| 词条 | Federal political financing in Canada | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The fair and transparent financing of political parties, candidates, and election campaigns is a key determinant in the health and proper functioning of a democracy. How political parties and candidates at the federal level are funded in Canada is described by issues such as funding mechanisms, relative levels of public and private funding, levels of democratic participation, and questions of fairness and transparency.[1][2][3][4][5][6] OverviewCanada's federal political parties receive the most significant portion of public funding at election times that is based on what they have spent through electoral expense reimbursements.[7] Between elections, Canada's federal political parties have as their two primary sources of funding:[7][8]
These sources of funding determine, along with loans and secondary revenue sources, how much money the federal political parties have available to spend.[7][11]
Public fundingPublic funding of Canada's federal political parties is allocated in two ways:[6][7][11]
The per-vote subsidy (amounting to $27.7 million in 2009), also referred to as the "government allowance", the "quarterly allowance", or the "direct public subsidy", was argued by some political commentators to be the most democratic of the three funding mechanisms: The choices of 100% of voters of eligible parties (13,675,146 individual Canadians or 99% of all valid votes in the preceding election) are taken into account, all on an equal-basis.[6][7][9][10][11][12][13] While some argue that political contributions are democratic by virtue of being completely voluntary, statistics show that upper income individuals make the large majority of political contributions and stand to gain the most by way of tax incentives for those contributions.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} The electoral expense reimbursement, which accounts for the largest part of the public financing following an election ($54 million in 2009), reimburses 50%-60% of a party's expenses on elections - the more a party spends during an election, the more public funds they get back.[7][11] {{wide image|border=no|align-cap=center|Public funding of Canadian federal political parties in 2009 by party and by mechanism sm.png|1000px|alt=Public funding of top five Canadian federal political parties in 2009 by party and by mechanism}}
Per-vote subsidy to 2015Until 2015, every registered federal political party received an inflation-indexed subsidy each year of $1.53-$2.04 per vote received in the preceding election.[7] 2006 challenge to 2% threshold & controversyIn 2006, in an Ontario Court of Justice ruling [14], several small federal parties had successfully challenged provisions in the original law that limited reimbursement to parties receiving at least 2% of all valid votes in the preceding general election or at least 5% of the valid votes in the electoral districts in which it had a candidate. Judge P. Theodore Matlow ruled that "the law made it difficult for members of small parties to "play a meaningful role in the electoral process." [15]. They were reimbursed retroactively for funds withheld from them. This removal however opened the government to criticism of funding small extremist parties including the Marijuana Party of Canada, Communist Party of Canada, Christian Heritage Party of Canada who had participated in the suit along with the less generally controversial Green Party of Canada, Progressive Canadian Party of Canada and Canadian Action Party. removal of subsidyThe per-vote subsidy was removed in stages after the passing of the Keeping Canada’s Economy & Jobs Growing Act, a bill introduced by the Conservative Party in October 2011.[16] Previous to 2015Of the three ways in which federal parties are allocated public funding, the per-vote subsidy is largely argued as the most democratic as it rewards each vote absolutely equally. However, there are reasons to believe that it creates perverse incentives, such as running for votes where candidates cannot win, thus defeating (at least under first past the post voting) the party's own policy objectives, and muddying it's potential alliances with every other party once legislatures sit. Election financing is a complex issue that has been studied in depth academically [17] 100% of the voters of eligible parties (99% of all voters in the preceding election) have a say, with their input treated on equal basis (1 voter, 1 vote).