词条 | 1954 United States Senate elections | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
| election_name = 1954 United States Senate elections | country = United States | flag_year = 1912 | type = legislative | ongoing = no | previous_election = 1952 United States Senate elections | previous_year = 1952 | next_election = 1956 United States Senate elections | next_year = 1956 | seats_for_election = 38 of the 96 seats in the United States Senate | majority_seats = 49 | election_date = November 2, 1954[1] | 1blank = Seats up | 2blank = Races won | party1 = Democratic Party (United States) | image1 = | leader1 = Lyndon Johnson | leader_since1 = January 3, 1953 | leaders_seat1 = Texas | seats_before1 = 46 | seats1 = 48 | seat_change1 = {{increase}} 2 | popular_vote1 = 11,402,106 | percentage1 = 55.5% | swing1 = {{increase}} 10.8% | 1data1 = 20 | 2data1 = 23 | party2 = Republican Party (United States) | image2 = | leader2 = Bill Knowland | leader_since2 = August 4, 1953 | leaders_seat2 = California | seats_before2 = 49 | seats2 = 47 | seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 2 | popular_vote2 = 8,839,779 | percentage2 = 43.0% | swing2 = {{decrease}} 8.9% | 1data2 = 12 | 2data2 = 10 | party4 = Independent (United States) | seats_before4 = 1 | seats4 = 1 | seat_change4 = {{steady}} | 1data4 = 0 | 2data4 = 0 | map_image = Us 1954 senate election map.svg | map_size = 300px | map_caption = Results including special elections {{Legend0|#0000ff|Democratic gain}} {{legend0|#ff0000|Republican gain}} {{legend0|#000088|Democratic hold}} {{legend0|#880000|Republican hold}} | title = Majority Leader | before_election = Bill Knowland | before_party = Republican Party (United States) | after_election = Lyndon Johnson | after_party = Democratic Party (United States) }} The 1954 United States Senate elections was a midterm election in the first term of Dwight D. Eisenhower's presidency. Eisenhower's Republican party lost a net of two seats to the Democratic opposition. This small change was just enough to give Democrats control of the chamber with the support of an Independent (Wayne Morse of Oregon) who caucused with them. The elections resulted in a divided government that continued to the end of Eisenhower's presidency and a Democratic majority that would last until 1981. Incumbents defeatedDemocrats defeated incumbents John S. Cooper (R-KY), Homer Ferguson (R-MI), Ernest S. Brown (R-NV), and Guy Cordon (R-OR). Republicans took the seats of incumbents Guy M. Gillette (D-IA) and Thomas A. Burke (D-OH). Open seat gainsDemocrats took an open seat in Wyoming. Republicans took an open seat in Colorado. Change in Senate compositionBefore the electionsGoing into the November elections.
Results of the general elections
Results of the special elections
Race summariesSpecial elections during the 83rd CongressIn these special elections, the winners were seated during 1954 or before January 3, 1955; ordered by election date, then state, then class.
Races leading to the 83rd CongressIn these general elections, the winner was seated on January 3, 1953; ordered by state. All of the elections involved the Class 2 seats.
