| 词条 | Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge | ||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name =Prince Adolphus | image =Adolphus Frederick Duke of Cambridge.JPG | image_size =187 | succession =Duke of Cambridge | successor =Prince George | spouse ={{marriage|Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel|1818}} | issue =Prince George, Duke of Cambridge Augusta, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg Princess Mary Adelaide, Duchess of Teck | full name =Adolphus Frederick | house =Hanover | father =George III of the United Kingdom | mother =Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz | birth_date ={{Birth date|1774|2|24|df=y}} | birth_place =Buckingham House, London | death_date ={{Death date and age|1850|7|8|1774|2|24|df=yes}} | death_place =Cambridge House, Piccadilly | burial_date =17 July 1850 | burial_place =St Anne's Church, Kew, Surrey 10 January 1930 St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle }} Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge, {{post-nominals|size=100%|post-noms=KG, GCB, GCMG, GCH, PC}} (Adolphus Frederick; 24 February 1774 – 8 July 1850) was the tenth child and seventh son of the British king George III and Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. He held the title of Duke of Cambridge from 1801 until his death. He also served as Viceroy of Hanover on behalf of his brothers George IV and William IV. Early lifePrince Adolphus was born in February 1774 at Buckingham House, then known as the "Queen's House",[1] in the City and Liberty of Westminster, now within Greater London. He was the youngest son of George and Charlotte to survive childhood. On 24 March 1774, the young prince was baptized in the Great Council Chamber at St James's Palace by Frederick Cornwallis, Archbishop of Canterbury. His godparents were Prince John Adolphus of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (his great-uncle, for whom the Earl of Hertford, Lord Chamberlain, stood proxy), Landgrave Charles of Hesse-Kassel (his first cousin once-removed, for whom the Earl of Jersey, Extra Lord of the Bedchamber, stood proxy) and Princess Wilhelmina of Orange (the wife of his first cousin once-removed, for whom Elizabeth Howard, Dowager Countess of Effingham, former Lady of the Bedchamber to Queen Charlotte, stood proxy).[2] He was tutored at home until summer 1786, when he was sent to the University of Göttingen in Germany, along with his brothers Prince Ernest (created Duke of Cumberland in 1799) and Prince Augustus (created Duke of Sussex in 1801).[1] Military careerHe was made honorary Colonel-in-Chief of the Hanoverian Guard Foot Regiment 1789–1803, but his military training began in 1791, when he and Prince Ernest went to Hanover to study under the supervision of the Hanoverian commander Field Marshal Wilhelm von Freytag. He remained on Freytag's staff during the Flanders Campaign in 1793. His first taste of action was at Famars on 23 May. He was wounded and captured at the Battle of Hondschoote 6 September, but was quickly rescued. As a Hanovarian General-Major, he commanded a Hessian brigade under his paternal great-uncle, General Johann Ludwig von Wallmoden-Gimborn in Autumn 1794, then commanded the Hanovarian Guards during the retreat through Holland. Remaining in Germany, he commanded a brigade of the Corps of Observation, 22 October 1796 – 12 January 1798. He was made a British army colonel in 1794, and lieutenant general 24 August 1798. In 1800 – stationed in the Electorate of Hanover – he attended the founding of a village (part of the settlement of the moorlands north of Bremen), which was named for him: Adolphsdorf (since 1974 a component locality of Grasberg).[3] During the War of the Second Coalition against France (1799–1802), he traveled to Berlin in 1801, in order to prevent the impending Prussian occupation of the Electorate.[1] France demanded it, as it was stipulated in the Peace of Basel (1795), obliging Prussia to ensure the Holy Roman Empire's neutrality in all the latter's territories north of the demarcation line at the river Main, including Hanover. Regular Hanoverian troops, therefore, had been commandeered to join the multilateral so-called "Demarcation Army." His efforts were in vain.