| 词条 | Dharmaraja Ratha |
| 释义 |
| name = Dharmaraja Ratha | image = Mamallapuram Dharmaraja Ratha.jpg | alt = | caption = Dharmaraja Ratha | map_type = | map_caption = | other_names = | proper_name = | devanagari = | sanskrit_translit = | tamil = | marathi = | bengali = | country = India | state = Tamil Nadu, | district = Kancheepuram district | location = Mahabalipuram | elevation_m = | deity = Shiva | primary_deity_Godess = | utsava_deity_God = | utsava_deity_Godess= | Direction_posture = | Pushakarani = | Vimanam = | Poets = | Prathyaksham = | festivals= | architecture = | temple_quantity = | monument_quantity= | inscriptions = | year_completed = {{circa}} 650[1] Common era[2] | creator = | website = }}Dharmaraja Ratha is a monument in the Pancha Rathas complex at Mahabalipuram, on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal, in the Kancheepuram district of the state of Tamil Nadu, India. It is an example of monolith Indian rock-cut architecture. Dating from the late 7th century, it is attributed to the reign of King Mahendravarman I and his son Narasimhavarman I (630–680 AD; also called Mamalla, or "great warrior") of the Pallava Kingdom. The entire complex is under the auspices of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). It is one of the Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram that were designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1984.[3] Resembling a chariot (ratha), it is carved out of a single, long stone of pink granite.[3][4][5] Though sometimes mistakenly referred to as a temple, the structure was not consecrated because it was not completed[6] following the death of Narasimhavarman I.[4][5][7] The structure is named after the eldest of the Pancha Pandavas, of epic Mahabharata fame,[3][5][8] though this nomenclature is not supported by its iconography.[4] It is dedicated to Shiva.[9] GeographyThe structure is located at Mahabalipuram (previously known as Mammallapuram) on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal in Kancheepuram district. It is approximately {{convert|35|miles}} south of Chennai (previously known as Madras), the capital city,[10] while Chengalpattu is about {{convert|20|miles}} away.[11] History{{Main|Pancha Rathas}}Like the other four Pancha Rathas, Dharmaraja ratha was built from stone, a replica of a wooden version which preceded it.[12] The temple is incomplete.[8] ArchitectureAll the Pancha Rathas are aligned in a north-south direction and share a common plinth. They have no precedent in Indian architecture and have proved to be "templates" for building larger temples in the South Indian tradition of Dravidian temple architecture.[8] Though cut out of monolithic rocks, they are carved in the form of structural temples in regular building form and hence termed as "quasimonolithic temple form. Dharmaraja Ratha is the most prominent architecturally of the five rathas and also the tallest and largest.[13][14][15] The ratha faces west and is sculpturally very rich. It has three floors including the ground floor. The plan of the ground floor measure a square of {{Convert|28|ft}} and has a height of {{Convert|35|ft}} from ground level to the top of the roof. It is open on all four sides and the facade on all sides are supported by two pillars and two pilasters with the corners forming an integral part of the support system for the upper floors. Carved out from a single rock of pink granite,[16][17] along with other three rathas on a single block of stone oriented in a north-south direction,[5] it is a trithala or three-story[18][19] vimana,[20] square in plan, with open porches and a terraced pyramidal tower.[21] and an octagonal shikhara (pinnacle) at the top. Small-sized model shrines called kudus make up the ornament of the upper part of the tower.[9][22] There are many sculptures on the corners of the sanctum, which depict Shiva;[23] Harihara, Brahma-Sasta, Skanda, Brahma, Ardhanarisvara (half Shiva half Parvati)[24] and Krishna[25] are depicted alongside an inscribed portrait of a king, indicated to be Narasimhavarman I,[21][26][27] who commissioned the temple.[28] The shafts of the pillars are supported by seated lions.[21] The second floor contains rich imagery,[29] with further depictions of Shiva as Gangadara and Natesa, and Vishnu resting on Garuda and Kaliya Mardhana. InscriptionsOn the Dharmaraja Rathas there are 16 inscriptions in Grantha and Nagari scripts in Sanskrit inscriptions on which are royal cognomen, single-word titles, most of them are attributed to Narasimhavarman I.[30] On the top tier of the temple is an inscription which refers to it as Atyantakama Pallavesvaram; Atyantakama was one of the known titles of Paramesvaravarman I. Other inscribed titles for the king are Shri Megha and Trailokiya–vardhana-vidhi.[26] References1. ^{{cite book|title=The Culture of India |isbn=9780852297629 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |year=2010 |page=315 }} {{Portal|India|Hinduism|Religion}}{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}{{Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram}}2. ^{{cite book|title=Student Britannica India 7 Vols |page=5 |author=Indu Ramchandani |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=2000 |isbn=9780852297629 }} 3. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/249/|title=Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=2007-03-03}} 4. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Five_Rathas,_Mahabalipuram.jpg|title= File:Five Rathas, Mahabalipuram.jpg| accessdate=9 April 2013|publisher=Archarological Survey of India, Chennai Circle}} 5. ^1 2 3 {{Cite web|url=http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/mamallapuram/mam01.html|title=Pancha Rathas, Mamallapuram |accessdate=23 October 2012|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India}} 6. ^{{cite book|title=Art history |author=Marilyn Stokstad |year=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education |isbn=9780131577046 |page=333 }} 7. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/Culture/Archit/Mahaba.html|title= Mahabalipuram|accessdate=30 December 2012|publisher=UCLA Education, South Asia}} 8. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/t/019pho0000472s1u00027000.html|title=The Rathas, monolithic [Mamallapuram]|accessdate=19 February 2013|publisher=Online Gallery of Encyclopædia Britannica}} 9. ^1 {{cite book|page=139 |title=Ornament in Indian Arch |author=Margaret Prosser Allen |year=1991 }} 10. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/mamallapuram/mam01.html|title=Pancha Rathas, Mamallapuram |accessdate=23 October 2012|work=art-and-archaeology.com|author=Michael D. Gunther}} 11. ^{{cite book|author=P. V. Jagadisa Ayyar|title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&pg=PA157|accessdate=7 February 2013|year=1982|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0151-2|pages=157–}} 12. ^{{cite book|last1=Moffett|first1=Marian|last2=Fazio|first2=Michael W.|last3=Wodehouse|first3=Lawrence|title=World History of Architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IFMohetegAcC&pg=PT75|accessdate=9 January 2013|year=2003|publisher=Laurence King Publishing|isbn=978-1-85669-371-4|page=75}} 13. ^{{cite book|title=Chennai |author=Rina Kamath |publisher=Orient Blackswan |page=121 |year=2000 }} 14. ^{{cite book|title=History & Civics IX |page=127 |publisher=Rachnar Sagnar }} 15. ^{{cite book|title=Concise Classified Dictionary of Hinduism |author=K. V. Soundara Rajan |publisher=Concept Publishing |year=2002 |page=260 }} 16. ^{{cite book|title=Indian Railways |publisher=India Railway Board |volume=15 |year=1970 }} 17. ^{{cite book|title=Our Story So Far |volume=6 |isbn=9788131714942 |publisher=Pearson Education India |page=102}} 18. ^{{cite book|title=India: The Elephant's Blessing |author=Aline Dobbie |page=56 |publisher=Melrose Press |year=2006 |isbn=9781905226856 }} 19. ^{{cite book|title=The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths |author=Roshen Dalal |isbn=9780143415176 |year=2010 |publisher=Penguin Books India |page=279 }} 20. ^{{cite book|title=The Body of God: An Emperor's Palace for Krishna in Eighth-Century Kanchipuram |author= D. Dennis Hudson |year=2008 |isbn=9780195369229 |page=537 |publisher=Oxford University Press }} 21. ^1 2 {{cite book|author=Upinder Singh|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GW5Gx0HSXKUC&pg=PA636|accessdate=9 January 2013|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1677-9|page=636}} 22. ^{{cite book|title=A World History of Art |author1=Hugh Honour |author2=John Fleming |year=2005 }} 23. ^{{cite book|page=294 |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |author=Roshen Dalal |isbn=9780143414216 |publisher=Penguin Books India |year=2011 }} 24. ^{{cite book|title=India Baedeker Guide |author1=Karen Schreitmüller |author2=Mohan Dhamotharan |author3=Beate Szerelmy |year=2012 |page=589 }} 25. ^{{cite book|title=Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu |author=T. Padmaja |publisher=Abhinav Publishing |year=2002 |isbn=9788170173984 |page=110 }} 26. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_mahabalipuram_monolithic.asp|title=World Heritage Sites – Mahabalipuram – Monolithic Temples|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|accessdate=9 January 2013}} 27. ^{{cite book|title=The Dharmarāja ratha & its sculptures, Mahābalipuram |author=K. R. Srinivasan |year=1975 |publisher=Abhinav Publications }} 28. ^{{cite book|title=Pallava Antiquities – 2 Vols. |author=G. Jouveau-Dubreuil |year=1994 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=9788120605718 |page=63 }} 29. ^{{cite book|title=Pallava rock architecture and sculpture |author=Elisabeth Beck |publisher=Sri Aurobindo Institute of Research in Social Sciences in association with East West Books (Madras) |year=2006 |isbn=9788188661466 |page=226 }} 30. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.flonnet.com/fl2023/stories/20031121000107100.htm |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130410195340/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2023/stories/20031121000107100.htm |dead-url=yes |archive-date=10 April 2013 |title=A monumental effort |accessdate=30 December 2012 |date=8 November 2003 |publisher=Front Line India's National Magazine from the publishers of The Hindu }} 5 : Hindu temples in Mahabalipuram|Mahabalipuram|Archaeological monuments in Tamil Nadu|Tamil architecture|Pallava architecture |
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