[2][3][4][5][6][7][10][11][13][18][42] The subsidy entered into effect on January 1, 2004, at $1.75 per vote (indexed to the Consumer Price Index) as part of a set of amendments made by the Jean Chrétien government to the Canada Elections Act which for the first time set limits on political contributions by individuals and organizations (corporations, unions, non-profit groups). The per-vote subsidy was introduced to replace the reliance of political parties and candidates on corporate, union, and wealthy donors in order to reduce the political influence of such donors.[2][5][19] After the 2006 court challenge to remove the 2%/5% threshold, the subsidy was reduced to $1.53 by the Harper government on April 1, 2012, and was reduced on each subsequent April 1, until its elimination in 2015.[13]. Public subsidy of contributionsPolitical contributions are publicly subsidized via a personal income tax credit that credits 75% of the first $400 contributed, 50% of the amount between $400 and $750, and 33.33% of the amount over $750, up to a maximum tax credit of $650 (reached when contributions by an individual total $1,275 in one calendar year.) As of 2017, the maximum political contribution is $1,550 and increases by $25 each year thereafter. this can be given to the national organization of each party, the tax credit is $650, representing a subsidy of 42%.[5][20][21][22]
(Note: The actual numbers of unique individual contributors are likely to be less than the totals shown as multiple anonymous contributions of under $20 by the same person are counted as separate contributors, and contributions made by the same person to both the riding level and at the party level, to different ridings, and/or to different parties are also all counted as separate contributors.) Electoral expense reimbursementWhen an election takes place, perhaps the most significant source of public funding for the federal political parties is the election expenses reimbursement which subsidizes 50% of the national campaign expenses of any party that obtains at least 2 per cent support, or at least 5 per cent in the ridings (electoral districts) in which they presented candidates. In addition to this, the parties' riding organizations are also reimbursed 60% of all expenses incurred by their candidates in each riding where they obtained at least 10% of the votes, plus 100% of allowable "personal expenses". The reimbursements are also referred to as "government rebates", "government transfers", or "election rebates".[7] Under this subsidy, the more a party spends, the more they are subsidized. The subsidy therefore magnifies the public funds allocated by tax credits on political contributions and by the per-vote subsidies. It also means that loans to political parties and their candidates can play a significant role in determining how much public money is received by the parties.[7] During the 2008 election, the Conservatives spent the most, and, as a result, received the largest reimbursements under this public subsidy in 2009.[7]
Distribution of public funding amongst parties{{wide image|border=no|align-cap=center|Share of public funding of Canadian federal political parties in 2009 sm.png|1116px||alt=Share of public funding of Canadian federal political parties in 2009}} Private fundingPrivate funding of the federal political parties occurs through political contributions made by individuals, but these contributions are vastly subsidized by public funds disbursed through tax credits. As of 2017, the maximum yearly contribution limit is $1550 to a given federal political party, $1550 to a given party's riding associations, $1550 to a given party's leadership candidates, and $1550 for each independent candidate. The total tax credit for all contributions is capped at $650, representing a subsidy of 42%.[20] Of the $46 million in political contributions received in 2009 by federal party organizations and riding associations, between $28.5 million and $31 million of the contributions was publicly funded - through tax credits amounting to between 62% and 67.5% - while between $15 million and $17.5 million was net private funding.[9]
Cost of fundraisingIn order to solicit political monetary contributions, fundraising is a major focus for many parties that involves hiring fundraising experts, and employing sophisticated database systems, email lists, newsletters, and telemarketing.[8][12][24][25] The Conservative Party, for example, is reported to make phone calls or send letters to about 200,000 people a month, and conducts surveys to collect and feed information on the views of individuals into its database referred to as CIMS, an acronym for "Constituent Information Management System". The information stored in the database is then used to customize mailings and phone calls for each targeted donor to appeal to them specifically on issues that they are known to react more strongly to.[24][25] Other associated overhead for fundraising include legal consultation, processing, accounting, auditing, and reporting costs.
