| 词条 | Red Mass |
| 释义 |
| name = Red Mass | caption_background = | image = File:Red Mass 2012 (11222993585).jpg | imagewidth = | alt = Red Mass | caption = Red Mass at Villanova University | type = Mass | main_classification = Roman-Catholic | orientation = | scripture = {{bibleverse||Acts|2:1-4|63}} | other_names = | publications = | website = | footnotes = }} A Red Mass is a Mass celebrated annually in the Catholic Church for all members of the legal profession, regardless of religious affiliation: judges, lawyers, law school professors, law students, and government officials, marking the opening of the judicial year. Through prayerful petition and thanksgiving the Red Mass requests guidance from the Holy Spirit for all who seek justice, and offers the legal community an opportunity to reflect on what Catholics believe is the God-given power and responsibility of all in the legal profession. Originating in Europe during the High Middle Ages, the Red Mass is so-called from the red vestments traditionally worn in symbolism of the tongues of fire (the Holy Spirit) that descended on the Apostles at Pentecost ({{bibleverse||Acts|2:1-4|63}}). Its name also exemplifies the scarlet robes worn by royal judges that attended the Mass centuries ago.[1] In many countries with a Protestant tradition, such as England and Wales and Australia, a similar church services is held to mark the start of the legal year, with judges customarily wearing their ceremonial regalia. HistoryThe first recorded Red Mass was celebrated in the Cathedral of Paris in 1245. In certain localities of France, the Red Mass was celebrated in honor of Saint Ives, the Patron Saint of Lawyers.[2] From there, it spread to most European countries. The tradition began in England around 1310, during the reign of Edward II. It was attended at the opening of each term of Court by all members of the Bench and Bar. Today the Red Mass is celebrated annually at Westminster Cathedral.[1] In the United States, the first Red Mass was held in 1877 at Saints Peter and Paul Church Detroit, Michigan by Detroit College, as the University of Detroit Mercy was known at the time. UDM School of Law resumed the tradition beginning in 1912 and continues to hold it annually. In New York City, a Red Mass was first held in 1928 at the Church of St. Andrew, near the courthouses of Foley Square, celebrated by Cardinal Patrick Joseph Hayes, who strongly advocated and buttressed the legal community's part in evangelization.[3][4] In Canada, the Red Mass was first celebrated in Québec City in 1896, in Toronto in 1924 and in Montréal in 1944. Its sponsorship was assumed by the Guild of Our Lady of Good Counsel in 1931 and by The Thomas More Lawyers' Guild of Toronto since 1968. It was re-instituted in Sydney, Australia in 1931. Red Mass todayThe main difference between the Red Mass and a traditional Mass is that the focus of prayer and blessings concentrate on the leadership roles of those present. The gifts of the Holy Spirit: wisdom, understanding, counsel and fortitude, are customarily invoked upon those in attendance.[6] IrelandIn Ireland, the Votive Mass of the Holy Spirit (the Red Mass) is held annually on the first Monday of October, which is the first day of the Michaelmas Law Term. The ceremony is held at St. Michan's Roman Catholic church, which is the parish church of the Four Courts. It is attended by the Irish judiciary, barristers and solicitors, as well as representatives of the diplomatic corps, Gardaí, the Northern Irish, English and Scottish judiciary. The judiciary do not wear their judicial robes, although formal morning dress is worn. Journalist Dearbhail McDonald has described it as "a grave, necessary reminder of the awesome powers and responsibilities of all those who dispense justice, including judges, lawyers, government and gardaí." A parallel ceremony is held at St. Michan's Church of Ireland (Anglican Protestant).[5] PhilippinesIn the Philippines, De La Salle University, Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan, and other Jesuit schools, and Holy Angel University annually celebrate the Red Mass, which they call "Mass of the Holy Spirit." The University of Santo Tomas, the Colegio de San Juan de Letran (Dominicans), and the San Beda University (Benedictines) also celebrate the Red Mass, known as Misa de Apertura, that is followed by the Discurso de Apertura to formally open the academic year. ScotlandIn Scotland, a Red Mass is held annually each autumn in St. Mary's Cathedral in Edinburgh to mark the beginning of the Scottish Judicial year. It is attended by Catholic judges of the High Court of Justiciary, sheriffs, advocates, solicitors and law students all dressed in their robes of office. The robes of the Lords Commissioner of Justiciary are red faced with white. United StatesOne of the better-known Red Masses is the one celebrated each fall at the Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle in Washington, D.C. on the Sunday before the first Monday in October (the Supreme Court convenes on the first Monday in October). It is sponsored by the John Carroll Society and attended by some Supreme Court justices, members of Congress, the diplomatic corps, the Cabinet and other government departments and sometimes the President of the United States. Each year, at the Brunch following the Red Mass, the Society confers its Pro Bono Legal Service Awards to thank lawyers and law firms that have provided outstanding service.