“Përmet”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Përmet is a town and a municipality in Gjirokastër County, southern Albania. It was formed at the 2015 local government reform by the merger of the former municipalities Çarçovë, Frashër, Përmet, Petran and Qendër Piskovë, that became municipal units. The seat of the municipality is the town Përmet.^[1] The total population is 10,614 (2011 census), in a total area of 601.95 km². The population of the former municipality at the 2011 census was 5,945. It is flanked by the Vjosë river, which runs along the Trebeshinë-Dhëmbel-Nemërçkë mountain chain, between Trebeshinë and Dhëmbel mountains, and through the Këlcyrë Gorge.

Name

The town itself is known in Albanian as Përmet, and {{lang-sq-definite|Përmeti}} when in definite form. The town is known in Aromanian as Părmeti,^[2] in Greek as Πρεμετή/Premeti^[3]^[4] and in Turkish as Permedi.^[5]

History

15th century

In 15th century Përmet came under Ottoman rule and became first a kaza of the sanjak of Gjirokastër and later of the Sanjak of Ioannina.^[6]^[7]

18th century

During the era of conversions to Islam in the 18th century, Christian Albanian speaking areas such as the region of Rrëzë strongly resisted those efforts, in particular the village of Hormovë and the town of Përmet.^[8]

In 1778, a Greek school was established and financed by the local Orthodox Church and the diaspora of the town.^[9]

19th century

Përmet was one of the main centers of the Albanian National Awakening.^[10]{{vn|date=February 2018}} After a successful revolt in 1833 the Ottoman Empire replaced Ottoman officials in the town with local Albanian ones and proclaimed a general amnesty for all those who had been involved in the uprising.^[11] The artisans of the kaza of Përmet held the monopoly in the trade of opinga in the vilayets of Shkodër and Janina until 1841, when that privilege was revoked under the Tanzimat reforms.^[12] In 1882 Greek education was expanded with the foundation of a Greek girls' school subsidized by members of the local diaspora that lived in Constantinople, as well as the Greek national benefactor, Konstantinos Zappas.^[9] The first Albanian-language school of the town was founded in the beginning of 1890 by Llukë Papavrami, a teacher from Hotovë, who had the endorsement of Naim Frasheri.^[13]^[14] A great contribution for the Albanian school was given by philanthropists Mihal Kerbici,Pano Duro and Stathaq Duka. Duro and Kerbici financed until 1896 the salaries of five teachers, whereas Stathaq Duka bequeathed in 1886 scholarships for studies in the schools of Jurisprudence and Medicine.^[14] In 1909 during the Second Constitutional Era the authorities allowed Albanian language to be taught in the local madrasah.^[15] In 1919, Përmet had 40 Greek schools, 45 Greek teachers, and 1,189 Greek scholars.^[16]{{clarify|date=March 2018}} It was a kaza centre as "Premedi" in Ergiri sanjak of Yanya Vilayet till 1912.

20th century

In 1912, during the First Balkan War the population founded a committee that had as its goal the organization of the local resistance with help from government of Vlora and chetas operating across Southern Albania. In a 28 December rally through the town centre people of Permet agreed they must fight where the nation most needed.^[17] In February 1913, units of the advancing 3rd Division of the Greek Army entered the town without facing Ottoman resistance,^[18] while the resistance of the local population was not sufficient due to small amount of arms.^[17] In 1914, Përmet became part of the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus, which struggled against annexation of the region to the Albanian state.^[19] During the Greco-Italian War, on December 4, 1940, the town came under the control of the advancing forces of the Greek II Army Corps.^[20] Përmet returned to Axis control in April 1941. In May 1944 the National Liberation Movement held in the town the congress, which elected the provisional government of Albania.^[21] During the Communist era Përmet held the title of the Hero City.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}}

In August 2013, demonstrations took place^[22] by the local Orthodox community as a result of the confiscation of the Cathedral of the Assumption of the Virgin and the forcible removal of the clergy and of religious artifacts from the temple, by the state authorities.^[23]^[27] The Cathedral was allegedly not fully returned to the Orthodox Autocephalous Church of Albania after the restoration of Democracy in the country.^[24] The incident provoked reactions by the Orthodox Church of Albania and also trigerred diplomatic intervention from Greece.^[25]^[26]

Demographics

The total population is 10,614 (2011 census), in a total area of 601.95 km².^[27] The population of the former municipality at the 2011 census was 5,945.^[28]

Demographic history

Culture

Përmet is known for its cuisine, particularly the many different types of jam (reçel) and kompot (komposto), and the production of local wine and raki.^[30]

Notable Landmarks

Sports

Përmet is also home to the football club SK Përmeti and basketball club KB Përmeti.