In 2009, the overhead cost of fundraising for the top three parties exceeded the net private funds they raised. They spent a combined $11.2 million on fundraising at the party level (riding-level expenses not included), according to their 2009 annual party returns, to raise approximately $10.3 million in net private funds.[9] The corrupting influence of fundraisingIn 2006, it was revealed during the Liberal leadership contest that one candidate, Joe Volpe, had received a total of $108,000 in contributions from 20 individuals that were all in some way connected to the top corporate executives of Apotex Pharmaceuticals. Each of the 20 individuals - which included 11-year-old twin boys and a 14-year-old boy - gave exactly $5,400, the maximum allowed at the time.[5][27] According to political financing expert Louis Massicotte, a political scientist from Université Laval, political systems that rely heavily on political contributions from individuals can encourage corruption. In 2010-2011, it was discovered that corporations had been funnelling money to major provincial political parties by disguising the corporate funds as individual political contributions made by their employees, circumventing the political fundraising laws. Former employees of one corporation flatly admitted that political contributions had illicitly been made in their name.[28] At the provincial level in Quebec, the far-reaching influence of fundraisers over everything from the selection of judges to the distribution of construction contracts fuelled widespread demand for a public inquiry into political corruption, and caused the Jean Charest Liberal government and other major political parties to agree to increase the provincial per-vote subsidy as a way to reduce the influence of party bagmen (influence peddling political fundraisers) over government decisions and policies.[28] Lack of transparencyPolitical parties are only required to report the identities of contributors that have given a total of over $200 to one riding association or the central organization. For donations of $200 or less, receipts must be kept by the individual riding associations, but Elections Canada has no way to keep track of them. Completely anonymous contributions of $20 or less are permitted.[77][78][79]
In 1997, Industry Minister John Manley only disclosed the identities of individuals and corporations who contributed $10,150 and $15,800, respectively, to his re-election campaign. However, he did not disclose where $74,664 - received through his riding association - had originally come from.[5][29] In July 2002, Paul Martin refused to reveal the names of donors to his leadership campaign, claiming that new disclosure rules brought in a month earlier applied only to current cabinet and not to a former cabinet minister as he was, and that he did not think it would be fair to name people who had donated to his campaign before the new disclosure rules were in effect.[27] In October 2002, Stephen Harper initially did not reveal the names of anyone who had donated to his leadership campaign. While he later quietly posted a few names - those of 54 donors who had given more than $1,075 each - he continued to keep secret the identities of 10 other large donors and the names of more than 9,000 donors who each gave sums of less than $1,000 each.[27] In 2009, an annual report by Global Integrity, an independent non-profit organization that tracks corruption trends around the world, said that Canada posted a slight "downward tick" based on secrecy surrounding political financing and gaps in government accountability.[30] According to Global Integrity, "Canada is a really interesting case" in that while, it had a generally positive rating, there are "unique gaps in the system that are strange," including the fact that political financing loans to candidates are confidential.[30] According to Ottawa-based Democracy Watch: "Government integrity continues to be undermined by loopholes that allow secret donations to some candidates."[30] Loopholes in contributions limitsElections Canada confirmed in 2007 that individuals could illegally contribute as much as $60,500 over the $1,100 limit and not be detected - simply by donating $200 to each of a party's 308 riding associations.[31][32][33]Elections Canada claimed that it currently cannot track donations of $200 or less because "we do not get the receipts" from the individual riding associations.[32] Under current regulations, a party's individual riding associations are only required to report the identities of contributors with total contributions to the riding of over $200. Contributions of $200 or less are allowed to be reported in aggregate, with no break-down by contributor required that would allow for proper cross-checking across a party's ridings associations.