“Rally of the French People”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Rally of the French People (French Rassemblement du Peuple Français or RPF) was a French political party, led by Charles de Gaulle.

Foundation

The RPF was founded by Charles de Gaulle in Strasbourg on 14 April 1947,^[3] one year after his resignation from the presidency of the provisional government and four months after the proclamation of the Fourth Republic. It advocated a constitutional revision in order to institute a presidential government. Indeed, for de Gaulle, the "regime of the parties" which characterized the parliamentary system, did not permit the advent of a strong and efficient state. However, in French Republican culture, democracy and parliamentary sovereignty were inseparable. De Gaulle was accused of wanting to establish a Bonapartist government, with himself as a single dominant rule.^[4]

A resolute opponent of the parties (as in his mind, they served particular interests and divided the nation), de Gaulle wanted the RPF to be a rally, not a political party and allowed members of other parties (except Communists and former Vichy regime supporters) to join without compromising their other membership, but this hope was never realized. By 1948, the party counted half a million members, just behind the Communist Party. The RPF was able to gain the support of Maurrasien royalists (of the Action Française), leftist republicans (André Malraux), moderates, christian democrats (Edmond Michelet), radicals (Jacques Chaban-Delmas, Michel Debré), and even socialists and communists. Nevertheless, most of its voters came from the right-wing electorate.

Electoral record

The party enjoyed success in municipal elections (1947), capturing the cities of Lille, Marseille, Bordeaux (with Jacques Chaban-Delmas), Strasbourg, Rennes, Versailles, Le Mans, and Nancy with over 35% of votes. In Paris in 1947, Pierre de Gaulle, the brother of the General, became President of the municipal council, a post similar to mayor.^[5] However, the RPF's performance in the Christian Democratic MRP strongholds of rural France was relatively mediocre. Parliamentarians hostile to the RPF delayed cantonal elections in the fear of another Gaullist breakthrough. The hostility of the media and the social events of 1947 limited the party's electoral success. The 1949 cantonal elections, albeit delayed in fear of an RPF breakthrough, produced another RPF victory (although smaller than the victory in the municipal elections).

The 1951 election was a relative success for the RPF, but the electoral law (apparentements), created to favor the Third Force coalition (MRP, SFIO, RGR etc.) over the anti-Fourth Republic parties (RPF and the Communists), limited the Gaullist breakthrough. It obtained over 4 million votes (22.3%) and 117 seats. It had hoped for over 200 seats, but the apparentements system limited that.

Political defeats

With only 117 seats, the RPF had little influence on decision making in the new Assembly. In 1952, 27 deputies voted in favor of Antoine Pinay's government before being excluded. Later, 45 other deputies left the Gaullist party. Following the loss of numerous cities (Marseille, Lille) in the 1953 municipal elections, the party's decline started. Many people blamed its defeats on the authoritarian handling by party leadership. De Gaulle asked to the Gaullist deputies to abandon the name "RPF", then in June 1953, 5 Gaullist deputies joined Joseph Laniel's government. In 1954, the vote of Gaullists and Communists lead to the defeat of the European Defence Community treaty.

On 13 September 1955 the party was officially dissolved.^[6] The Gaullist deputies founded the National Centre of Social Republicans without the backing of De Gaulle. Most would go on to form the Union for the New Republic and help in the creation of the Fifth Republic in 1958.

Leadership

See also

References

1. ^{{Cite book |first=William I. |last=Hitchcock |title=The Struggle for Europe: The Turbulent History of a Divided Continent, 1945–Present |publisher=Knopf Doubleday |year=2008 |page=77}}
2. ^{{Cite book |first=Michael |last=O'Meara |title=New Culture, New Right: Anti-Liberalism in Postmodern Europe |edition=Second |publisher=Arktos |year=2013 |page=28}}
3. ^William George Andrews, Stanley Hoffmann (editors), The Impact of the Fifth Republic on France, page 6 (State University of New York Press, 1981). {{ISBN|0-87395-440-8}}
4. ^Martin Kolinsky, Continuity and Change in European Society: Germany, France and Italy Since 1870, page 172 (Redwood Burn Limited, 1974). {{ISBN|0-85664-151-0}}
5. ^Ton van der Eyden, Public Management of Society: Rediscovering French Institutional Engineering in the European Context, Volume 1, page 102, (Amsterdam: IOS Press, 2003). {{ISBN|1-58603-291-7}}
6. ^Vishnu Bhagwan, Vidya Bhushan, World Constitutions - A Comparative Study, page 432 (Sterling Publishers, 2008, eighth revised edition). {{ISBN|81-207-1937-9}}