“Ethnic groups in South Africa”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The ethnic groups in South Africa have a variety of origins. Statistics South Africa asks people to describe themselves in the census in terms of five racial population groups.^[1] The 2011 census figures for these categories were Black African at 76.4%, White South African at 9.1%, Coloured at 8.9%, Asian at 2.5%, and Other/Unspecified at 0.5%.^[2]{{rp|21}}

Black South Africans

The majority of the population of South Africa and the majority of black South Africans are those that classify themselves as South African Bantu, but they are not culturally or linguistically homogeneous. Major ethnic groups include the Zulu, Xhosa, Basotho (South Sotho), Bapedi (North Sotho), Venda, Tswana, Tsonga, Swazi and Ndebele, all of which predominantly speak South Bantu languages. The remainder classify themselves as Khoisan. The term Khoisan refers to two different groups to each other, the Khoikhoi and the San people, and they are neither culturally nor linguistically homogeneous.

Many of these peoples live in both South Africa and in other countries. The Basotho people are also the largest ethnic group in Lesotho while the Tswana constitute the majority of the population of Botswana and the Swazi constitute the majority in Swaziland. Zulu speakers are also found in Matabeleland in Zimbabwe, where they are known as the Matabele. These Matabele or Ndebele people are the descendants of Zulus under the leadership of Mzilikazi who migrated to their current territory during the Mfecane. The Tsonga ethnic group is also found in southern Mozambique where they are also known as the Shangana.

Demographics

As of the calculations of 2004, there are 34,216,164 Black Africans and 8,625,050 Black African households residing in South Africa. The Black African population density is 29/km². The density of African households is 7/km². Black Africans make up 79.0% of the total population. The percentage of all Black African households that are made up of individuals is 19.9%. The average Black African household size is 4.11 members.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}

In South Africa, the Black African population is spread out with 34.0% under the age of 15, 21.6% from 15 to 24, 28.3% from 25 to 44, 11.8% from 45 to 64, and 4.3% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age of Black Africans is 21 years. For every 100 Black African females there are 91.1 Black African males. For every 100 Black African females age 18 and over, there are 86.2 Black African males.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}

With regard to education, 22.3% of Black African aged 20 and over have received no schooling, 18.5% have had some primary, 6.9% have completed only primary school, 30.4% have had some high education, 16.8% have finished only high school, and 5.2% have an education higher than the high school level. Overall, 22.0% of Black Africans have completed high school.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}

The percentage of black African housing units having a telephone and/or mobile phone in the dwelling is 31.1%. The percentage having access to a nearby phone is 57.2%, and 11.7% do not have nearby access or any access. The percentage of black African households that have a flush or chemical toilet is 41.9%. Refuse is removed from 45.3% of black African households by the municipality at least once a week, and 11.0% have no rubbish disposal. Some 17.9% of black Africans have running water inside their dwelling, 51.7% have running water on their property, and 80.2% have access to running water. The percentage of Black African households using electricity for cooking is 39.3%, for heating, 37.2%, and for lighting, 62.0%. Radios are owned by 68.7% of black African households while 44.2% have a television, 1.8% own a computer, 40.0% have a refrigerator, and 24.6% have a mobile phone.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}

The unemployment rate of the black African population aged 15–65 is 28.1%. The median annual income of black African working adults aged 15–65 is ZAR 12,073. Black African males have a median annual income of ZAR 14,162 versus ZAR 8,903 for Black African females.^[6]

White South Africans

Despite high emigration levels, a high level of non-South African white immigrants have settled in the country, in particular from countries such as Britain and Zimbabwe. For example, by 2005, an estimated 212,000 British citizens were residing in South Africa. Since 2003, the numbers of British migrants coming to South Africa has risen by 50%. An estimated 20,000 British migrants moved to South Africa in 2007. There have also been a significant number of White Zimbabwean arrivals, fleeing their home country in light of the economic and political problems currently facing the country.

There have been other white immigration waves to South Africa in recent decades. In the 1970s, many Portuguese residents of African colonies such as Angola and Mozambique came to live in South Africa after the independence of those nations. In addition, the apartheid government encouraged Central European immigration in the 1980s and early 1990s, particularly from Poland and Hungary.