[31][32][33] At the time, the NDP called for the loophole to be plugged. The Conservative government responded that "this is no more a loophole than the fact that someone can break the law by fraudulently misstating their income on their income tax." It rejected calls by the opposition for Elections Canada to be given new measures and tools to be able to detect multiple donations across a party's ridings that exceed the contribution limit. Debate over the subsidiesThe Conservative Party has targeted the per-vote subsidy for elimination, while favouring the generous public subsidy of private political contributions. All of the other major Canadian parties - the Liberals, NDP, Bloc, and Green Party - oppose the elimination of the per-vote subsidy.[3][6][11][12][34][35] The Conservative government first tried to eliminate the per-vote subsidy in November 2008, just after the federal election of October 14, 2008. The Conservative party had not brought up the issue before Canadian voters during the election campaign, but on November 27 - only days into its new mandate that began November 18 - the Conservative government attempted to eliminate the per-vote subsidy through a provision tucked within a fiscal update - and designated the update as a confidence motion that would trigger the fall of the government, and the prospect of another election, unless passed.[12][35][36][37][38][39][40] The Conservative government's move was seen by opposition members and other observers as a partisan attempt to bankrupt the other political parties and further increase his own party's financial advantage, and as a direct attack on the democratic process.[2][6][8][12][18][28][35][38][39][40] The move and its packaging as a confidence motion prompted the Liberals and the NDP to take steps toward forming a coalition government in the event the confidence motion was defeated. Suddenly faced with losing power, Harper sought the prorogation of Canada's Parliament.[12][28][35][36][37][38][39][40] Canada's Parliament was shut down from December 4, 2008, to January 26, 2009, allowing the Conservative government to avoid the confidence vote that it would have lost, and it backtracked on its attempt to eliminate the subsidy.[38][39][40][41][42][43][44] {{quote | text="His reputation as a peerless political chess-master is now somewhat in tatters, following what most perceive as an atypical near-fatal miscalculation over a Fall Economic and Fiscal Statement that lacked economic credibility and proposed the elimination of per vote subsidies for political parties. Faced with an opposition revolt, Harper first unusually retreated on the latter proposal, and then bought time by proroguing Parliament on December 4 to avoid a loss of confidence vote on December 8."|source=January 2, 2009, diplomatic cable from the U.S. Embassy in Ottawa[38]}} In January 2011, however, the Conservative government again brought back its aim to eliminate the per-vote subsidy, over the opposition of all the other major parties, while continuing to favour the generous public subsidy of political contributions. Prime Minister Harper stated: "There are already generous credits and incentives in the tax system to encourage people to give to political parties today." He vowed that he would make the elimination of the per-vote subsidy a campaign pledge in the next federal election.[11] Green Party Leader Elizabeth May spoke against the attempt to eliminate the per-vote subsidy, saying that doing so would once again concentrate influence in the hands of those with deeper pockets, instead of giving voters a voice, and she stated her belief that the 2004 campaign finance reforms that introduced the per-vote subsidy are the "one area we've gotten really right" compared with the United States. Liberal deputy leader Ralph Goodale stated: "Mr. Harper’s position is, essentially, let the big and the wealthy and the most privileged run the show and all the other voices should simply be silenced."[11] In spite of the clear opposition by the other parties, in a campaign pledge in April 2011, Stephen Harper vowed to unilaterally eliminate the per-vote subsidy if he wins a majority.[34][36] He stated: "Canadian political parties already have enormous tax advantages, there are credits when you donate to political parties, there are rebates when political parties do spending."[18] Bloc Québécois leader Gilles Duceppe accused Harper of seeking to cripple all other parties, stating: "Its runs against democracy. Parties trying to break through, like the Greens, would have practically no means. That guy would be happy with no opposition and no Parliament."[45] {{quote | text="Do we want to go back to the days where money, and those who can finance campaigns, determine the nature of our democracy?"|source=NDP leader Jack Layton, April 2011[34]}} Other observers - including Canada's former Chief Electoral Officer Jean-Pierre Kingsley - have suggested that the subsidy of political contributions and subsidy of election expenses should also be examined, since both - to a far greater extent - have the effect of forcing taxpayers to fund parties they do not personally support.