Notable people

See also

References

1. ^Law nr. 115/2014 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924085559/http://www.reformaterritoriale.al/images/presentations/Ligji%20ndarja%20territoriale_Fletore_zyrtare.pdf |date=2015-09-24 }}
2. ^{{cite book|last=Kahl|first=Thede|title=Ethnizität und räumliche Verbreitung der Aromunen in Südosteuropa|year=1999|publisher=Universität Münster: Institut für Geographie der Westfälischen Wilhelms|isbn=3-9803935-7-7|url=|pages=144|ref=harv}} "Părmeti"
3. ^{{cite book|author=Eduardo D. Faingold|title=The Kalamata Diary: Greece, War, and Emigration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cWx_yMnaFnkC&pg=PA77|year=2010|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7391-2890-9|pages=77–}}
4. ^{{cite book|author=Owen Pearson|title=Albania in the Twentieth Century, A History: Volume II: Albania in Occupation and War, 1939-45|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P3knunC7z_oC&pg=PA82|date=11 July 2006|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-84511-104-5|pages=82–}}
5. ^Erdal, İbrahim (2006), [https://books.google.com.au/books?redir_esc=y&id=woNpAAAAMAAJ&dq=Permedi+kaza&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Permedi+ Mübadele: uluslaşma sürecinde Türkiye ve Yunanistan 1923-1925], IQ Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık. p. 186. "Permedi".
6. ^History of the Albanian people p. 85
7. ^{{cite book|last=H. Karpat|first=Kemal|title=Ottoman population, 1830–1914: demographic and social characteristics|year=1985|url=https://books.google.com/?id=yhgEAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=22 September 2011|page=146|isbn=9780299091606}}
8. ^{{cite journal|last=Gerogiorgi|first=Sofia|title=Επιγραφικές μαρτυρίες σε λειψανοθήκη από τη Βόρεια Ήπειρο|url=https://ejournals.epublishing.ekt.gr/index.php/deltion/article/view/4193/3968|journal=Δελτίον της Χριστιανικής Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας|volume=23|issue=|year=2002|pages=79|ref=harv}} "Ιδιαίτερη εντύπωση προκαλεί η ισχυρή αντίσταση που προέβαλαν ορισμένες περιοχές στο έντονο κύμα εξισλαμισμών του 18ου αιώνα, όπως οι περιοχές της Ζαγοριάς (όπου υπάγεται η Κόνσκα και η Σέπερη), της Ρίζας (όπου υπάγεται το Χόρμοβο και η Πρεμετή) και της Λιντζουριάς, μολονότι κατοικούνταν από αλβανόφωνους χριστιανούς."
9. ^¹{{cite journal |last= Koltsida |first=Athina |script-title= el:Η Εκπαίδευση στη Βόρεια Ήπειρο κατά την Ύστερη Περίοδο της Οθωμανικής Αυτοκρατορίας |url= http://invenio.lib.auth.gr/record/104814/files/KOLTSIDA.pdf |accessdate=7 June 2015 |pages= 131, 214, 406 |language= Greek |publisher= Aristotle University of Thessaloniki}}
10. ^{{cite book |last=Kotani |first=Apostol|title=Kapedan At Stath Melani me shokë|date=1997|publisher=Shoqata Atdhetare për të Rënët e Kombit Shqiptar|language=sq|p=48}}
11. ^{{cite book|author=Stefanaq Pollo|title=Historia e Shqipërisë: Vitet 30 të shek. XIX-1912|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f4i4AAAAIAAJ|year=1983|publisher=Akademia e Shkencave e RPS të Shqipërisë, Instituti i Historisë|p=85|quote=Shtrirja e gjerë e kryengritjes, që fillonte nga Skrapari e Kurveleshi, në Myzeqe e në Vlorë e deri në Çamëri, e detyruan Portën e Lartë të hiqte dorë nga rekrutimi i ushtarëve nizamë, të shpallte amnistinë dhe të lejonte vendosjen e disa shqiptarëve si qeveritarë në kazatë e Beratit, të Vlorës, të Tepelenës, të Gjirokastrës e të Përmetit dhe emërimin e të tjerëve si komandantë në garnizonet e kështjellave të Beratit, të Gjirokastrës etj.}}
12. ^History of the Albanian people pp. 45–6
13. ^[Qemal Haxhihasani, “Kërkime dhe Vëzhgime Folklorike në rrethin e Përmetit”, Buletin I Universitetit Shtetëror të Tiranës seria Shkencat Shoqërore Nr. 2, V. 1959 f. 121.]
14. ^¹Nuri Dragoj TREVA E PËRMETIT NË PERIUDHËN E VITEVE 1912-1944 pXIII
15. ^Academy of Sciences of Albania, History of the Albanian people p.401
16. ^{{cite book|author=Pan-Epirotic Union in America, Boston|title=Statement of the Natives of Korytsa and Kolonia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ekRCAQAAMAAJ|year=1919|page=20|quote=Premeti has 40 Greek schools, 45 Greek teachers, and 1,189 Greek scholars.}}
17. ^¹{{cite book|author=Nuri Dragoj|title=Përmeti nga lufta për pavarësi ne pushtimin grek: (Veprimtari atdhetare dhe politike)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OT3OjwEACAAJ|year=2015|publisher=Toena|language=sq|pp=5–7}}
18. ^{{cite book|last1=...]|first1=Hellenic Army General Staff, Army History Directorate. [Ed. committee: Dimitrios Gedeon|title=A concise history of the Balkan Wars, 1912-1913|date=1998|publisher=Hellenic Army General Staff|location=Athens|isbn=9789607897077|page=201|edition=1.udg.|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ci9pAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22On+22+February%2C+Division%22&q=%22On+22+February%2C+Division+III+moved+from+Korytsa+towards+Premeti%2C+by+way+of+Leskovik%2C+meeting+no+Turkish+resistance.+%22|quote="On 22 February, Division III moved from Korytsa towards Premeti, by way of Leskovik, meeting no Turkish resistance. "}}
