| 释义 |
- Astronomy
- Biology
- Chemistry
- Computer science
- Geology
- History of science
- Mathematics
- Medicine
- Metrology
- Physics
- Psychology
- Technology
- Awards
- Births
- Deaths
- References
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2012}}{{Year nav topic5|1954|science}}The year 1954 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Astronomy- November 30 – In Sylacauga, Alabama, an 8.5 pound sulfide meteorite crashes through a roof and hits Mrs. Elizabeth Hodges in her living room after bouncing off her radio, giving her a bad bruise; the first known modern case of a human being hit by a space rock.
Biology- January 10 – Last confirmed specimen of a Caspian tiger is killed, in the valley of the Sumbar River in the Kopet Dag Mountains of Turkmenistan.[1]
- Daniel I. Arnon demonstrates in the laboratory the chemical function of photosynthesis in chloroplasts.[2][3]
- Heinz Sielmann makes the pioneering nature documentary about woodpeckers, Zimmerleute des Waldes ("Carpenters of the forest").
- Eduard Paul Tratz and Heinz Heck propose the species name bonobo for what was previously known as the pygmy chimpanzee.[4]
Chemistry- Publication of the first analysis of the three-dimensional molecular structure of vitamin B12 by a group including Dorothy Hodgkin, and utilising computer analysis provided by Kenneth Nyitray Trueblood.[5][6]
- The Wittig reaction is discovered by German chemist Georg Wittig.
Computer science- January 7 – Georgetown-IBM experiment: the first public demonstration of a machine translation system held in New York at the head office of IBM.
Geology- December 31 – The first specimens of the mineral benstonite are collected by Orlando J. Benston in the Magnet Cove igneous complex of Arkansas.[7]
History of science- Joseph Needham begins publication of Science and Civilisation in China (Cambridge University Press).
- A History of Technology, edited by Charles Singer, E. J. Holmyard and A. R. Hall, begins publication (Oxford University Press).
Mathematics- Leonard Jimmie Savage publishes Foundations of Statistics, promoting Bayesian statistics.
Medicine- February 23 – The first mass vaccination of children against polio begins, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
- The first organ transplants are done in Boston and Paris.
- December 23 – Joseph Murray at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston carries out the first successful kidney transplant, between identical twins.[8]
- The first of the anti-psychotic phenothiazine drugs, Chlorpromazine, starts being sold under the trade names Thorazine (U.S.) and Largactil (U.K.)
- The sucrose gap is introduced by Robert Stämpfli for the reliable measurement of action potential in nerve fibers.[9][10]
Metrology- 10th General Conference on Weights and Measures proposes the six original SI base units.
- Alexander Macmillan publishes the "Macmillan correction" to account for errors in the calculation of velocity of an object moving along a gradient due to viscous effects and wall proximity.
Physics- January 2 – Harold Hopkins and Narinder Singh Kapany at Imperial College London report achieving low-loss light transmission through a 75 cm long optical fiber bundle.[11]
- March 1 – United States carries out a hydrogen bomb test on Bikini Atoll in the Pacific Ocean.
- September 29 – CERN is founded by twelve European states.[12]
Psychology- Summer – Robbers Cave Experiment carried out by Muzafer and Carolyn Sherif.[13]
- Man Meets Dog is published by Konrad Lorenz.
Technology- June 26 – Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant, the first civilian nuclear power station, is commissioned in the Soviet Union.[14]
- June 29 – Buckminster Fuller is granted a United States patent for his development of the geodesic dome.[15]
- September 30 – The submarine {{USS|Nautilus|SSN-571}}, the first atomic-powered vessel, is commissioned by the United States Navy.
- October 18 – Texas Instruments announces development of the first commercial transistor radio, the Regency TR-1, manufactured in Indianapolis; it goes on sale the following month.
- December 16 – The first synthetic diamond is produced.
- New Zealand engineer Sir William Hamilton develops the first pump-jet engine (the "Hamilton Jet") capable of propelling a jetboat.[16]
- The first electric drip brew coffeemaker is patented in Germany and named the Wigomat after its inventor Gottlob Widmann.[17]
- Staley T. McBrayer invents the Vanguard web offset press for newspaper printing in Fort Worth, Texas.[18]
- Date unknown: The Angle grinder is invented by German company Ackermann + Schmitt (FLEX-Elektrowerkzeuge GmbH).
Awards- Fields Prize in Mathematics: Kunihiko Kodaira and Jean-Pierre Serre, the latter being the youngest-ever winner, at age 27
- Nobel Prizes
- Physics – Max Born and Walther Bothe
- Chemistry – Linus Pauling
- Medicine – John Franklin Enders, Thomas Huckle Weller and Frederick Chapman Robbins
Births- February 9 – Kevin Warwick, English scientist, author of March of the Machines.
- June 20 – Ilan Ramon (died 2003), Israeli astronaut.
- July 17 – Angela Kasner, German physical chemist and Chancellor.
- August 28 – George M. Church, American geneticist, molecular engineer and chemist.
- September 5 – Myeong-Hee Yu, South Korean microbiologist.
- November 7 – Vijay Kumar, Indian molecular biologist.
Deaths- January 17 – Leonard Eugene Dickson (born 1874), American mathematician.
- March 7
- Otto Diels (born 1876), German Nobel Chemistry laureate, 1950.
- Ludwik Hirszfeld (born 1884), Polish microbiologist and serologist.
