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词条 Q
释义

  1. History

  2. Typography

      Uppercase "Q"    Lowercase "q"  

  3. Use in writing systems

     Phonetic and phonemic transcription  English standard orthography  Other orthographies 

  4. Other uses

  5. Related characters

     Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet  Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets  Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations 

  6. Computing codes

  7. Other representations

  8. See also

  9. References

     Notes 

  10. External links

{{About|the letter of the alphabet}}{{Technical reasons|Q#|Q Sharp}}{{pp-move-indef|small=yes}}{{Infobox grapheme
|name=Q
|letter=Q q
|variations=(See below)
|image=File:Q cursiva.gif
|imagesize=200px
|imagealt=Writing cursive forms of Q
|script=Latin script
|type=Alphabet
|typedesc=ic and Logographic
|language=Greek language
Latin language
|phonemes=[{{IPAlink|q}}]
(Table)
[{{IPAlink|pʰ}}]
{{IPAc-en|k|juː}}
|unicode=U+0051, U+0071
|alphanumber=17
|number=
|fam1=O34V24
|fam2=
|fam3=
|fam4=
|fam6=𐌒
|usageperiod=Unknown to present
|children={{bull}}Ƣ
{{bull}}Ɋ
{{bull}}℺
{{bull}}Ԛ
|sisters=Φ φ
Ф
ק
ق
ܩ
ࠒ
𐎖
ቀ
Փ փ
Ֆ ֆ
|equivalents=
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}}{{Latin letter info|q}}

Q (named cue {{IPAc-en|k|j|uː}})[1] is the 17th letter of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. In nearly all languages using the Latin script it is a consonant, not a vowel.

History

Egyptian hieroglyph
wj		 Phoenician
qoph		 Etruscan
Q		 Greek
Qoppa
V24

The Semitic sound value of Qôp was {{IPA|/q/}} (voiceless uvular stop), and the form of the letter could have been based on the eye of a needle, a knot, or even a monkey with its tail hanging down.[2][3][4] {{IPA|/q/}} is a sound common to Semitic languages, but not found in many European languages.{{efn|See references at Voiceless uvular stop#Occurrence}} Some have even suggested that the form of the letter Q is even more ancient: it could have originated from Egyptian hieroglyphics.[4][5]

In Greek, qoppa (Ϙ) probably came to represent several labialized velar stops, among them {{IPA|/kʷ/}} and {{IPA|/kʷʰ/}}.[6] As a result of later sound shifts, these sounds in Greek changed to {{IPA|/p/}} and {{IPA|/pʰ/}} respectively.[7] Therefore, qoppa was transformed into two letters: qoppa, which stood for the number 90,[8] and phi (Φ), which stood for the aspirated sound {{IPA|/pʰ/}} that came to be pronounced {{IPA|/f/}} in Modern Greek.[9][10]

The Etruscans used Q in conjunction with V to represent {{IPA|/kʷ/}}, and this usage was copied by the Romans with the rest of their alphabet.[4] In the earliest Latin inscriptions, the letters C, K and Q were all used to represent the two sounds {{IPA|/k/}} and {{IPA|/ɡ/}}, which were not differentiated in writing. Of these, Q was used before a rounded vowel (e.g. {{angbr|EQO}} 'ego'), K before /a/, and C elsewhere.[11] Later, the use of C (and its variant G) replaced most usages of K and Q: Q survived only to represent /k/ when immediately followed by a /w/ sound.[12]

Typography

Uppercase "Q"

Depending on the typeface used to typeset the letter Q, the letter's tail may either bisect its bowl as in Helvetica,[13] meet the bowl as in Univers, or lie completely outside the bowl as in PT Sans. In writing block letters, bisecting tails are fastest to write, as they require less precision. All three styles are considered equally valid, with most serif typefaces having a Q with a tail that meets the circle, while sans-serif typefaces are more equally split between those with bisecting tails and those without.[14] Typefaces with a disconnected Q tail, while uncommon, have existed since at least 1529.[15] A common method among typographers to create the shape of the Q is by simply adding a tail to the letter O.[14][16][17]