Massachusetts{{Main|United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 1954}}{{See also|List of United States Senators from Massachusetts}}{{Infobox Election| election_name = United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 1954 | country = Massachusetts | flag_year = 1908 | type = presidential | ongoing = no | previous_election = United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 1948 | previous_year = 1948 | next_election = United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 1960 | next_year = 1960 | image1 = | nominee1 = Leverett Saltonstall | party1 = Republican Party (United States) | popular_vote1 = 956,605 | percentage1 = 50.54% | image2 = | nominee2 = Foster Furcolo | party2 = Democratic Party (United States) | popular_vote2 = 927,899 | percentage2 = 49.03% | title = Senator | before_election = Leverett Saltonstall | before_party = Republican Party (United States) | after_election = Leverett Saltonstall | after_party = Republican Party (United States) }} In Massachusetts, Republican Incumbent Leverett Saltonstall defeated his challengers. Democrat Foster Furcolo (Treasurer and Receiver-General of Massachusetts since 1952 and member of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district from 1949-1952) beat John I. Fitzgerald (former member of the Boston City Council and Democratic candidate for Senate in 1948) and Joseph L. Murphy (former member of the Massachusetts Senate). Republican incumbent Leverett Saltonstall (United States Senator since 1945 and Governor of Massachusetts from 1939-1945) was renominated. Other nominees included Socialist Workers Thelma Ingersoll (ran for Senate in 1952.[3]) and Prohibition Harold J. Ireland (candidate for Treasurer and Receiver-General in 1948 and 1952). {{Election box begin no change | title=Democratic primary [4]}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change| party = Democratic Party (United States) | candidate = Foster Furcolo | votes = 207,232 | percentage = 59.13% | change = }}{{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (United States) | candidate = Joseph L. Murphy | votes = 79,463 | percentage = 22.68% | change = }}{{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (United States) | candidate = John I. Fitzgerald | votes = 63,752 | percentage = 18.19% | change = }}{{Election box end}}{{Election box begin | title=General election}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link | party = Republican Party (United States) | candidate = Leverett Saltonstall | votes = 956,605 | percentage = 50.54% | change = -2.41% }}{{Election box candidate with party link | party = Democratic Party (United States) | candidate = Foster Furcolo | votes = 927,899 | percentage = 49.03% | change = +2.60% }}{{Election box candidate with party link | party = Socialist Labor Party of America | candidate = Thelma Ingersoll | votes = 5,353 | percentage = 0.28% | change = -0.17% }}{{Election box candidate with party link | party = Prohibition Party | candidate = Harold J. Ireland | votes = 2,832 | percentage = 0.15% | change = -0.03% }}{{Election box end}} Montana{{Main article|United States Senate election in Montana, 1954}}{{See also|List of United States Senators from Montana}}In Montana incumbent senator James E. Murray, who was first elected to the Senate in a special election in 1934 and was re-elected in 1936, 1942, and 1948, ran for re-election. Murray won the Democratic primary against trivial opponents (farmer Ray E. Gulick and Sam G. Feezell). {{Election box begin no change| title = Democratic Party primary results[5] }}{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | candidate = James E. Murray (inc.) | party = Democratic Party (United States) | votes = 65,896 | percentage = 86.94% }}{{Election box candidate with party link no change | candidate = Ray E. Gulick | party = Democratic Party (United States) | votes = 4,961 | percentage = 6.55% }}{{Election box candidate with party link no change | candidate = Sam G. Feezell | party = Democratic Party (United States) | votes = 4,941 | percentage = 6.52% }}{{Election box total no change | votes = 75,798 | percentage= 100.00% }}{{Election box end}} Republican Wesley A. D'Ewart United States Congressman from Montana's 2nd congressional district beat Robert Yellowtail, former Superintendent of the Crow Indian Reservation, for the GOP nomination. {{Election box begin no change| title = Republican Primary results[5] }}{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | candidate = Wesley A. D'Ewart | party = Republican Party (United States) | votes = 49,964 | percentage = 82.36% }}{{Election box candidate with party link no change | candidate = Robert Yellowtail | party = Republican Party (United States) | votes = 10,705 | percentage = 17.64% }}{{Election box total no change | votes = 60,669 | percentage = 100.00% }}{{Election box end}} A contentious and close election ensued, but ultimately, Murray was able to narrowly win re-election over D'Ewart to a final term in the Senate. {{Election box begin | title=United States Senate election in Montana, 1954[6]}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = James E. Murray (inc.) |votes = 114,591 |percentage = 50.38% |change = -6.27% }}{{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Wesley A. D'Ewart |votes = 112,863 |percentage = 49.62% |change = +6.88% }}{{Election box majority| |votes = 1,728 |percentage = 0.76% |change = -13.15% }}{{Election box turnout| |votes = 227,454 |percentage = |change = }}{{Election box hold with party link| |winner = Democratic Party (US) |loser = Republican Party (US) |swing = }}{{Election box end}} Nebraska{{Main article|United States Senate election in Nebraska, 1954|United States Senate special elections in Nebraska, 1954}}{{See also|List of United States Senators from Nebraska}}Nebraska had three Senate elections on the ballot. Both Senators had died in the span of three months, leading to appointments and special elections.
