administrative agency of the USSR from 1946 until 1991.

During 1946 the Council of People's Commissars was transformed into the Council of Ministers, with the People's Commissariats becoming the Ministries. The council issued declarations and instructions based on and in accordance with applicable laws, which had obligatory jurisdictional power in all republics of the Union. However, the most important decisions were made by joint declarations with the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Soviet Union (CPSU), which was de facto more powerful than the Council of Ministers. During 1991 the Council of Ministers was dissolved, and replaced by the newly established "Cabinet of Ministers", which itself disappeared only months later when the USSR was disbanded.

There were seven Chairmen of the Council of Ministers between 1946 and early 1991, who were in effect the Premier of the USSR. After Nikita Khrushchev's dismissal from the jobs of First Secretary of the Communist Party and Premier, to be replaced by Leonid Brezhnev and Alexei Kosygin respectively, a Central Committee plenum forbade any person to hold the positions of First Secretary and Premier concurrently. The Presidium of the Council of Ministers was the collective decision-making body of government. The Chairman of the Council of Ministers, his First Deputy Chairmen, Deputy Chairmen, ministers, State Committee chairmen, Soviet Republican Council of Ministers chairmen and other unspecified personnel were members of the Presidium.

History

The Council of People's Commissars, the Soviet Government, was transformed into the Council of Ministers during March 1946.^[1] At the same time The People's Commissariats were transformed into Ministries.^[2] Joseph Stalin's death began a power struggle within the Soviet government between the Government apparatus managed by Georgy Malenkov as Premier, and the Party apparatus managed by Nikita Khrushchev as General Secretary (a job which was named First Secretary from 1853 until 1966)).^[3] Malenkov lost the power struggle, and during 1955 he was demoted from his office as Chairman of the Council of Ministers. He was succeeded in his job by Nikolai Bulganin,^[4] who was dismisssd and replaced by Khrushchev because of his assistance to the Anti-Party Group, which had tried to oust Khrushchev during 1957.^[5]

After Khrushchev's dismissal from power, the collective leadership organized by Leonid Brezhnev and Alexei Kosygin had a Central Committee plenum which forbade any single person to have the two most powerful jobs in the country: First Secretary (renamed General Secretary during 1966) and Premier of the Council of Ministers.^[6] Kosygin, the Premier of the Council of Ministers, was in charge of economic administration while Brezhnev, the General Secretary, cared for other domestic matters.^[7] During the later part of the Brezhnev era the job of Premier of the Council of Ministers lost its rank as the second-most powerful in the USSR to the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet.^[8] Nikolai Podgorny's dismissal as chief of state during 1977 had the effect of reducing Kosygin's role in day-to-day management of government activities as Brezhnev strengthened his control over the government apparatus.^[9]

Kosygin resigned during 1980, to be succeeded by his First Deputy Chairman Nikolai Tikhonov.^[10] After five-years service, by the rules established by Leonid Brezhnev, Yuri Andropov and Konstantin Chernenko, Tikhonov was compelled to retire by Mikhail Gorbachev on 27 September 1985. Tikhonov was succeeded by Nikolai Ryzhkov.^[11] Ryzhkov was a half-hearted reformer, and was skeptical about de-nationalisation and the monetary reform of 1989; however, he did endorse the creation of a "regulated market" economy. During 1991 Ryzhkov was succeeded as Premier by Valentin Pavlov. The Council of Ministers was dissolved and replaced with the newly established Cabinet of Ministers.^[12]

Duties, functions and responsibilities

The Council of Ministers was the manager of the government's executive part.^[13] Formed at a joint meeting of the Soviet of the Union and the Soviet of Nationalities, it consisted of a Prenier, several First Deputies, Deputies, ministers, Chairmen of the state committees and the Chairmen of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Republics. The Premier of the Council of Ministers could also recommend people who he found suitable for membership of the Council of Ministers to the Supreme Soviet. The Council of Ministers ended its functions on each first-convocation of a newly elected Supreme Soviet.^[14]