Old-style serif fonts, such as Garamond, contained two capital Qs: one with a short tail to be used in short words, and another with a long tail to be used in long words.[15] Some early metal type fonts included up to 3 different Qs: a short-tailed Q, a long-tailed Q, and a long-tailed Q-u ligature.[18] This print tradition was alive and well until the 19th century, when long-tailed Qs fell out of favor: even recreations of classic typefaces such as Caslon began being distributed with only short Q tails.[19][18] Not a fan of long-tailed Qs, American typographer D. B. Updike celebrated their demise in his 1922 book Printing Types, claiming that Renaissance printers made their Q tails longer and longer simply to "outdo each other".[18] Latin-language words, which are much more likely than English words to contain "Q" as their first letter, have also been cited as the reason for their existence.[18] The long-tailed Q had fallen completely out of use with the advent of early digital typography, as many early digital fonts could not choose different glyphs based on the word that the glyph was in, but it has seen something of a comeback with the advent of OpenType fonts and LaTeX, both of which can automatically typeset the long-tailed Q when it is called for and the short-tailed Q when not.[20][21]

Owing to the allowable variation in the Q, the letter is a very distinctive feature of a typeface;[14][22] like the ampersand, the Q is cited as a letter that gives typographers a chance to express themselves.[23]

Identifont, an automated typeface identification service that identifies typefaces by questions about their appearance, asks about the Q tail second if the "sans-serif" option is chosen.[24] Out of Identifont's database, Q tails are divided thus:[25]
Q tail typeSerifSans-serif
Bisecting14612719
Meets bowl33634521
Outside bowl271397
"2" () shape304428
Inside bowl129220
Total55288285
{{Multiple image
| align = center
| direction = vertical
| width = 300
| image1 = Q tails (serif) pie chart.svg
| alt1 = Pie chart showing the proportion of different style Q tails in serif fonts to the total.
| image2 = Q tails (sans-serif) pie chart.svg
| alt2 = Pie chart showing the proportion of different style Q tails in sans-serif fonts to the total.
}}

Some typographers prefer one "Q" design over another: Adrian Frutiger, famous for the airport typeface that bears his name, remarked that most of his typefaces feature a Q tail that meets the bowl and then extends horizontally.[17] Frutiger considered such Qs to make for more "harmonious" and "gentle" typefaces.[17] Some typographers, such as Sophie Elinor Brown, have listed "Q" as being among their favorite letters.[26][27]

Lowercase "q"

The lowercase "q" is usually seen as a lowercase "o" with a descender (i.e., downward vertical tail) extending from the right side of the bowl, with or without a swash (i.e., flourish), even a reversed lowercase p. The "q"'s descender is usually typed without a swash due to the major style difference typically seen between the descenders of the "g" (a loop) and "q" (vertical). When handwritten, or as part of a handwriting font, the descender of the "q" sometimes finishes with a rightward swash to distinguish it from the letter "g" (or, particularly in mathematics, the digit "9").

Use in writing systems

Phonetic and phonemic transcription

The International Phonetic Alphabet uses {{angbr|{{IPA|q}}}} for the voiceless uvular stop.

English standard orthography

In English, the digraph {{angbr|qu}} most often denotes the cluster {{IPAc-en|k|w}}; however, in borrowings from French, it represents {{IPAc-en|k}}, as in 'plaque'. See the list of English words containing Q not followed by U. {{angbr|q}} is the 25th letter in relative frequency in the English language, with a frequency of just 0.1% in words. Only {{angbr|z}} is used less often. {{angbr|q}} is the 24th letter in relative frequency as the first letter of an English word.

