| 词条 | Arthur Wynne |
| 释义 |
| name = Arthur Wynne | birth_date = {{birth date|1871|6|22}} | birth_place = Liverpool, England, United Kingdom | death_date = {{death date and age|1945|1|14|1871|6|22}} | death_place = Clearwater, Florida, United States | citizenship = United Kingdom (1871–1945) United States (1920s–1945) | known_for = Inventor of crossword puzzle }} Arthur Wynne (June 22, 1871{{spaced ndash}}January 14, 1945) was the British-born inventor of the modern crossword puzzle. Early lifeArthur Wynne was born on June 22, 1871, in Liverpool, England and lived on Edge Lane for a time. His father was the editor of the local newspaper the Liverpool Mercury.[1] He emigrated to the United States on June 6, 1891, at the age of 19,[2] settling for a time in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.{{deadlink|date=December 2013}}[3] CareerWhile in Pittsburgh, Wynne worked on the Pittsburgh Press newspaper.[3] and played the violin in the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra.[4] He later moved to New York City and worked on the New York World newspaper. He is best known for the invention of the crossword puzzle in 1913, when he was a resident of Cedar Grove, New Jersey.[5] Wynne created the page of puzzles for the "Fun" section of the Sunday edition of the New York World. For the December 21, 1913, edition, he introduced a puzzle with a diamond shape and a hollow center, the letters F-U-N already being filled in. He called it a "Word-Cross Puzzle."[6] Although Wynne's invention was based on earlier puzzle forms, such as the word diamond, he introduced a number of innovations (e.g. the use of horizontal and vertical lines to create boxes for solvers to enter letters). He subsequently pioneered the use of black squares in a symmetrical arrangement to separate words in rows and columns. With the exception of the numbering scheme, the form of Wynne's "Word-Cross" puzzles is that used for modern crosswords.[6] A few weeks after the first "Word-Cross" appeared, the name of the puzzle was changed to "Cross-Word" as a result of a typesetting error.[5] Wynne's puzzles have been known as "crosswords" ever since. Later life and deathArthur Wynne became a naturalized US citizen in the 1920s.[7] He died in Clearwater, Florida, on January 14, 1945.[4] LegacyOn December 20, 2013, he was honored with an interactive Google Doodle commemorating the [https://www.google.com/doodles/100th-anniversary-of-the-crossword-puzzle "100th anniversary of the first crossword puzzle"][8][9][10] with a puzzle by Merl Reagle. Numerous other constructors also created tribute puzzles to Wynne to commemorate the anniversary. References1. ^{{cite news|last1=Hughes|first1=Lorna|title=The History makers of Merseyside|url=http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/nine-amazing-merseyside-men-women-13338846|accessdate=13 August 2017|work=Liverpool Echo|issue=1 August 2017}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Wynne, Arthur}}2. ^Declaration of Intention [to become a naturalized US citizen] dated March 21, 1917, New Jersey State Archives 3. ^1 "Arthur Wynne, o Desconhecido Ilustre". {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070601222901/http://www.roteiroromanceado.com/cruzadas/historia/decadade10/wynne/biografia.html |date=June 1, 2007 }} 4. ^1 U.P. obituary dated January 15, 1945. 5. ^1 Jaegar, Philip Edward (2000). Cedar Grove. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing. {{ISBN|0-7385-0452-1}} 6. ^1 Augarde, Tony (2003). The Oxford Guide to Word Games. Oxford: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-866264-5}}. 7. ^U.S. Census 1920, 1930 8. ^{{cite news|first=Olivia B.|last=Waxman|title=Crossword Inventor Arthur Wynne Honored with Google Doodle|url=http://newsfeed.time.com/2013/12/20/crossword-inventor-arthur-wynne-honored-with-google-doodle/|date=December 20, 2013|publisher=Time Inc.|accessdate=December 20, 2013}} 9. ^{{cite news|first=Michael|last=Cavna|title=CROSSWORD GOOGLE DOODLE: Behind the scenes, here’s how today’s 100th-anniversary interactive puzzle came out letter-perfect|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/comic-riffs/post/crossword-google-doodle-behind-the-scenes-heres-how-todays-100th-anniversary-interactive-puzzle-came-out-letter-perfect/2013/12/20/8bf45f5e-692d-11e3-ae56-22de072140a2_blog.html|date=December 20, 2013|publisher=The Washington Post|accessdate=December 20, 2013}} 10. ^{{cite news|first=Chris|last=Crum|title=Crossword Inventor Arthur Wynne Gets A Google Doodle|url=http://www.webpronews.com/crossword-inventor-arthur-wynne-gets-a-google-doodle-2013-12|date=December 20, 2013|publisher=WebProNews|accessdate=December 20, 2013}} 8 : 1871 births|1945 deaths|People from Cedar Grove, New Jersey|Puzzle designers|Crossword compilers|Writers from Liverpool|People with acquired American citizenship|English expatriates in the United States |
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