| 词条 | Red-billed gull | |||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Red-billed gull | image = Red billed gull-02.jpg | image_caption = Adult | image2 =Red-billed gulls calling, Otago Peninsula, NZ.ogg | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | genus = Chroicocephalus | species = novaehollandiae | species_link = Silver gull | subspecies = scopulinus | authority = (Forster, 1844) | synonyms = Larus novaehollandiae scopulinus, Larus scopulinus}} The red-billed gull (Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae scopulinus), once also known as the mackerel gull, is a native of New Zealand, being found throughout the country and on outlying islands including the Chatham Islands and subantarctic islands. It was formerly considered as a separate species but is now usually treated as a subspecies of the silver gull (Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae).[2][3] The Māori name of this species is tarapunga or akiaki.[4] Its vernacular name is sometimes also used for the dolphin gull, a somewhat similar-looking but unrelated species that is found in coastal southern Chile, Argentina and the Falkland Islands.[5] As is the case with many gulls, the red-billed gull has traditionally been placed in the genus Larus. A national survey of breeding red-billed gulls carried out in 2014–2016 recorded circa 27,831 pairs nesting in New Zealand. The authors of the study based on the survey and published in 2018 said that the accuracy of previous estimates was questionable, but that the species nevertheless appeared to have declined nationally since the mid-1960s. The study also discussed the possible reasons for the decline and made a proposal for future monitoring. [6] DescriptionThe red-billed gull is a fairly small gull with an all-red bill, red eye ring, red legs and feet, pale grey wings with black wingtips. The rest of the body and tail are white. There is virtually no visual difference between the male and female birds. Juvenile gulls have a dark brown bill with only hints of red, making them difficult to distinguish from the black-billed gull. The legs are also brown and there are brown spots on the grey wings. DistributionIt is the smallest gull commonly seen in New Zealand; a recent estimate of the population puts it at half a million birds in the country. Until recently it was regarded as a subspecies of the silver gull found in Australia, and the two species are very similar in appearance. However the most recent research suggests that they are not particularly closely related.[7] BehaviourBehaviourally, the red-billed gull is a typical gull. It is an aggressive scavenger and kleptoparasite. Since European settlement its numbers have increased, especially around coastal towns and cities where it can scavenge from urban waste. It normally feeds on small fish, shell fish and worms (from pastures), and sometimes berries, lizards and insects. Life cycleThey nest from October to December in colonies on the coast, either on islands or rocky headlands, cliffs and beaches. The birds form pair bonds which endure across seasons, but there is a certain amount of extra-pair copulation. Courtship feeding is an important part of the preparation for mating. Nests are well formed and may be constructed of seaweed, grasses, leaves and ice plants. Generally two to three eggs are laid, their colour ranges from brown to grey with light and dark brown spots all over. The bird generally lives up to 12 years, although individuals have also been found living up to 30 years.[8] GalleryReferences1. ^{{IUCN2006|assessor=BirdLife International|assessor-link=BirdLife International|year=2004|id=49235|title=Larus scopulinus|downloaded=11 May 2006}} Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern 2. ^{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | year=2017 | title=Coursers, noddies, gulls, terns, auks & sandgrouse | work=World Bird List Version 7.2 | url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/coursers/| publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | accessdate=21 April 2017 }} 3. ^{{cite book | last1=Burger | first1=J. | last2=Gochfeld | first2=M. | last3=Kirwan | first3=G.M. | last4=Garcia | first4=E.F.J. | chapter=Silver Gull (Larus novaehollandiae) | editor1-last=del Hoyo | editor1-first=J. | editor2-last=Elliott | editor2-first=A. | editor3-last=Sargatal | editor3-first=J. | editor4-last=Christie | editor4-first=D.A. | editor5-last=de Juana | editor5-first=E. | title=Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive | publisher=Lynx Edicions | chapterurl=http://www.hbw.com/node/53991 | accessdate=21 April 2017 | subscription=true }} 4. ^{{cite book|author=Barrie Heather|author2=Hugh Robertson|last-author-amp=yes|title=The Field Guide to the Birds of New Zealand|edition=revised|publisher=Viking|year=2005}} 5. ^{{Cite web|url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/Dolphin-Gull|title=Dolphin Gull (Larus scoresbii) - BirdLife species factsheet|website=datazone.birdlife.org|access-date=2019-03-22}} 6. ^{{Cite journal|last=Taylor|first=Graeme A.|last2=Frost|first2=Peter G.H.|date=2018|title=The status of the red-billed gull (Larus novaehollandiae scopulinus) in New Zealand, 2014–2016|url=https://www.osnz.org.nz/sites/osnz.org.nz/files/FrostTaylor_Red-billed%20gull%20NZ_Notornis%202018.pdf|journal=Notornis|publisher=Birds New Zealand|volume=Vol. 65|pages=1-13|via=}} 7. ^{{cite book|author=Shirihai, H.|year=2002|title=A complete guide to Antarctic wildlife|publisher= Alula Press, Oy, Finland}} 8. ^{{Cite news|title = Ex-pat Kiwi returns from US to study red-billed seagulls|url = http://www.stuff.co.nz/marlborough-express/news/kaikoura/3187352/Ex-pat-Kiwi-returns-from-US-to-study-red-billed-seagulls|newspaper = Stuff.co.nz|date = Dec 23, 2009|access-date = 2015-06-21|first = Emma|last = Dangerfield}}
External links
4 : Chroicocephalus|Birds of New Zealand|Birds described in 1844|Subspecies |
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