North Carolina{{Main article|United States Senate election in North Carolina, 1954|United States Senate special elections in North Carolina, 1954}}{{See also|List of United States Senators from North Carolina}}Like Nebraska, North Carolina had three Senate elections on the ballot. Both Senators had died during the 83rd Congress, leading to appointments and special elections.
South Carolina{{Main article|United States Senate election in South Carolina, 1954}}{{See also|List of United States Senators from South Carolina}}In South Carolina, Senator Burnet R. Maybank did not face a primary challenge in the summer and was therefore renominated as the Democratic Party's nominee for the election in the fall. However, his death on September 1 left the Democratic Party without a nominee and the executive committee decided to nominate state Senator Edgar A. Brown as their candidate for the election. Many South Carolinians were outraged by the party's decision to forgo a primary election and former Governor Strom Thurmond entered the race as a write-in candidate. He easily won the election and became the first U.S. Senator to be elected by a write-in vote (William Knowland of California in 1946 was technically the first, but the ballots in that election were blank with no candidates listed, so essentially every candidate was running a write-in campaign).[7] Sitting Senator Burnet R. Maybank entered the 1954 contest without a challenge in the Democratic primary nor in the general election. His unexpected death on September 1 caused panic and confusion within the hierarchy of the state Democratic party because the state law required that a party's nominee be certified by September 3. Hours after Maybank's funeral, the state Democratic executive committee met in secret and chose state Senator Edgar A. Brown of Barnwell County as the party's nominee for the general election. Not only was Brown a part of the "Barnwell Ring", but he was also a member of the executive committee. The state Democratic Party's decision to choose a candidate without holding a special primary election drew widespread criticism across the state. On September 3, The Greenville News ran an editorial advocating that a primary election be called and several newspapers across the state followed suit. At least six county Democratic committees repudiated the action by the state committee and called for a primary election. Despite repeated calls for a primary, the state executive committee voted against holding a primary because they did not think that there was enough time before the general election to hold a primary election. Immediately after the executive committee voted against holding a primary election, former Governor Strom Thurmond and lumberman Marcus Stone announced their intention to run as Democratic write-in candidates. Thurmond and his supporters stated that the executive committee had several legal alternatives as opposed to the outright appointment of state Senator Brown. In addition, Thurmond promised that if he were elected he would resign in 1956 so that the voters could choose a candidate in the regular primary for the remaining four years of the term. Thurmond received support from Governor James F. Byrnes and from those who backed his Presidential bid as a Dixiecrat in the 1948 Presidential election. Thurmond framed the race as a "moral issue: democracy versus committee rule"[8] and his write-in campaign was repeatedly assisted by every newspaper in the state, except for those in Anderson. For instance, The News and Courier devoted its front page on November 2 to show voters a sample ballot and it also provided detailed instructions on how to cast a write-in vote. Not only that, but the newspaper also printed an editorial on the front page giving precise reasons why voters should vote for Thurmond instead of Brown. On the other hand, Brown was supported by the Democratic party regulars and he also gained the endorsement of Senator Olin D. Johnston. Brown based his campaign entirely on the issue of party loyalty, stressing that Thurmond was a Republican ally because he had voted for President Eisenhower in 1952. Marcus A. Stone, a lumberman in Florence and Dillon, was a candidate in previous Democratic primaries for governor and senator. He did very little campaigning for the general election. {{Election box begin | title=South Carolina U.S. Senate