Demographics

As of the census of 2001, there are 4,293,638 Whites and 1,409,690 White households residing in South Africa. The White population density is 4/km². The density of White households is 1.16/km². Whites make up 9.6% of the total population.

The percentage of all White households that are made up of individuals is 19.1%. The average White household size is 3.05 members. In South Africa, the White population is spread out with 19.0% under the age of 15, 15.1% from 15 to 24, 31.0% from 25 to 44, 23.8% from 45 to 64, and 11.1% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age of a White is 35 years. For every 100 White females there are 94.0 White males. For every 100 White females age 18 and over, there are 91.1 White males.

With regard to education, 1.4% of Whites aged 20 and over have received no schooling, 1.2% have had no more than some primary school education, 0.8% have completed only primary school, 25.9% have had no more than some high school education, 41.3% have finished only high school, and 29.8% have an education higher than the high-school level. Overall, 70.7% of Whites have completed high school.

The percentage of White housing units having a telephone and/or mobile phone in the dwelling is 95.4%. The percentage having access to a nearby phone is 4.4%, and 0.2% do not have nearby access or any access. The percentage of White households that have a flush or chemical toilet is 98.7%. Refuse is removed from 90.8% of White households by the municipality at least once a week, and 0.5% have no rubbish disposal. Some 87.2% of White have running water inside their dwelling, 95.6% have running water on their property, and 99.4% have access to running water. The percentage of White households using electricity for cooking is 96.6%, for heating, 93.2%, and for lighting, 99.2%. Radios are owned by 94.7% of White households while 92.6% have a television, 46.0% own a computer, 97.6% have a refrigerator, and 74.6% have a mobile phone.

The unemployment rate of the White population aged 15–65 is 4.1%. The median annual income of White working adults aged 15–65 is ZAR 65,000 White males have a median annual income of ZAR 81,701 versus ZAR 52,392 for White females.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}

Coloureds

The Coloured population is mainly concentrated in the Cape region, and come from a combination of ethnic backgrounds including South African, White, Griqua and Asian.^[12]

The term "coloured" is still used for the people of mixed race descended from the indigenous Bantu groups, the indigenous Khoisan groups who lived in the Cape peninsula, Whites (mostly the Dutch and British settlers), nonnative South African-African groups, Javanese, Malay, Indian, Malagasy and other Asiatic ethnicities. They are not culturally or linguistically homogeneous, but the majority of those who identify as Coloured speak Afrikaans.

Khoisan refers to two separate groups. The Khoikhoi, who were called Hottentots by the Europeans, were pastoralists and extensively integrated into the colonial economy, many converting early to Christianity; the San, called Bushmen by the Europeans, were hunter-gatherers. Within the Coloured community, more recent immigrants will also be found: Coloureds from the former Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe); Namibia and immigrants of mixed descent from India (such as Anglo-Indians) who were welcomed to the Cape when India and Burma received their Independence.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}

Asian South Africans

The major part of the [https://newwhatsappgroups.com/new-south-african-whatsapp-group-links/ South African] Asian population are descendants from India (see Indian South Africans); many of them descended from indentured workers brought in the nineteenth century to work on the sugar plantations of the eastern coastal area then known as Natal. There is also a significant group of Chinese South Africans (approximately 100,000 individuals) and Vietnamese South Africans (approximately 50,000 individuals). In 2008, the Pretoria High Court has ruled that Chinese South Africans who arrived before 1994 are to be reclassified as Coloureds. As a result of this ruling, about 12,000–15,000^[13] ethnically Chinese citizens who arrived before 1994, numbering 3%–5% of the total Chinese population in the country, will be able to benefit from government BEE policies.^[14]

The majority of the Indian population came to South Africa as indentured labourers to work in the sugar plantations in Natal in the late 19th and early 20th century.^[12] They came from different parts of the Indian subcontinent, adhered to different religions and spoke different languages.^[12] Others however came independently for work purposes and established businesses. Serious riots in Durban between Indians and Zulus erupted in 1949.^[15]