[1] In 1803, he was senior army commander, and replaced Wallmoden as commander on the Weser on 1 June. With the advance of French forces on one side and 24,000 Prussian soldiers on the other, the situation was hopeless. Cambridge refused to become involved in discussions of capitulation, handed over his command to Hammerstein (Ompteda claims he was forced to resign [4]), and withdrew to England. A plan to recruit additional soldiers in Hanover to be commanded by the Prince had also failed. In 1803, he was appointed as commander-in-chief of the newly founded King's German Legion, and in 1813, he became field marshal.[1] George III appointed Prince Adolphus a Knight of the Garter on 2 June 1776, and created him Duke of Cambridge, Earl of Tipperary, and Baron Culloden on 24 November 1801.[1] The Duke served as colonel-in-chief of the Coldstream Regiment of Foot Guards (Coldstream Guards after 1855) from September 1805, and as colonel-in-chief of the 60th (The Duke of York's Own Rifle Corps) Regiment of Foot from January 1824. After the collapse of Napoleon's empire, he was Military Governor of Hanover from 4 November 1813 – 24 October 1816, then Governor General of Hanover from 24 October 1816 – 20 June 1837 (viceroy from 22 February 1831). He was made Field Marshal 26 November 1813. While he was Viceroy, the Duke became patron of the Cambridge-Dragoner ("Cambridge Dragoons") Regiment of the Hanoverian army. This regiment was stationed in Celle, and their barracks, the Cambridge-Dragoner Kaserne, were used by the Bundeswehr until 1995. The "March of the Hannoversches Cambridge-Dragoner-Regiment" is part of the Bundeswehr's traditional music repertoire. MarriageAfter the death of Princess Charlotte in 1817, the Duke was set the task of finding a bride for his eldest unmarried brother, the Duke of Clarence (later William IV), in the hope of securing heirs to the throne—Charlotte had been the only legitimate grandchild of George III, despite the fact that the King had twelve surviving children. After several false starts, the Duke of Clarence settled on Princess Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen. The way was cleared for the Duke of Cambridge to find a bride for himself. The Duke of Cambridge was married first at Kassel, Hesse on 7 May and then at Buckingham Palace on 1 June 1818 to his second cousin Augusta (25 July 1797 – 6 April 1889), the third daughter of Prince Frederick of Hesse. ViceroyFrom 1816 to 1837, the Duke of Cambridge served as viceroy of the Kingdom of Hanover on behalf of his elder brothers, George IV and later William IV.[1] When his niece succeeded to the British throne on 20 June 1837 as Queen Victoria, the 122-year union of the crowns of the United Kingdom and Hanover ended, due to Hanover being under Salic Law.[1] The Duke of Cumberland became King of Hanover and the Duke of Cambridge returned to Britain.[1] DeathThe Duke of Cambridge died on 8 July 1850 at Cambridge House, Piccadilly, London, and was buried at St Anne's Church, Kew.[1][5] His remains were later removed to St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle. His only son, Prince George, succeeded to his peerages. Titles, styles, honours and armsTitles and styles
His full style at death was Field Marshal His Royal Highness The Prince Adolphus Frederick, Duke of Cambridge, Earl of Tipperary, Baron Culloden, Knight of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, Member of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council, Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath, Knight Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George, Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order HonoursBritish Honours
ArmsThe Duke's arms were the Royal Arms of the House of Hanover, with a three-point label of difference. The first and third points containing two hearts, and the centre point bearing a red cross. His arms were adopted by his youngest daughter, Princess Mary Adelaide, and her heirs included them in their arms quartered with the arms of the Duke of Teck. IssueThe Duke and Duchess of Cambridge had three children:
Ancestors{{ahnentafel|collapsed=yes |align=center |ref=[6] | boxstyle_1 = background-color: #fcc; | boxstyle_2 = background-color: #fb9; | boxstyle_3 = background-color: #ffc; | boxstyle_4 = background-color: #bfc; | boxstyle_5 = background-color: #9fe; | 1 = 1. Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge | 2 = 2. George III of the United Kingdom | 3 = 3. Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz | 4 = 4. Frederick, Prince of Wales | 5 = 5. Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha | 6 = 6. Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg-Strelitz | 7 = 7. Princess Elisabeth Albertine of Saxe-Hildburghausen | 8 = 8. George II of Great Britain | 9 = 9. Princess Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach | 10 = 10. Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg | 11 = 11. Princess Magdalena Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst | 12 = 12. Adolphus Frederick II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz | 13 = 13. Princess Christiane Emilie of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen | 14 = 14. Ernest Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen | 15 = 15. Countess Sophia Albertine of Erbach-Erbach | 16 = 16. George I of Great Britain | 17 = 17. Princess Sophia Dorothea of Celle | 18 = 18. John Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach | 19 = 19. Princess Eleonore Erdmuthe of Saxe-Eisenach | 20 = 20. Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg | 21 = 21. Princess Magdalena Sibylle of Saxe-Weissenfels | 22 = 22. Charles, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst | 23 = 23. Princess Sophia of Saxe-Weissenfels | 24 = 24. Adolf Frederick I, Duke of Mecklenburg | 25 = 25. Countess Maria Katharina of Brunswick-Dannenberg | 26 = 26. Christian William I, Prince of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen | 27 = 27. Countess Antoine Sybille of Barby-Mühlingen | 28 = 28. Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen | 29 = 29. Countess Sophie Henriette of Waldeck | 30 = 30. George Louis I, Count of Erbach-Erbach | 31 = 31. Countess Amalia Katharina of Waldeck-Eisenberg }} See also
External links{{Commons category|Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge}}
References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge at Oxford Dictionary of National Biography {{s-start}}{{s-hou|House of Hanover|24 February|1774|8 July|1850|House of Welf}}{{s-court}}{{s-bef|before=General von Bülow|as=Governor, with the Privy Council }}{{s-ttl|title=Viceroy of Hanover |years=1811–1837 }}{{s-aft|after=Ernest Augustus|as=King, due to the end of the2. ^Yvonne's Royalty Home Page: Royal Christenings 3. ^Johannes Kessels, "Fast wie eine Königsfamilie: Neue Majestäten heißen alle Helmke oder Kück", in: Wümme-Zeitung; 2. Juni 2009. 4. ^Ompteda, p. 131 5. ^Cambridge Mausoleum 6. ^{{cite book|title=Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans| trans-title=Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AINPAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA5|year=1768|publisher=Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel|location=Bourdeaux|language=fr|page=5}} personal union with the UK }}{{s-mil}}{{s-bef|before=Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany}}{{s-ttl|title=Colonel of the Coldstream Guards|years=1805–1850}}{{s-aft|after=The Earl of Strafford}}{{s-aca}}{{s-bef|before=The 1st Viscount Melville}}{{s-ttl|title=Chancellor of the University of St Andrews|years=1811–1814}}{{s-aft|after=The 2nd Viscount Melville}}{{s-other}}{{s-bef|before=Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany}}{{s-ttl|title=President of the Foundling Hospital|years=1827–1850}}{{s-aft|after=Prince George, Duke of Cambridge}}{{s-hon}}{{s-bef|before=Sir Thomas Maitland}}{{s-ttl|title=Grand Master of the Order of St Michael and St George|years=1825–1850}}{{s-aft|after=Prince George, Duke of Cambridge}}{{s-reg|uk}}{{s-new|creation}}{{s-ttl|title=Duke of Cambridge|creation=4th creation|years=1801–1850}}{{s-aft|after=Prince George}}{{s-end}}{{British princes}}{{Dukes of Cambridge}}{{Hanoverian princes}}{{Grand Masters of the Order of St Michael and St George}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Adolphus Of Cambridge, Duke, Prince}} 19 : Princes of Great Britain|Princes of the United Kingdom|Hanoverian princes|House of Hanover|British field marshals|Dukes of Cambridge|Peers of the United Kingdom created by George III|People from Westminster|Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath|Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George|Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order|Knights of the Garter|Chancellors of the University of St Andrews|1774 births|1850 deaths|King's German Legion|British Army personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars|British Army commanders of the Napoleonic Wars|Burials at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle |
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