Responsible and accountable to the Supreme Soviet and during the period between convocations of the Supreme Soviet, the Council of Ministers was accountable to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet and regularly reported to the Supreme Soviet on its work,^[15] as well as being tasked with resolving all state administrative duties in the jurisdiction of the USSR which were not the responsibility of the Supreme Soviet or the Presidium. Within its limits, the Council of Ministers had responsibility for:^[16]

The Council of Ministers could also issue decrees and resolutions and later verify their execution. All organisations were obliged to obey the decrees and resolutions issued by the All-Union Council of Ministers.^[17] The All-Union Council also had the power to suspend all mandates and decrees issued by itself or organisations subordinate to it.^[18] The Council coordinated and directed the work of the union republics and union ministries, state committees and other organs subordinate to it.^[19] The competence of the Council of Ministers and its Presidium with respect to their procedures and activities and the council's relationships with subordinate organs were defined in the Soviet constitution by the Law on the Council of Ministers of the USSR.^[20]

Structure and organisation

Ministries

During 1946, the All-Union Council of People's Commissars became the Council of Ministers ({{lang-ru|Совет Министров}}, tr.: Sovet Ministrov SSSR), whilst People's Commissars and People's Commissariats became Ministers and Ministries.^[21] Ministers were important for ordinary decision-making, with 73 percent of them elected full-members of the Central Committee at the 25th Party Congress.{{sfn|Hough|Fainsod|1979|p=440}}

Nikita Khrushchev's attempt during the late 1950-s to decentralise decision-making by reforming the chain of command that was in use since the early times of the Council of People's Commissars to manage local industries and enterprises resulted in major reorganisation of the USSR ministries. A large number of ministries were been eliminated and replaced by a network of regional and local sovnarkhoz supervised by the Supreme Soviet of the National Economy.{{sfn|Churchward|1975|p=166}} Khrushchev's economic reform proved disastrous as it severed regional economic relations and was abandoned by the Soviet Government after Khrushchev's ousting in 1964. The year later twenty-eight industrial ministries, eleven All-union and seventeen Union ministries were reestablished. The second attempt at decentralizing the Soviet economy was in 1965, with Premier Alexei Kosygin initiating a new economic reform aimed at giving enterprises more economic freedom and incentives to be profitable.{{sfn|Churchward|1975|p=167}}

Certain major ministries had more influence over the national and international politics of the USSR, with their ministers being full members of Politburo. Among them were notables such as Leon Trotsky, Vyacheslav Molotov and Andrei Gromyko, heads of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and Andrei Grechko and Dmitriy Ustinov, the defense ministers.{{sfn|Churchward|1975|p=242}}

State Committee

USSR state committees were different from the ministries in that a state committee was primarily responsible for several parts of government as opposed to the one specific topic for which a ministry was solely responsible.{{sfn|Schapiro|1977|p=127}} Therefore, many state committees had jurisdiction over certain common activities performed by ministries such as research and development, standardization, planning, building construction, state security, publishing, archiving and so on. The distinction between a ministry and a state committee could be obscure as for the case of the Committee for State Security (KGB).^[22]

State committees were instrumental in keeping the vast Soviet economic system coherent and integrated.

Presidium

The Presidium of the Council of Ministers was established during March 1953 as a result of the reorganization of a special bureau formed during 1944 for the purpose of supervising and coordinating a vast network of government committees, commissions, and other institutions that reported directly to the Council of People's Commissars.