Other orthographies

In most European languages written in the Latin script, such as in Romance and Germanic languages, {{angbr|q}} appears almost exclusively in the digraph {{angbr|qu}}. In French, Occitan, Catalan and Portuguese, {{angbr|qu}} represents {{IPA|/k/}} or {{IPA|/kw/}}; in Spanish, it represents {{IPA|/k/}}. {{angbr|qu}} replaces {{angbr|c}} for {{IPA|/k/}} before front vowels {{angbr|i}} and {{angbr|e}}, since in those languages {{angbr|c}} represents a fricative or affricate before front vowels. In Italian {{angbr|qu}} represents {{IPA|[kw]}} (where {{IPA|[w]}} is the semivowel allophone of {{IPA|/u/}}).

It is not considered to be part of the Bosnian, Cornish (Standard Written Form), Estonian, Icelandic, Irish, Latvian, Lithuanian, Polish, Serbo-Croatian, Scottish Gaelic, Slovenian, Turkish, or Welsh alphabets.

{{angbr|q}} has a wide variety of other pronunciations in some European languages and in non-European languages that have adopted the Latin alphabet.
Phonetic values of Q
IPA Name Occurrence
[q]}} voiceless uvular stop [qʷ]}} or {{IPA|[ɢ]}}), Chechen Latin alphabet, Crimean Tatar, Greenlandic, Hopi, Klingon, Kurdish (Latin Kurmanji, Yekgirtú), Kazakh Latin, Luiseño language, Lushootseed, Quechua, Uyghur, Uzbek, Zazaki alphabet of the Zaza language and in the interlinguistic Standard Alphabet by Lepsius; phonemic /q/ sometimes as {{IPA|[ɢ]}}: Somali, Ket Latin (normally with affrication [qχ])
[qː]}} geminated voiceless uvular stop Wolof
[qχ]}} affricated voiceless uvular stop Ket Latin (allophone of [q])
[qʰ]}} aspirated voiceless uvular stop K'iche', Nuxalk
[ɢ]}} voiced uvular stop [q]}}), Ket Latin (allophone of {{IPA|[q]}} after {{IPA|[ŋ]}})
[k]}} voiceless velar stop qu}}, which often is pronounced {{IPA|[kw]}} (In some case the whole digraph is pronounced {{IPA|[k]}}); Arabic loanwords in Malay.
[kʷ]}} labialized voiceless velar stop Mohegan-Pequot
[kw]}} Neo, Glosa
[ɡ]}} voiced velar stop Azerbaijani alphabet
[c]}} voiceless palatal stop Albanian
[ʔ]}} glottal stop Maltese, Menominee, Võro
[ŋɡ]}} prenasalized voiced velar stop Fijian
[tɕʰ]}} aspirated voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant affricate Chinese Hanyu Pinyin
[x]}} voiceless velar fricative transliteration of Classical Mongolian, Mi'kmaq
[ɣ]}} voiced velar fricative Raguileo Alfabet for the Mapuche language
[θ]}} voiceless dental non-sibilant fricative Loglan
[ǃ]}} tenuis alveolar click Hadza, Xhosa and Zulu
[ǃkʼ]}} ejective click Sesotho
[kʼ]}} velar ejective Kiowa
[qʼ]}} uvular ejective ISO 9 transliteration of the Cyrillic Abkhaz alphabet for the Abkhaz language
[w]}} Voiced labio-velar approximant In southern Vietnamese dialects, the digraph qu is pronounced as w

Other uses

The capital letter Q is used as the currency sign for the Guatemalan quetzal.

The Roman numeral Q is sometimes used to represent the number 500,000.[28]

Related characters

Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet

  • Q with diacritics: ʠ Ɋ ɋ q̃
  • Small capital q: ꞯ (Used in Japanese linguistics[29])
  • Gha: Ƣ ƣ

Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets

  • 𐤒 : Semitic letter Qoph, from which the following symbols originally derive
    • Ϙ ϙ: Greek letter Koppa
    • 𐌒 : Old Italic Q, which is the ancestor of modern Latin Q
    • Ԛ ԛ : Cyrillic letter Qa

Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations

  • ℺ : rotated capital Q, a signature mark
  • Ꝗ ꝗ, Ꝙ ꝙ : Various forms of Q were used for medieval scribal abbreviations[30]