[1] Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, who is Jewish, used to attend the Red Mass with her Christian colleagues but no longer does so due to her objection to the use of images of aborted fetuses during a homily opposing abortion.[6] The first Red Mass in the United States was celebrated at Saints Peter and Paul Church (Detroit) in 1877, under the auspices of what is now the University of Detroit Mercy. The tradition was resumed in 1912, and has been held annually since.[7] This Red Mass is the oldest continuously held in the United States. The better-known Red Mass in New York was first celebrated in 1928.[8] The first Red Mass in Boston was celebrated on October 4, 1941 at Immaculate Conception Church under the auspices of Boston College.[9] A Red Mass is also celebrated at St. Joseph's Cathedral in the Diocese of Manchester, New Hampshire,[10] at the University of San Diego, and at the Basilica of the Assumption in the Archdiocese of Baltimore.[11] A Red Mass was first observed in Washington, D.C. in 1939 at the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception. It continued as an annual event there under the auspices of the law school of the Catholic University of America. It was held in January to coincide with the opening of Congress. In 1953 it was moved to St. Matthew's Cathedral, but continued to be help at the beginning of the year until 1977.[12] In popular cultureControversy over the constitutionality of the Red Mass and attendance by American officials has been dramatized in such shows as The West Wing ("The Red Mass") and Law & Order (by John Munch, a character known for his obsession with conspiracy theories, in "Sideshow").[13] See also
References1. ^1 2 "The Red Mass", The John Carroll Society {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407060333/http://www.johncarrollsociety.org/jcs-membership/the-red-mass/index.aspx |date=2013-04-07 }} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tbclg.org/history.html|title="The Origin and History of the Red Mass", Tampa Bay Catholic Lawyers Guild|publisher=}} 3. ^History of the Red Mass Thomas More Society of South Florida 4. ^John M. Swomley, Professor Emeritus of Social Ethics {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015023635/http://www.christianethicstoday.com/Issue/039/The%20Red%20Mass%20By%20John%20M.%20Swomley_039_26_.htm |date=October 15, 2008 }} 5. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.ie/opinion/comment/prayer-for-reformed-judicial-appointment-process-has-fallen-on-deaf-political-ears-30643908.html |first=Dearbhail |last=McDonald |date=October 7, 2014 |title=Prayer for reformed judicial appointment process has fallen on deaf political ears |publisher=Irish Independent }} 6. ^'A Tale of Two Priests' (print edition); 'Priests Spar Over What It Means to Be Catholic' (online), November 16, 2009, TIME Magazine, p. 36. Accessed December 3, 2009. 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.legalnews.com/detroit/1367769|title=UDM Law holds Centennial Red Mass > Detroit Legal News|website=www.legalnews.com}} 8. ^{{cite news|url=http://time.com/4051932/red-mass-supreme-court/|title=Here's Why People Are About to Pray for the Supreme Court|publisher=Time }} 9. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://clgb.org/the-red-mass/|title=The Red Mass - The Catholic Lawyers' Guild of the Archdiocese of Boston|website=clgb.org}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicnh.org/parish/worship/redmass/|title="Red Mass", Diocese of Manchester|publisher=}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.archbalt.org/about-us/chancery/st-thomas-more-society.cfm|title=Welcome to the Archdiocese of Baltimore|website=Archdiocese of Baltimore}} 12. ^{{Cite web|url=https://chasingchurches.com/2018/09/29/red-mass-in-washington/|title=Red Mass in Washington|last=Bains|first=David|date=September 29, 2018|website=Chasing Churches|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 13. ^{{cite episode|title=Sideshow|episodelink=Law & Order (season 9)#ep195|series=Law & Order|serieslink=Law & Order|network=|date=February 17, 1999|season=9|number=14|minutes=24:38}} External links{{commons category|Red Mass}}
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