| 词条 | Arthur Birch (organic chemist) |
| 释义 |
| name = Arthur John Birch | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1915|08|03}} | birth_place = Sydney, Australia | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1995|12|08|1915|08|03}} | death_place = Canberra, Australia | residence = | citizenship = Australian | nationality = | fields = Organic chemistry | workplaces = Australian National University, University of Cambridge, University of Sydney | alma_mater = University of Sydney, University of Oxford | doctoral_advisor = Robert Robinson | academic_advisors = | doctoral_students = | notable_students = | known_for = Birch reaction, Other contributions to organic chemistry | author_abbrev_bot = | author_abbrev_zoo = | influences = | influenced = | awards = Fellow of the Royal Society (1958) Davy Medal {{small|(1972)}} Matthew Flinders Medal and Lecture {{small|(1972)}} Tetrahedron Prize (1987) ANZAAS Medal {{small|(1990)}} | signature = | signature_alt = | footnotes = | spouse = }}Arthur John Birch, AC CMG FRS FAA (3 August 1915 – 8 December 1995) was an Australian organic chemist.[1][2][3][4] Birch developed the Birch reduction of aromatic rings (by treatment with lithium metal and ammonia) which is widely used in synthetic organic chemistry. The Birch Reduction enables the modification of steroids. In 1948 Birch published the first total synthesis of a male sex hormone (19-nortestosterone), as the first member of a new structural series. This series later comprised the first oral contraceptive pill, which was made by others. The Birch reduction also allows for the development of other steroid drugs and antibiotics – he also made the first simple synthesis of the ring A-B structure of cholesterol. Birch published over 440 scientific papers and reports. Early life and educationBirch won a scholarship to attend the University of Sydney graduating with a BSc in 1937 and a MSc in 1938. He travelled to the University of Oxford to undertake his D.Phil., graduating in 1940. CareerThe hormone research he became involved with in 1940 was initiated by the RAF who then believed German fighter pilots were given cortical hormones[5] He remained a research Fellow at Oxford until 1948 working under Sir Robert Robinson, when he became the Smithson Fellow at the University of Cambridge where he remained until 1952. At Cambridge he worked with Lord Todd. He returned to Australia in 1952 to take up a Professorship in organic chemistry at the University of Sydney, he was made a fellow of the Australian Academy of Science in 1954. He held his position at the University of Sydney until 1955 when he took a similar position at Manchester University. He was made a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1958. Birch returned to Australia again in 1967 to establish the Research School of Chemistry at the Australian National University in Canberra, becoming its founding dean. He remained involved with the school until 1980. He served as President of the Royal Australian Chemical Institute from 1977 to 1978, and also chaired the 1977 Independent Inquiry into CSIRO. He served as President of the Australian Academy of Science from 1982 to 1986. Birch was made a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) in 1987 for his contributions to science in Australia. He was awarded Honorary Fellowship of the Royal Australian Chemical Institute, in 1994. He was also a founding member of the Australian Science and Technology Council. Before his death in 1995, the Research School of Chemistry building at ANU was named the "Birch Building" in his honour.[6] References1. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Rickards | first1 = R. W. | last2 = Cornforth | first2 = J. | doi = 10.1098/rsbm.2007.0017 | title = Arthur John Birch. 3 August 1915 -- 8 December 1995: Elected FRS 1958 | journal = Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society | volume = 53 | pages = 21 | year = 2007 }} 2. ^{{cite web|publisher=Australian Academy of Science |url=http://www.science.org.au/fellows/memoirs/birch.html |title=Biographical Memoirs: Arthur John Birch 1915–1995 |author=Rodney W. Rickards |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806080654/http://www.science.org.au/fellows/memoirs/birch.html |archivedate=6 August 2011 |df= }} 3. ^{{cite book | author = Birch, A. J. | year = 1995 | title = To See the Obvious | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 0-8412-1840-4}} 4. ^{{cite encyclopedia | author = McCarthy, G.J. | year = 2006 | url = http://www.asap.unimelb.edu.au/bsparcs/biogs/P000229b.htm | title = Birch, Arthur John (1915–1995) | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Australian Science}} 5. ^{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1021/ed052p458.1| title = The origin of the Birch reduction| year = 1975| last1 = Birch | first1 = A. J.| journal = Journal of Chemical Education| volume = 52| issue = 7| page = 458|bibcode = 1975JChEd..52..458B }} 6. ^History of the Research School of Chemistry, ANU External links
14 : 1915 births|1995 deaths|Academics of the University of Cambridge|Australian chemists|Companions of the Order of Australia|Fellows of the Australian Academy of Science|Fellows of the Royal Society|Foreign Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences|Foreign Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences|Organic chemists|Alumni of the University of Oxford|University of Sydney alumni|University of Sydney faculty|Presidents of the Australian Academy of Science |
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