19. ^{{cite book|last=Kondis|first=Basil|title=Greece and Albania: 1908-1914|year=1976|publisher=Institute for Balkan Studies, New York University |url=https://books.google.com/?id=tEloAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22declared+the+autonomy,+notified+the%22&q=%22notified+the+International+Control+Commission+of+his+appointment+as+President+of+the+provisional+government+of+autonomous+Epirus+and+he+announced+that+the+Epirotes+would+regard+as+an+act+of+hostility+and+would+resist+by+force+of+arms+any+attempt+on+the+part+of+the+Albanian+gendarmerie+to+cross+their+frontier.+Besides+Argyrokastro,+the+Autonomous+North+Epirus+included+the+towns+of+Chimara,+Delvino,+Santi+Quaranta,+and+Premeti.%22|location=Thessaloniki |page=125 |quote= Besides Argyrokastro, the Autonomous North Epirus included the towns of Chimara, Delvino, Santi Quaranta, and Premeti}}
20. ^John Carr. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2Zb9AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA90 The Defence and Fall of Greece 1940-1941], p. 90
21. ^{{cite book|last=Vickers|first=Miranda|title=The Albanians: a modern history|year=1999|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IzI0uOZ2j6gC&pg=PA155|publisher=I.B.Tauris|page=155|isbn=9781860645419}}
22. ^{{cite web|last1=Barkas|first1=Panagiotis|title=Violent Clashes against Clergy and Faithful in Permet|url=http://www.skai.gr/news/world/article/239959/alvania-viaia-epeisodia-kata-klirikon-kai-piston-stin-premeti-i-adidrasi-tou-upex-/|website=skai.gr|publisher=Athens News Agency|accessdate=18 October 2015}}
23. ^{{cite web|title=International Religious Freedom Report for 2014: Albania|url=https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/238560.pdf |page=4 |website=https://www.state.gov/|publisher=United States, Department of State|accessdate=20 October 2015}}
24. ^{{cite book|last1=Watch|first1=Human Rights|last2=[Researched|first2=Helsinki.|last3=Abrahams]|first3=written by Fred|title=Human rights in post-communist Albania|date=1996|publisher=Human Rights Watch|location=New York [u.a.]|isbn=9781564321602|page=157|url=https://books.google.gr/books?id=KfWxs-NdDhgC&dq=|quote=A further point of contention between the Albanian Orthodox Church and the Albanian government is the return of church property.... In addition many holy icons and vessels of the Orthodox Church are being held in national museums, allegedly because of the Albanian government is concerned with protecting these valuable objects.... other church property that have been allegedly not been fully returned by the state include, the Cathedral of the Assumption in Permet}}
25. ^¹{{cite journal|last1=Diamadis|first1=Panayiotis|title=Clash of Eagles with Two Heads: Epirus in the 21st Century|journal=American Hellenic Institute Foundation Policy Journal|date=Spring 2014|pages=7–8|url=http://ahiworld.org/AHIFpolicyjournal/pdfs/Volume5Spring/3-Albania.pdf|accessdate=18 October 2015|quote=Clergy and faithful were violently ejected from an Orthodox church in Premeti during the celebrations for the Assumption of the Virgin Mary on 16 August 2013, by private security and municipal authorities. Religious items such as icons and utensils were also confiscated.}}
26. ^{{cite web|title=Conflict in Permet about the Church, police takes control of the House of Culture|url=http://www.balkaneu.com/conflict-permet-church-police-takes-control-house-culture/|publisher=Independent Balkan News Agency|accessdate=18 October 2015|date=August 28, 2013}}
27. ^Interactive map administrative territorial reform
28. ^2011 census results {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053713/http://www.instat.gov.al/media/195823/6__gjirokaster.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}
29. ^¹{{cite book|last=Hammond|first=Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière|title=Epirus: the Geography, the Ancient Remains, the History and Topography of Epirus and Adjacent Areas|year=1967|location=Oxford|publisher=Clarendon Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?redir_esc=y&id=gI5QjgEACAAJ&dq=Epirus%3A+the+Geography%2C+the+Ancient+Remains&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=A+crag+in+the+town|isbn= 9780198142539|pages=132|ref=harv}} "The main centre of trade is Permet, where there is a bridge over the Vjosë. The town had about 1,000 houses in 1930, and 300 of these were shops. A crag in the town is said to be an ancient site. I climbed up into it. There are ruins of some medieval houses and the remains of a church on top, but the rock is not cut or levelled at all. While Permet is Mohammedan, the village to the west on the slopes of Mt. Nemerçkë are Christian."
30. ^{{cite book|author=Gillian Gloyer|title=Albania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZR3XBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA147|date=7 January 2015|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-84162-855-4|page=147}}