Throughout its existence, the Presidium of the Council of Ministers was a mysterious institution. First World observers knew little of the Presidium's activities and functions, or even the frequencies of its meetings. In Soviet textbooks and by officials it was described as an internal organ of the government. Churchward noted in his 1975 book that it was impossible to determine the importance of the Presidium in comparison with other organs of the Council of Ministers.{{sfn|Churchward|1975|p=143}} British historian Leonard Schapiro, writes in his book The Government and Politics of the Soviet Union, that the Presidium worked somewhat as an "Inner Cabinet" for policy-making. Historians Hough and Fainsod believed there to be a "great overlap" between the responsibilities and functions of the Central Committee, Secretariat and the Presidium of the Council of Ministers.{{sfn|Hough|Fainsod|1979|pp=382–383}} However, Schapiro was not sure of the Presidium's membership or if the Presidium had any meetings.{{sfn|Schapiro|1977|p=117}}

It is unknown whether the Presidium had any importance for ordinary policy-making during the 1950s and 1960s. Soviet works from that period make no mention of a Presidium of the Council of Ministers. Professor T.H. Rigby believes that the duties and responsibilities of the Presidium were at the time largely assumed by the Current Affairs Commission of the Council of Ministers and from 1956 possibly by the State Economic Commission of the Council of Ministers with both Commissions directed by Mikhail Pervukhin.{{sfn|Churchward|1975|p=142}} During his visit to the USSR, political scientist Robert C. Tucker asked Mansur Mirza-Akhmedov, the Premier of the Council of Ministers of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic, if the Presidium still functioned as an inner policy-making body. The answer he received was yes, and that the Presidium consisted of the Premier, two first deputy chairmen, four deputy chairmen, the Minister of Finance and the Minister of Agriculture.{{sfn|Churchward|1975|pp=142–143}}

During the 1970s Soviet authorities officially defined the Presidium's responsibilities and membership. The 1977 Soviet Constitution referred to the Presidium as a "permanent" organ of the Council of Ministers, which was established to secure good economic leadership and assume other administrative responsibilities. The few documents published provide evidence that the Presidium emphasized economic planning and decision-making as well as making important decisions lesser than those of the Communist Party's Politburo.{{sfn|Hough|Fainsod|1979|p=383}} Article 132 of the 1977 Soviet Constitution and Article 17 of the 1978 USSR Law that regulated the activities of the Soviet Government state that the Premier, the First Deputy, Deputy Chairmen, and other members of the USSR Council of Ministers were members of the Presidium. Regardless, the actual names of its members (other than the Premier) were never disclosed to the public.