[5][6][8][36][46] Level of participation in determining fundingIn 2009, a national total of 181,858 individuals (out of 23,677,639 registered voters in 2008) made political contributions to a federal political party organization, resulting in a 0.77% fraction of registered voters directing over $33 million in subsidized contributions - almost two-thirds of it publicly funded - toward their preferred parties. Over 55% of these individuals were Conservative party supporters.[9] A national total of 96,762 individuals also made political contributions at the riding association level to a federal political party, resulting in a 0.4% fraction of registered voters directing over $12 million in subsidized contributions - over 60% of it from public funds - toward their preferred parties.[9] Combined, the number of unique individuals that made political contributions in 2009 to a federal political party, either at the national party organization level or riding level, or both, is somewhere between 196,186 and 278,620 individuals - representing between just 0.8% and 1.2% of the number of registered voters from 2008.[9] Rounding to the nearest percentage, only 1% of registered voters directed $46 million - representing over 62% of the primary funding received by parties - toward their preferred party, with nearly two-thirds of that - $28.5-$31 million - in public funds directed without the consent of 99% of registered voters.[7][9]
|alt=Level of participation and control by funding mechanism for Canadian federal political parties in 2009}} Composition of participationWith the per-vote subsidy, 100% of voters of eligible parties (99% of all valid votes in 2009) participate in determining the distribution of the funds, and do so all on an equal basis. The participants are all the Canadian citizens over the age of 18 that voted in the preceding federal election, and numbered 13,675,146 Canadians in 2009. With political contributions, the participants - numbering only a nationwide total of between 196,186 and 278,620 unique individuals in 2009, and representing less than 1.2% of the number of registered voters - tend to be individuals that have more disposable income. The poor, by and large, do not make political contributions, and, according to University of Calgary political finance expert Lisa Young, people that have more comfortable means, and that can expect to obtain a larger tax credit against their income, are more likely to make political contributions.[4][12][34] According to McMaster University political scientist Henry Jacek, political contributions tend to come from the wealthy, and not the poor. It is also clear from other jurisdictions in the world that political donors typically are people that have more disposable income.[12][34] While political contributions can only be made by Canadian citizens, there is no age restriction in place, which allows political contributions to be made in the name of children to bypass contribution limits. In 2006, Liberal leadership candidate Joe Volpe returned $27,000 in political contributions that had been made in the name of children - after it was revealed that his campaign donors included 11-year-old twin boys and a 14-year-old boy who donated $5,400 each, the allowed maximum. The children and several other donors that had contributed the maximum allowable $5,400 each - for a total of $108,000 - were all in some way connected to the top corporate executives of one pharmaceutical company. No law was broken.[5][27] Magnification of the choices of contributorsWhile only a tiny fraction of registered voters make political contributions, their net contributions get magnified several times over by the public subsidy of political contributions and the public subsidy of election expenses.[7][9] Over half of all the public funding for federal parties in 2009 was effectively directed by less than 1.2% of the number of registered voters in Canada, without participation by 99% of registered voters.[7][9] Overall, the subsidy of political contributions resulted in 64.2% of all of the funding in 2009 being directed according to the partisan preferences of less than 1.2% of registered voters.[7][9] {{wide image|border=no|align-cap=center|Political contributions to Canadian federal parties in 2009 sm.png|1000px||alt=Political contributions to Canadian federal parties in 2009}} Consequences of eliminating the per-vote subsidyElimination of the per-vote subsidy, with all other things remaining equal, would mean that a very small number of individuals - somewhere between 0.8% and 1.2% of registered voters in 2009 - would control and direct 100% of all the funding to their preferred political parties and candidates.[9] By the same token, approximately 98-99% of all registered voters would no longer have any participation in how any of the funding is directed - including having no say at all in how any of the taxpayer money involved gets allocated.[9][18] In April 2011, Canada's former Chief Electoral Officer Jean-Pierre Kingsley, who served in the position for 17 years, stated that if the per-vote subsidy were to be eliminated, there would be an increased risk of Canada's political parties turning back toward corporations to obtain money, also to the detriment of Canadian democracy.[5]