- April 10 – Auguste Lumière (born 1862), French inventor, film pioneer.
- April 21 – Emil Post (born 1897), American mathematician and logician.
- June 7 – Alan Turing (born 1912), English mathematician and computer scientist (probable suicide).
- July 11 – Henry Valentine Knaggs (born 1859), English practitioner of naturopathic medicine.
- October 3 – Vera Fedorovna Gaze (born 1899), Soviet Russian astronomer.
- November 29 – Enrico Fermi (born 1901), Italian American physicist.
References1. ^{{cite book|author=Dement'yev and Rustamov|title=The Red Data Book of Turkmenistan|publisher=Turkmenistan Publishing House|year=1985|location=Ashgabat}}
2. ^{{cite journal|author1=Arnon, Daniel I. |author2=Allen, Mary B. |author3=Whatley, F. R. |title=Photosynthesis by Isolated Chloroplasts|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v174/n4426/pdf/174394a0.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=174|year=1954|pages=394–6|issue=4426|doi=10.1038/174394a0|bibcode = 1954Natur.174..394A }}
3. ^{{cite news|last=Laurence|first=William L.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1954/12/30/archives/sun-is-harnessed-to-create-food-science-team-on-the-coast.html|title=Sun is Harnessed to Create Food: Science Team on the Coast Duplicates Photosynthesis Outside Plants' Cells|work=The New York Times|date=December 30, 1954|accessdate=July 18, 2010}}
4. ^{{cite book|editor=de Waal, Frans B. M.|title=Tree of Origin: What Primate Behavior Can Tell Us About Human Social Evolution|location=Cambridge, Mass|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2002|isbn=0-674-00460-4|page=51|editor-link=Frans de Waal}}
5. ^{{cite journal|author1=Brink, Clara |author2=Hodgkin, Dorothy Crowfoot |author3=Lindsey, June |author4=Pickworth, Jenny |author5=Robertson, John H. |author6=White, John G. |date=December 25, 1954|title=X-ray Crystallographic Evidence on the Structure of Vitamin B12|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v174/n4443/pdf/1741169a0.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=174|pages=1169–117|accessdate=January 13, 2012|doi=10.1038/1741169a0|issue=4443|bibcode = 1954Natur.174.1169B|pmid=13223773}}
6. ^{{cite journal|first=Jenny P.|last=Glusker|title=Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1910–1994)|journal=Protein Science|year=1994|volume=3|pages=2465–2469|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2142778/pdf/7757003.pdf|accessdate=January 13, 2012|doi=10.1002/pro.5560031233|pmid=7757003|pmc=2142778}}
7. ^{{cite web|title=Benstonite|url=http://www.mindat.org/min-626.html|publisher=Mindat|accessdate=2012-12-31}}
8. ^{{cite web|title=Donor Of First Successful Organ Transplant Dies 56 Years Later|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/12/29/donor-in-1st-successful-t_n_802379.html|work=The Huffington Post|accessdate=March 15, 2011|date=December 29, 2010}}
9. ^{{cite journal|last=Stämpfli|first=R.|title=A new method for measuring membrane potentials with external electrodes|journal=Experientia|volume=10|pages=508–509|year=1954|doi=10.1007/BF02166189|pmid=14353097|issue=12}}
10. ^{{cite book|title=Swiss Contributions to the Neurosciences in Four Hundred Years: From the Renaissance to the Present|first=K.|last=Akert|isbn=978-3728123626|publisher=Verlag der Fachvereine Hochschulverlag AG an der ETH Zurich |date=August 1996}}
11. ^{{cite journal|first1=H. H.|last1=Hopkins|first2=N. S.|last2=Kapany|journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/173039b0|volume=173|page=39|year=1954|title=A flexible fibrescope, using static scanning|issue=4392|bibcode=1954Natur.173...39H}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/About/History54-en.html|title=1954: foundations for European science|publisher=CERN|year=2008|accessdate=February 28, 2011}}
13. ^{{cite book|author=Sherif, M.|author2=Harvey, O. J.|author3=White, B. J.|author4=Hood, W.|author5=Sherif, C. W.|title=Intergroup Conflict and Cooperation: The Robbers Cave Experiment|year=1961|publisher=University Book Exchange|location=Norman, OK}}
14. ^{{cite web|title=Nuclear Power in Russia|publisher=World Nuclear Association|url=http://world-nuclear.org/info/inf45.html|accessdate=2011-12-16|date=December 2011}}
15. ^[https://www.google.com/search?q=2682235&tbm=pts U.S. patent 2,682,235]
16. ^{{cite web|title=Sir William Hamilton OBE|url=http://www.hamiltonjet.co.nz/about_hamiltonjet/sir_william_hamilton|publisher=HamiltonJet|year=2007|accessdate=2012-11-12}}
17. ^{{cite web|title=Sixty years of the Federal Republic of Germany – a retrospective of everyday life|url=http://www.goethe.de/ins/gb/lp/prj/mtg/typ/bun/en4922236.htminventors.about.com/od/cstartinventions/a/coffee.htm|accessdate=2002-12-28}}{{dead link|date=November 2015}}
18. ^{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2002/apr/18/local/me-staley18|title=Staley McBrayer, 92; Inventor of Offset Press for Newspaper Printing|date=2002-04-18|access-date=2017-10-19|publisher=Associated Press|via=Los Angeles Times}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:1954 In Science}} 3 : 1954 in science|20th century in science|1950s in science |