See also

Notes

1. ^{{cite book | author = Huskey, Eugene | title = Executive Power and Soviet Politics: The Rise and Decline of the Soviet State | location = | publisher = M.E. Sharpe | isbn = 978-1-56324-060-7 | page = 281 }}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.economics.kiev.ua/download/ZakonySSSR/data04/tex16360.htm|script-title=ru:"О преобразовании Совета Народных Комиссаров СССР в Совет Министров СССР и Советов Народных Комиссаров Союзных и Автономных республик в Советы Министров Союзных и Автономных республик" 15 марта 1946 года|work=Legislation of the USSR 1946-1952|publisher=World and Market Economy - Collection of Articles on Economy, Igor Averin|language=Russian |trans-title= On Reforming the Council of People's Commissars into the Council of Ministers, and the Councils of People's Commissars of Union and Autonomous Republics into the Councils of Ministers of Union and Autonomous Republics, 15 March 1946|accessdate=3 October 2010}}
3. ^{{cite book | author = Brown, Archie | title = The Rise & Fall of Communism | pages = 231–233 | publisher = Bodley Head | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-0-06-113882-9 | authorlink = Archie Brown}}
4. ^{{Cite book|last=Taubman|first=William|authorlink=William Taubman|year=2003|title=Khrushchev: The Man and His Era|titlelink=Khrushchev: The Man and His Era|publisher=W.W. Norton & Co.|isbn= 978-0-393-08172-5 |page=266}}
5. ^{{Cite book|last=Tompson|first=William J.|year=1995|title=Khrushchev: A Political Life|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn= 978-0-312-16360-0 |page=189}}
6. ^{{Cite book | author = Service, Robert | title = History of Modern Russia: From Tsarism to the Twenty-first Century | location = | publisher = Penguin Books Ltd | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-0-14-103797-4 | page = | authorlink = Robert Service (historian) }}
7. ^{{Cite book | author = Brown, Archie | title = The Rise & Fall of Communism | location = | publisher = Bodley Head | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-0-06-113882-9 | page = 403 | authorlink = Archie Brown }}
8. ^{{cite book | author = Daniels, Robert Vincent | title = Russia's Transformation: Snapshots of a Crumbling System | publisher = Rowman & Littlefield | year = 1998 | isbn = 978-0-8476-8709-1 | ref = CITEREFDaniels1998 | page = 36 | authorlink = Robert Vincent Daniels }}
9. ^{{cite web | author = | title = Soviet Union: And Then There Was One | work = Time | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,924497,00.html | accessdate = 14 February 2011 | date = 3 November 1980 }}
10. ^{{Cite book | author = Ploss, Sidney | title = The Roots of Perestroika: The Soviet Breakdown in Historical Context | location = | publisher = McFarland & Company | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-0-7864-4486-1 | page = 132 }}
11. ^{{Cite book | author = Service, Robert | title = History of Modern Russia: From Tsarism to the Twenty-first Century | location = | publisher = Penguin Books Ltd | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-0-14-103797-4 | page = 439 | authorlink = Robert Service (historian) }}
12. ^{{Cite book | author = Service, Robert | title = History of Modern Russia: From Tsarism to the Twenty-first Century | location = | publisher = Penguin Books Ltd | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-0-14-103797-4 | pages = 432–433 | authorlink = Robert Service (historian) }}
13. ^{{Cite Russian law |en_entity= |en_type=Article |en_number=128 of the 1977 constitution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)|en_date=7 October 1977 |en_title=Article 128 }}
14. ^{{Cite Russian law |en_entity= |en_type=Article |en_number=129 of the 1977 constitution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)|en_date=7 October 1977 |en_title=Article 129 }}
15. ^{{Cite Russian law |en_entity= |en_type=Article |en_number=130 of the 1977 constitution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)|en_date=7 October 1977 |en_title=Article 130 }}
16. ^{{Cite Russian law |en_entity= |en_type=Article |en_number=131 of the 1977 constitution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)|en_date=7 October 1977 |en_title=Article 131 }}
17. ^{{Cite Russian law |en_entity= |en_type=Article |en_number=133 of the 1977 constitution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)|en_date=7 October 1977 |en_title=Article 133 }}
18. ^{{Cite Russian law |en_entity= |en_type=Article |en_number=134 of the 1977 constitution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)|en_date=7 October 1977 |en_title=Article 134 }}
19. ^{{Cite Russian law |en_entity= |en_type=Article |en_number=135 of the 1977 constitution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)|en_date=7 October 1977 |en_title=Article 135 }}
20. ^{{Cite Russian law |en_entity= |en_type=Article |en_number=136 of the 1977 constitution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)|en_date=7 October 1977 |en_title=Article 136 }}
21. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.economics.kiev.ua/download/ZakonySSSR/data04/tex16360.htm |script-title= ru:"О преобразовании Совета Народных Комиссаров СССР в Совет Министров СССР и Советов Народных Комиссаров Союзных и Автономных республик в Советы Министров Союзных и Автономных республик" 15 марта 1946 года |work= Legislation of the USSR 1946–1952 |publisher= World and Market Economy — Collection of Articles on Economy, Igor Averin |language= Russian |trans-title= On Reforming the Council of People's Commissars into the Council of Ministers of the USSR, and the Councils of People's Commissars of Union and Autonomous Republics into the Councils of Ministers of Union and Autonomous Republics, 15 March 1946 |accessdate= 3 October 2010}}
22. ^{{cite book | author = Huskey, Eugene | title = Executive Power and Soviet Politics: The Rise and Decline of the Soviet State | location = | publisher = M.E. Sharpe | page = 112 | year = 1992 | isbn = 978-1-56324-060-7 }}