The elimination of the per-vote subsidy could also have the effect of further reducing an already low voter turnout by removing an incentive that encourages many Canadian citizens to vote. Under the first-past-the-post system, the per-vote subsidy ensures that a voter's participation at the ballot box will at least still make a difference even if their preferred riding candidate has very little chance of winning or is assured of a win.[3] Announced elimination of the per-vote subsidyOn May 25, 2011, just three weeks after the election that gave them majority power, the Conservatives announced that their June 6 federal budget would include the elimination of the per-vote subsidy.[39][40][47][48] NDP leader Jack Layton voiced his opposition to the plan, saying that "it's wrong", and "opens the door for big money to come back into politics," and he worried about the impact this will have on democracy in Canada.[39][47][49] The Conservative government's move was seen by many as motivated by a desire to destroy the Liberal party and cripple all other parties, not by concern over taxpayer dollars. According to University of Ottawa professor Errol Mendes: "You can see what's happening here, they're moving toward a process of eventually cutting the feet out from all the major opposition parties."[50][49][51][52][53] Interim Liberal leader Bob Rae stated: "I can’t think of anything more wrong than a spirit of vindictiveness at the heart of a majority government." He said the Liberals would oppose the plan, and stated: "The notion that there’s public support for the political process and political parties is widely accepted in a great many democratic countries around the world."[50][49][51][52]
According to political scientist Ned Franks of Queen's University, the elimination of the per-vote subsidy will mean that political parties with a rich support base will now be far better off than parties whose supporters are poorer or who are not the type to make political donations. He stated that the move greatly favours the Conservative party: "There's only one party who benefits, and — surprise, surprise — it's the Conservatives." Layton stated the move was anti-democratic since it would benefit parties with access to rich people, and handicap parties with a lower-income voting base. "I think that our democracy is better served if ideas have equal opportunity in the competition for Canadians' consideration, and that's what public financing is designed to do. Take away public financing and what you're basically saying is those with the best ability to raise money get to have their ideas heard, and I don't think that's helpful for a democratic society."[47][54]
See also
References1. ^Democracy and Political Party Financing 2. ^1 2 3 Party subsidy is democracy in action 3. ^1 2 3 {{Cite web |url=http://www.themarknews.com/articles/4702-don-t-scrap-the-voter-subsidy# |title=Don't Scrap the Voter Subsidy |access-date=2011-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110417045855/http://www.themarknews.com/articles/4702-don-t-scrap-the-voter-subsidy# |archive-date=2011-04-17 |dead-url=yes |df= }} 4. ^1 2 Harper plan would undermine democracy 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Political parties could be forced to return to big money corporate funding if per-vote subsidies scrapped, says Kingsley 6. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 Conservatives cutting wrong political subsidy 7. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/per-vote-subsidy-but-a-fraction-of-taxpayer-support-for-political-parties/article1880294/ Per-vote subsidy but a fraction of taxpayer support for political parties] 8. ^1 2 3 [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/expanding-the-debate-on-party-financing/article1670270/singlepage/#articlecontent Expanding the debate on party financing] 9. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Elections Canada - Political Financing Reports and Database 10. ^1 Voter Turnout at Federal Elections and Referendums, 1867-2008 11. ^1 2 3 4 PM targets party subsidies 12. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 [https://montrealgazette.com/news/Editorial+Subsides+parties+against/4558029/story.html Subsides for parties, for and against] 13. ^1 2 [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/budget/news/opposition-parties-accept-defeat-on-per-vote-subsidy/article2046672/ Opposition parties accept defeat on per-vote subsidy] 14. ^https://jimbender.wordpress.com/2006/12/16/supreme-court-documents-related-to-the-2-challenge/ 15. ^https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/votes-for-small-federal-parties-now-worth-1-75-1.624533 16. ^{{cite web|title=Minister of Finance Introduces the Keeping Canada's Economy & Jobs Growing Act|url=http://www.fin.gc.ca/n11/11-093-eng.asp|website=Department of Finance Canada|accessdate=21 September 2015}} 17. ^https://www.sfu.ca/%7Eaheard/elections/laws.html 18. ^1 2 3 Killing vote subsidy bad for democracy 19. ^Regulating Political Donations 20. ^1 2 3 4 The Electoral System of Canada - Political financing 21. ^Limits on Contributions 22. ^Political contribution tax credits 23. ^Breakdown of Paid Election Expenses by Expense Category and Registered Political Party - 2008 General Election 24. ^1 2 Experts say Tories 'extraordinarily successful' at fundraising on wedge issues, hope and fear 25. ^1 [https://www.thestar.com/opinion/editorialopinion/article/996374--liberal-election-debacle-was-years-in-the-making Liberal election debacle was years in the making] 26. ^Elections Canada - Statements of Assets and Liabilities and Statements of Revenues and Expenses - 2009 Fiscal Period 27. ^1 2 3 Political contributions: money, money, money 28. ^1 2 3 Harper, Quebec differ on per-vote subsidy {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110420032011/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20110401/harper-quebec-subsidy-110401/20110401?s_name=election2011 |date=2011-04-20 }} 29. ^Election Financing's Black Hole 30. ^1 2 Lax rules on political financing No. 1 global corruption threat: report 31. ^1 2 [https://thetyee.ca/Views/2007/08/13/DemoSale/ Our Democracy for Sale, Still] 32. ^1 2 3 [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070801.wdonationsloophole01/BNStory/National/?cid=al_gam_nletter_newsUp Loophole tears lid off political donations]{{dead link|date=February 2013}} 33. ^1 2 [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/ottawa-refuses-to-close-donation-loophole/article20399805/ Ottawa refuses to close donation loophole] 34. ^1 2 3 4 [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/the-per-vote-subsidy-political-welfare-or-the-great-leveller/article1968001/ The per-vote subsidy: Political welfare or the great leveller?] 35. ^1 2 3 [https://www.thestar.com/News/Canada/article/545144 Opposition outraged by party cuts] 36. ^1 2 3 [https://vancouversun.com/news/Defence+subsidies+political+parties+sound+bite+issue/4548812/story.html Defence of subsidies for political parties not a sound-bite issue] 37. ^1 Harper’s plan to scrap per-vote subsidies to political parties would create two-party state, says Nanos 38. ^1 2 3 4 U.S. cables dissect Canada’s leaders: WikiLeaks 39. ^1 2 3 4 5 NDP will ‘live with’ subsidy fate 40. ^1 2 3 4 [https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/politics/article/996317--harper-to-axe-political-subsidies?bn=1 Harper to axe political subsidies] 41. ^[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/parliament-shut-down-till-jan-26/article726676/singlepage/#articlecontent Parliament shut down till Jan. 26] 42. ^Conservative PM Uses Rare Act To Suspend Parliament 43. ^[https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/politics/article/961986---parliament-of-shutdowns A Parliament of shutdowns] 44. ^[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/05/world/americas/05canada.html Canadian Leader Shuts Parliament] 45. ^Harper vows to scrap per-vote subsidies 46. ^{{Cite web |url=http://hilltimes.com/dailyupdate/view/63# |title=Comparing the per-vote subsidies to all federal political subsidies |access-date=2011-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110318163639/http://hilltimes.com/dailyupdate/view/63# |archive-date=2011-03-18 |dead-url=yes |df= }} 47. ^1 2 June 6 budget will phase out per-vote subsidy 48. ^Opposition to contest recycled budget 49. ^1 2 Plan to phase out per-vote subsidies seen as ploy to kill Liberals 50. ^1 2 3 4 Harper ‘trying to annihilate the opposition’ by killing per-vote subsidies, says Grit MP Easter 51. ^1 Tory budget to chop per-vote subsidy 52. ^1 Clement defends elimination of $2-per-vote 53. ^[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/budget/news/parties-face-first-cut-to-per-vote-taxpayer-subsidy/article2046672/ Parties face first cut to per-vote taxpayer subsidy ] 54. ^Budget due June 6 will phase out political subsidies External links
7 : Politics of Canada|Government in Canada|Political parties in Canada|Elections in Canada|Canadian federal elections|Electoral reform in Canada|Political funding |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 随便看 |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。