Population growth

See also

References

1. ^{{cite news|last=Lehohla|first=Pali|title=Debate over race and censuses not peculiar to SA|url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/news_archive/05may2005_1.asp|date=5 May 2005|newspaper=Business Report|accessdate=25 August 2013|quote=Others pointed out that the repeal of the Population Registration Act in 1991 removed any legal basis for specifying 'race'. The Identification Act of 1997 makes no mention of race. On the other hand, the Employment Equity Act speaks of 'designated groups' being 'black people, women and people with disabilities'. The Act defines 'black' as referring to 'Africans, coloureds and Indians'. Apartheid and the racial identification which underpinned it explicitly linked race with differential access to resources and power. If the post-apartheid order was committed to remedying this, race would have to be included in surveys and censuses, so that progress in eradicating the consequences of apartheid could be measured and monitored. This was the reasoning that led to a 'self-identifying' question about 'race' or 'population group' in both the 1996 and 2001 population censuses, and in Statistics SA's household survey programme.}}
2. ^{{cite book |title=Census 2011: Census in brief |url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/census/census_2011/census_products/Census_2011_Census_in_brief.pdf |publisher=Statistics South Africa |year=2012 |location=Pretoria |isbn=9780621413885 |accessdate=21 February 2017}}
3. ^Census 2001 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810225629/http://www.statssa.gov.za/census01/html/default.asp |date=August 10, 2007 }}, Statistics South Africa.
4. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0302/P03022010.pdf|title=Midyear population estimates: 2010|publisher=Statistics South Africa|accessdate=23 July 2010}}
5. ^{{Cite book | author=Study Commission on U.S. Policy toward Southern Africa (U.S.) | title = South Africa: time running out : the report of the Study Commission on U.S. Policy Toward Southern Africa | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sq43lnbklEUC&pg=PA42&dq#v=onepage&q=&f=false | publisher=University of California Press | year = 1981 | page = 42 | isbn = 0-520-04547-5}}
6. ^Unemployment, race and poverty in South Africa
7. ^{{cite book|author1=James L. Gibson|author2=Amanda Gouws|title=Overcoming Intolerance in South Africa: Experiments in Democratic Persuasion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zJZ3_vD_EIQC&pg=PA36|year=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-67515-4|page=36}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.unisa.ac.za/default.asp?Cmd=ViewContent&ContentID=13537 |title=The New Great Trek – The Story of South Africa's White Exodus |publisher=Unisa.ac.za |accessdate=30 October 2011}}
9. ^{{cite web|author=User2 |url=http://www.queensu.ca/samp/sampresources/samppublications/policyseries/policy23.htm |title=Policy Series |publisher=Queensu.ca |date=7 October 1997 |accessdate=30 October 2011}}
10. ^{{cite web|title=Britons living in SA to enjoy royal wedding|url=http://www.eyewitnessnews.co.za/articleprog.aspx?id=64734|publisher=Eyewitness News|date=28 April 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121075711/http://www.eyewitnessnews.co.za/articleprog.aspx?id=64734|archivedate=21 January 2012|df=}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.newint.org/issue155/briefly.htm|title=Rhodie oldies|year=1985|accessdate=29 October 2007|work=New Internationalist}}
12. ^¹²³{{cite book|author=Kristin Henrard|title=Minority Protection in Post-Apartheid South Africa: Human Rights, Minority Rights, and Self-Determination|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HOA6qPDtjOAC&pg=PA43|year=2002|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-97353-7|page=43}}
13. ^{{cite web|last=Conason |first=Joe |url=http://www.salon.com/tech/htww/2008/06/19/chinese_declared_black/ |title=Chinese declared black |publisher=Salon.com |date=19 June 2008 |accessdate=30 May 2010}}
14. ^We agree that you are black, South African court tells Chinese, The Times
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.theindianstar.com/index.php?uan=5786 |title=Current Africa race riots like 1949 anti-Indian riots: minister |publisher=Theindianstar.com |accessdate=30 October 2011}}