Election, 1954}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link| party = Democratic Party (United States) | candidate = Strom Thurmond (Write-In) | votes = 143,444 | percentage = 63.1 | change = +63.1 }}{{Election box candidate with party link | party = Democratic Party (United States) | candidate = Edgar A. Brown | votes = 83,525 | percentage = 36.8 | change = -59.6 }}{{Election box candidate with party link | party = Democratic Party (United States) | candidate = Marcus Stone (Write-In) | votes = 240 | percentage = 0.1 | change = +0.1 }}{{Election box candidate | party = No party | candidate = Write-Ins | votes = 23 | percentage = 0.0 | change = 0.0 }}{{Election box majority | votes = 59,919 | percentage = 26.3 | change = -66.5 }}{{Election box turnout | votes = 227,232 | percentage = | change = }}{{Election box hold with party link without swing |winner = Democratic Party (United States) }}{{Election box end}} Virginia{{Infobox election| election_name = United States Senate election in Virginia, 1954 | country = Virginia | type = presidential | ongoing = no | previous_election = United States Senate election in Virginia, 1948 | previous_year = 1948 | next_election = United States Senate election in Virginia, 1960 | next_year = 1960 | image_size = 125x136px | image1 = Absalom Willis Robertson.jpg | nominee1 = Absalom Willis Robertson | party1 = Democratic Party (United States) | popular_vote1 = 244,844 | percentage1 = 79.9% | image2 = No_image.svg | nominee2 = Charles W. Lewis, Jr. | party2 = Independent Democrat | popular_vote2 = 32,681 | percentage2 = 10.7% | image3 = No_image.svg | nominee3 = Clarke T. Robb | party3 = Social Democratic Party of America | popular_vote3 = 28,922 | percentage3 = 9.4% | title = U.S. Senator | before_election = Absalom Willis Robertson | before_party = Democratic Party (United States) | after_election = Absalom Willis Robertson | after_party = Democratic Party (United States) }}{{Main article|United States Senate election in Virginia, 1954}}{{See also|List of United States Senators from Virginia}} In Virginia, Democratic incumbent Senator Absalom Willis Robertson defeated Independent Democrat Charles Lewis and Social Democrat Clarke Robb and was re-elected to a second term in office. {{Election box begin | title=United States Senate election in Virginia, 1954[6]}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Absalom Willis Robertson (Incumbent) |votes = 244,844 |percentage = 79.88% |change = +14.14% }}{{Election box candidate with party link |party = Independent Democrat |candidate = Charles W. Lewis, Jr. |votes = 32,681 |percentage = 10.66% |change = +10.66% }}{{Election box candidate with party link |party = Social Democratic Party of America |candidate = Clarke T. Robb |votes = 28,922 |percentage = 9.44% |change = +9.02% }}{{Election box candidate |party = Write-ins |candidate = |votes = 63 |percentage = 0.02% |change = +0.02% }}{{Election box majority |votes = 212,163 |percentage = 69.22% |change = +34.18% }}{{Election box turnout |votes = 306,510 |percentage = |change = }}{{Election box hold with party link without swing |winner = Democratic Party (United States) }}{{Election box end}} See also
Notes1. ^The Maine election was on September 13, 1954, and there were 9 special elections all held on November 2, 1954. 2. ^1 http://www.ourcampaigns.com/ContainerHistory.html?ContainerID=299 3. ^Thelma Ingersoll at ourcampaigns.com 4. ^http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=29251 5. ^1 {{cite web | url=http://sos.mt.gov/Elections/archives/1950s/1954/1954_Primary_Statewide.pdf | title=Report of the Official Canvass of the Vote Cast at the Primary Election Held in the State of Montana, July 20, 1954 | publisher=Montana Secretary of State | accessdate=July 2, 2014}} 6. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1954election.pdf|title=Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 2, 1954|publisher=Clerk of the United States House of Representatives|accessdate=July 2, 2014}} 7. ^Washington Post, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/11/03/AR2010110302555.html "Murkowski appears to make history in Alaska"], Debbi Wilgoren, November 3, 2010 (accessed November 3, 2010) 8. ^Lander, Ernest: A History of South Carolina 1865-1960, page 183. University of South Carolina Press, 1970. References
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