Computing codes

{{charmap
| 0051 | 0071 | name1 = Latin Capital Letter Q | name2 =     Latin Small Letter Q
| map1 = EBCDIC family | map1char1 = D8 | map1char2 = 98
| map2 = ASCII 1 | map2char1 = 51 | map2char2 = 71
}}

1 {{midsize|Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.}}

Other representations

{{Letter other reps
|NATO=Quebec
|Morse= – – · –
|Character=Q
|Braille=⠟
|fingerspelling=Q
}}

See also

  • List of English words containing Q not followed by U
  • Mind your Ps and Qs

References

1. ^"Q" Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989); Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993); "que," op. cit.
2. ^Travers Wood, Henry Craven Ord Lanchester, A Hebrew Grammar, 1913, p. 7. A. B. Davidson, Hebrew Primer and Grammar, 2000, [https://books.google.ch/books?id=L3e0nqF9_1MC&pg=RA1-PA4 p. 4]. The meaning is doubtful. "Eye of a needle" has been suggested, and also "knot" Harvard Studies in Classical Philology vol. 45.
3. ^Isaac Taylor, History of the Alphabet: Semitic Alphabets, Part 1, 2003: "The old explanation, which has again been revived by Halévy, is that it denotes an 'ape,' the character Q being taken to represent an ape with its tail hanging down. It may also be referred to a Talmudic root which would signify an 'aperture' of some kind, as the 'eye of a needle,' ... Lenormant adopts the more usual explanation that the word means a 'knot'.
4. ^{{cite book|last1=Samuel|first1=Stehman Haldeman|title=Elements of Latin Pronunciation: For the Use of Students in Language, Law, Medicine, Zoology, Botany, and the Sciences Generally in which Latin Words are Used|date=1851|publisher=J.B. Lippincott|pages=56|url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=J4UAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA56&dq=Qof+Qoppa&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj3iu346_PRAhWEspQKHQCvBBkQ6AEIGDAA#v=onepage&q=Qof%20Qoppa&f=false}}
5. ^{{cite book|last1=Hamilton|first1=Gordon James|title=The Origins of the West Semitic Alphabet in Egyptian Scripts|date=2006|publisher=Catholic Biblical Association of America|url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=LdANAAAAYAAJ&q=Egyptian+Qoppa&dq=Egyptian+Qoppa&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjEh-2Q7fPRAhUHW5QKHQZ9CTgQ6AEIGDAA}}
6. ^{{cite book|last1=Woodard|first1=Roger G.|title=The Textualization of the Greek Alphabet|date=2014-03-24|pages=303|url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=pxUOAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA303&dq=Greek+Qoppa+labiovelar&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjp3ovu6fPRAhXBJpQKHcDqCE8Q6AEIGDAA#v=onepage&q=Greek%20Qoppa%20labiovelar&f=false}}
7. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~rnoyer/courses/51/GreekSoundChanges.pdf|title=Principal Sound Changes from PIE to Greek|last=Noyer|first=Rolf|date=|website=University of Pennsylvania Department of Linguistics|publisher=|access-date=}}
8. ^{{Cite web|url=http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/alphabet.html|title=The Origin of the Alphabet|last=Boeree|first=C. George|date=|website=Shippensburg University|publisher=Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania|access-date=2017-02-03}}
9. ^{{Cite journal|last=Arvaniti |first=Amalia |year=1999 |title=Standard Modern Greek |url=http://www.kent.ac.uk/secl/ell/staff/amalia-arvaniti/docs/Illustrations%20%20of%20the%20IPA%20-%20Modern%20Greek.pdf |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=2 |issue=29 |pages=167–172 |via= |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222353/http://www.kent.ac.uk/secl/ell/staff/amalia-arvaniti/docs/Illustrations%20%20of%20the%20IPA%20-%20Modern%20Greek.pdf |archivedate=2016-03-03 |df= |doi=10.1017/S0025100300006538}}
10. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=DUBAAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA54&lpg=PA54&dq=qoppa+phi+split&source=bl&ots=nGNOwAUR_B&sig=Qog9LqBFpzYxwNp56gB7rrRe3E8&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=qoppa%20phi%20split&f=false|title=Ancient Scripts and Phonological Knowledge|last=Miller|first=D. Gary|date=1994-09-06|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing|year=|isbn=9789027276711|location=|pages=54–56|language=en|quote=|via=}}
11. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=eNSqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA482&lpg=PA482&dq=%22latin%22+inscriptions+%22C%22+%22Q%22+%22K%22&source=bl&ots=0hs-6o_Z2q&sig=mIARhKTQQvMyxxDCho5TVxuhO-Y&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22latin%22%20inscriptions%20%22C%22%20%22Q%22%20%22K%22&f=false|title=Edinburgh Companion to Ancient Greece and Rome|last=Bispham|first=Edward|date=2010-03-01|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year=|isbn=9780748627141|location=|pages=482|language=en|quote=|via=}}
12. ^{{citation |title=New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin|first=Andrew L.|last=Sihler|edition=illustrated|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|location=New York|isbn=0-19-508345-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IeHmqKY2BqoC|pages=21}}
13. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=IW9MAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA189&dq=q+tail+typography&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=q%20tail%20typography&f=false|title=The Fundamentals of Typography: Second Edition|last=Ambrose|first=Gavin|last2=Harris|first2=Paul|date=2011-08-31|publisher=A & C Black |year=|isbn=9782940411764|location=|page=24|pages=|language=en|quote=...the bisecting tail of the Helvetica 'Q'.|via=}}
14. ^1 2 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=yBytanUmuCoC&pg=PA110&dq=q+tail+typography&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiN-cXmie_RAhUBJZQKHd8_AoEQ6AEIOTAF#v=onepage&q=q%20tail%20typography&f=false|title=Lettering & Type: Creating Letters and Designing Typefaces|last=Willen|first=Bruce|last2=Strals|first2=Nolen|date=2009-09-23|publisher=Princeton Architectural Press|year=|isbn=9781568987651|location=|pages=110|language=en|quote=The bowl of the Q is typically similar to the bowl of the O, although not always identical. The style and design of the Q's tail is often a distinctive feature of a typeface.|via=}}
15. ^1 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=6sidSDlif48C&pg=PA330&dq=q+tail+typography&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjxkLWFh-_RAhUEGJQKHeARBmMQ6AEISDAH#v=onepage&q=q%20tail%20typography&f=false|title=The Palaeotypography of the French Renaissance: Selected Papers on Sixteenth-century Typefaces|last=Vervliet|first=Hendrik D. L.|date=2008-01-01|publisher=BRILL|year=|isbn=9004169822|location=|pages=58 (a) 54 (b)|language=en|quote=|via=}}
16. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=xjRBBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA50&dq=q+tail+typography&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=q%20tail%20typography&f=false|title=Exploring Typography|last=Rabinowitz|first=Tova|date=2015-01-01|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=|isbn=9781305464810|location=|pages=264|language=en|quote=|via=}}
17. ^1 2 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=X3_oBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA97&dq=q+tail+typography&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjxkLWFh-_RAhUEGJQKHeARBmMQ6AEILTAD#v=onepage&q=q%20tail%20typography&f=false|title=Adrian Frutiger – Typefaces: The Complete Works|last=Osterer|first=Heidrun|last2=Stamm|first2=Philipp|date=2014-05-08|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=|isbn=9783038212607|location=|pages=97 (a) 183 (b) 219 (c)|language=en|quote=|via=}}
18. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/printingtypesthe01updi|title=Printing types, their history, forms, and use; a study in survivals|last=Updike|first=Daniel Berkeley|publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1922|isbn=1584560568|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages=|quote=|via=Internet Archive}}
19. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=_wn4AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT44&dq=long+tailed+Q+typography&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=long%20tailed%20Q%20typography&f=false|title=Type: The Secret History of Letters|last=Loxley|first=Simon|date=2006-03-31|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=|isbn=9780857730176|location=|pages=|language=en|quote=The uppercase roman Q...has a very long tail, but this has been modified and reduced on versions produced in the following centuries.|via=}}
20. ^{{Cite web|url=http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/210192/how-to-force-a-long-tailed-q-in-eb-garamond|title=How to force a long-tailed Q in EB Garamond|last=Fischer|first=Ulrike|date=2014-11-02|website=TeX Stack Exchange|publisher=|access-date=2017-02-03}}
21. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.typography.com/faq/question.php?faqID=157|title=What are "Stylistic Sets?"|last=|first=|date=|website=Typography.com|publisher=Hoefler & Co.|language=en|access-date=2017-02-03}}
22. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=SudnyGqZ5VAC&pg=PA31&dq=q+tail+typography&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjxkLWFh-_RAhUEGJQKHeARBmMQ6AEIUjAJ#v=onepage&q=q%20tail%20typography&f=false|title=Mastering Type: The Essential Guide to Typography for Print and Web Design|last=Bosler|first=Denise|date=2012-05-16|publisher=F+W Media, Inc.|year=|isbn=1440313717|location=|pages=31|language=en|quote="Letters that contain truly individual parts [are] S, ... Q..."|via=}}
23. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url=https://www.fonts.com/content/learning/fontology/level-1/type-families/letter-q|title=The Letter Q|last=Haley|first=Allan|date=|website=Fonts.com|publisher=Monotype Imaging Corporation |language=en-US|access-date=2017-02-03}}
24. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.identifont.com/identify?2+%20+9Z|title=2: Q Shape|last=|first=|date=|website=Identifont|publisher=|access-date=2017-02-01}}
25. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.identifont.com/identify?3+.+1QY+7AG+9Z|title=3: $ style|last=|first=|date=|website=Identifont|publisher=|access-date=2017-02-02}} To get the numbers in the table, click Question 1 (serif or sans-serif?) or Question 2 (Q shape) and change the value. They appear under X possible fonts.
26. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.wired.com/2016/01/14-typographers-introduce-us-to-their-favorite-letterforms/|title=We asked 15 typographers to describe their favorite letterforms. Here’s what they told us.|last=Heller|first=Stephen|date=2016-01-07|publisher=WIRED|access-date=2017-02-03}}
27. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.typographher.com/blog/2016/1/27/wired-asked-15-typographers-to-introduce-us-to-their-favorite-glyphs|title=Wired asked 15 Typographers to introduce us to their favorite glyphs.|last=Phillips|first=Nicole Arnett|date=2016-01-27|work=|newspaper=Typograph.Her|language=en-US|access-date=2017-02-03|via=}}
28. ^{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ywI6SDUggk4C&q=ix#v=snippet&q=%22roman%20numerals%22&f=false | title=Illustrated Introduction to Latin Epigraphy | publisher=University of California Press | date=1983 | accessdate=3 October 2015 | author=Gordon, Arthur E. | pages=44| isbn=9780520038981 }}
29. ^{{Citation|title=L2/15-241: Proposal to encode Latin small capital letter Q|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2015/15241-small-cap-q.pdf|date=2015-10-10|first=Severin|last=Barmeier}}
30. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06027-n3027-medieval.pdf|title=L2/06-027: Proposal to add Medievalist characters to the UCS|date=2006-01-30|first1=Michael|last1=Everson|first2=Peter|last2=Baker|first3=António|last3=Emiliano|first4=Florian|last4=Grammel|first5=Odd Einar|last5=Haugen|first6=Diana|last6=Luft|first7=Susana|last7=Pedro|first8=Gerd|last8=Schumacher|first9=Andreas|last9=Stötzner}}

Notes

{{notelist}}

External links

  • {{Commons-inline|Q}}
  • {{Wiktionary-inline|Q}}
  • {{Wiktionary-inline|q}}
{{Latin alphabet|Q|}}

1 : ISO basic Latin letters
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