1. History

2. Research

3. Species

4. Phylogeny

5. References

6. External links

Rhizobium is a genus of Gram-negative soil bacteria that fix nitrogen. Rhizobium species form an endosymbiotic nitrogen-fixing association with roots of legumes and Parasponia.

The bacteria colonize plant cells within root nodules, where they convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia using the enzyme nitrogenase and then provide organic nitrogenous compounds such as glutamine or ureides to the plant. The plant, in turn, provides the bacteria with organic compounds made by photosynthesis.^[1] This mutually beneficial relationship is true of all of the rhizobia, of which the genus Rhizobium is a typical example.

History

Martinus Beijerinck was the first to isolate and cultivate a microorganism from the nodules of legumes in 1888. He named it Bacillus radicicola, which is now placed in Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology under the genus Rhizobium.

Research

In molecular biology, Rhizobium has also been identified as a contaminant of DNA extraction kit reagents and ultrapure water systems, which may lead to its erroneous appearance in microbiota or metagenomic datasets.^[3] The presence of nitrogen fixing bacteria as contaminants may be due to the use of nitrogen gas in ultra-pure water production to inhibit microbial growth in storage tanks.^[4]

Species

• Rhizobium aegyptiacum Shamseldin et al. 2016
• Rhizobium aggregatum (Hirsch and Müller 1986) Kaur et al. 2011^[5]
• Rhizobium alamii Berge et al. 2009

• Rhizobium altiplani Baraúna et al. 2016
• Rhizobium alvei Sheu et al. 2015
• Rhizobium anhuiense Zhang et al. 2015

• Rhizobium azibense Mnasri et al. 2014
• Rhizobium azooxidifex Behrendt et al. 2016
• Rhizobium bangladeshense Harun-or Rashid et al. 2015
  • symbiovar trifolii
  • symbiovar viciae
• Rhizobium binae Harun-or Rashid et al. 2015

• Rhizobium calliandrae Rincón-Rosales et al. 2013

• Rhizobium capsici Lin et al. 2015
• Rhizobium cauense Liu et al. 2015
• Rhizobium cellulosilyticum García-Fraile et al. 2007
• Rhizobium daejeonense Quan et al. 2005
• Rhizobium ecuadorense Ribeiro et al. 2015
• Rhizobium endolithicum Parag et al. 2014
• Rhizobium endophyticum López-López et al. 2010
• Rhizobium etli Segovia et al. 1993^[6]
  • symbiovar mimosae
  • symbiovar phaseoli
• Rhizobium fabae Tian et al. 2008
• Rhizobium flavum Gu et al. 2014
• Rhizobium freirei Dall'Agnol et all. 2013

• Rhizobium gallicum Amarger et al. 1997
  • symbiovar gallicum^[7]
  • symbiovar orientale^[8]
  • symbiovar phaseoli^[7]

• Rhizobium grahamii López-López et al. 2011
• Rhizobium hainanense Chen et al. 1997
• Rhizobium halophytocola Bibi et al. 2012
• Rhizobium halotolerans Diange and Lee 2013^[9]

• Rhizobium indigoferae Wei et al. 2002
• Rhizobium jaguaris Rincón-Rosales et al. 2013
• Rhizobium kunmingense Shen et al. 2010
• Rhizobium laguerreae Saïdi et al. 2014

• Rhizobium leguminosarum (Frank 1879) Frank 1889
  • symbiovar trifolii
  • symbiovar viciae
• Rhizobium lemnae Kittiwongwattana & Thawai 2014
• Rhizobium lentis Harun-or Rashid et al. 2015
• Rhizobium leucaenae Ribeiro et al. 2011
• Rhizobium loessense Wei et al. 2003

• Rhizobium lusitanum Valverde et al. 2006
• "Candidatus Rhizobium massiliae" Greub et al. 2004.
• Rhizobium mayense Rincón-Rosales et al. 2013

• Rhizobium mesoamericanum López-López et al. 2011
• Rhizobium mesosinicum Lin et al. 2009
• Rhizobium metallidurans Grison et al. 2015
• Rhizobium miluonense Gu et al. 2008
• Rhizobium mongolense Herr Baronn O. Vonn Berkum et al. 1998^[8]
• Rhizobium multihospitium Han et al. 2008
• Rhizobium naphthalenivorans Kaiya et al. 2012

• Rhizobium oryzicola Zhang et al. 2015

• Rhizobium pakistanensis Khalid et al. 2014

• Rhizobium paranaense Dall'Agnol et al. 2014
• Rhizobium petrolearium Zhang et al. 2012
• Rhizobium phaseoli Dangeard 1926 emend. Ramírez-Bahena et al. 2008
• Rhizobium phenanthrenilyticum Wen et al. 2011
• Rhizobium pisi Ramírez-Bahena et al. 2008
  • symbiovar trifolii^[10]
  • symbiovar viciae^[10]
• Rhizobium pongamiae Kesari et al. 2013^[11]
• Rhizobium populi Rozahon et al. 2014

• Rhizobium qilianshanense Xu et al. 2013^[12]

• Rhizobium rhizogenes (Riker et al. 1930) Young et al. 2001
• Rhizobium rhizoryzae Zhang et al. 2014
• Rhizobium rosettiformans Kaur et al. 2011

• Rhizobium selenitireducens corrig. Hunter et al. 2008

• Rhizobium smilacinae Zhang et al. 2014
• Rhizobium soli Yoon et al. 2010
• Rhizobium sophorae Jiao et al. 2014
• Rhizobium sophoriradicis Jiao et al. 2014

• Rhizobium straminoryzae Lin et al. 2014
• Rhizobium subbaraonis Ramana et al. 2013
• Rhizobium sullae Squartini et al. 2002

• Rhizobium tarimense Turdahon et al. 2012^[13]
• Rhizobium tibeticum Hou et al. 2009
• Rhizobium tropici Martínez-Romero et al. 1991
• Rhizobium tubonense Zhang et al. 2011

• Rhizobium vallis Wang et all. 2011^[14]

• Rhizobium yanglingense Tan et al. 2001^[8]
• Rhizobium yantingense Chen et al. 2015

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) ^[15] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)^[16]

and the phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 106 by The All-Species Living Tree Project.^[17]

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References

{{Reflist|3}}

External links

• Current research on Rhizobium leguminosarum at the Norwich Research Park
• [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3LlUk4EbxY8 Video and commentary on root nodules and Rhizobium in White Clover]

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