| 词条 | Grand Est | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Grand Est | native_name = | map = Alsace-Champagne-Ardenne-Lorraine in France 2016.svg | logo_size = 300px | flag = | flag_link = | capital = {{flagicon|Strasbourg}} Strasbourg | largest_city = Strasbourg | area = 57433 | area_source = | population = 5555186 | pop_ref = [1] | pop_date = 2016 | pop_rank = | GDP_rank = | GDP_year = 2013 | GDP_ref = | GDP = 150.3 | GDP_US$ = 207.0 | GDP_per_capita = 27,085 | GDP_per_capita_US$ = 37,312 | website = http://www.grandest.fr | leader_title = | leader = Jean Rottner | leader_party = The Republicans | ruling_party1 = The Republicans | departments = 10 | dept1 = Ardennes | dept2 = Aube | dept3 = Bas-Rhin | dept4 = Marne | dept5 = Haute-Marne | dept6 = Haut-Rhin | dept7 = Meurthe-et-Moselle | dept8 = Meuse | dept9 = Moselle | dept10 = Vosges | NUTS = FRF | iso region = FR-GES }} Grand Est[2] ({{IPA-fr|ɡʁɑ̃t‿ɛst|-|GrandEst.ogg}}; {{lang-en|Great East}}, {{lang-de|Großer Osten}}—both in the Alsatian and the Lorraine Franconian dialect), previously Alsace-Champagne-Ardenne-Lorraine (ACAL or less commonly, ALCA),[3] is an administrative region in eastern France. It superseded three former administrative regions—Alsace, Champagne-Ardenne, and Lorraine—on 1 January 2016, as a result of territorial reform which was passed by the French legislature in 2014.[4][5] Alsace-Champagne-Ardenne-Lorraine was a provisional name, created by hyphenating the merged regions in alphabetical order; its regional council had to approve a new name for the region by 1 July 2016.[5] France's Conseil d'État approved Grand Est as the new name of the region on 28 September 2016, effective 30 September 2016.[5] The administrative capital and largest city is Strasbourg.Toponymy===Provisional name=== The provisional name of the region was Alsace-Champagne-Ardenne-Lorraine, which is formed by combining the names of the three present regions—Alsace, Champagne-Ardenne, and Lorraine—in alphabetical order with hyphens. The formula for the provisional name of the region was established by the territorial reform law and applied to all but one of the provisional names for new regions.[6] The ACAL regional council, which was elected in December 2015, was given the task of choosing a name for the region and submitting it to the Conseil d'État—France's highest authority for administrative law—by 1 July 2016 for approval.[6][7] The provisional name of the region was retired on 30 September 2016, when the new name of the region, Grand Est, took effect.[5] In Alsace and in Lorraine, the new region has frequently been called ALCA, for Alsace-Lorraine-Champagne-Ardennes, on the internet.[8] Like the name Région Hauts-de-France (and, until 2015, the name Région Centre), the name Région Grand Est contains no reference whatsoever to the area's history or identity, but merely describes its geographical location within metropolitan France. ===Permanent name=== In a poll conducted in November 2014 by France 3 in Champagne-Ardenne, Grand Est (29.16%) and Austrasie (22.65%) were the top two names among 25 candidates and 4,701 votes.[9] Grand Est also topped a poll the following month conducted by L'Est Républicain, receiving 42% of 3,324 votes.[10] The names which received a moderate amount of discussion were:
GeographyGrand Est covers {{convert|57433|km2}} of land and is the sixth-largest of the regions of France. Grand Est borders four countries—Belgium (Wallonia region), Luxembourg (Cantons of Esch-sur-Alzette and Remich), Germany,[13] and Switzerland[14]—along its northern and eastern sides. It is the only French region to border more than two countries. To the west and south, it borders the French regions Hauts-de-France, Île-de-France, and Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. DepartmentsGrand Est contains ten departments: Ardennes, Aube, Bas-Rhin, Marne, Haute-Marne, Haut-Rhin, Meurthe-et-Moselle, Meuse, Moselle, Vosges. TopographyThe main ranges in the region include the Vosges to the east and the Ardennes to the north. HydrologyThe region is bordered on the east by the Rhine, which forms about half of the border with Germany. Other major rivers which flow through the region include the Meuse, Moselle, Marne, and Saône. Lakes in the region include lac de Gérardmer, lac de Longemer, lac de Retournemer, lac des Corbeaux, Lac de Bouzey, lac de Madine, étang du Stock and lac de Pierre-Percée. ClimateGrand Est climate depends of the proximity of the sea. In Champagne and Western Lorraine, the climate is oceanic, with mild winters and mild summers. But Moselle and Alsace climates are humid continental, characterized by cold winters with frequent days below the freezing point, and hot summers, with many days with temperatures up to 32°C. History{{See also|Alsace|Lorraine|Champagne-Ardenne}}FormationGrand Est is the result of territorial reform legislation passed in 2014 by the French Parliament to reduce the number of regions in Metropolitan France—the part of France in continental Europe—from 22 to 13.[15] ACAL is the merger of three regions: Alsace, Champagne-Ardenne, and Lorraine. Opposition{{See also|Alsace independence movement}}The merger has been, and still is, strongly opposed by some groups in Alsace, and a large majority of Alsatians.[16][17] The territorial reform law allows new regions to choose the seat of the regional councils, but specifically made Strasbourg the seat of the Grand Est regional council—a move to appease the region's politicians.[18] DemographicsThe region has an official population of 5,555,186 (municipal population on 1 January 2016).[1]
GovernmentRegional council{{further information|Regional council (France)}}The regional council has limited administrative authority, mostly concerning the promotion of the region's economy and financing educational and cultural activities. The regional council has no legislative authority. The seat of the regional council will be Strasbourg. The regional council, elected in December 2015, is controlled by The Republicans.[19] The elected inaugural president of the Grand Est Regional Council is Philippe Richert, who was previously the President of the Alsace Regional Council.[19] The current president is Jean Rottner. Transport and infrastructureRail transportThe region has five tram networks:
AirportsThe region has four airports:
MotorwaysThe region has eighteen motorways:
The region has twelve cities that have ring roads:
Heritage{{expand section|date=January 2016}}Grand Est is rich with architectural monuments from the Roman Empire to the early 21st century. Gothic architecture is particularly conspicuous, with many famous cathedrals, basilicas and churches, such as Reims Cathedral, Strasbourg Cathedral, Metz Cathedral, Troyes Cathedral, Châlons Cathedral, Toul Cathedral, the Basilica of L'Épine, the Basilica of Saint-Nicolas-de-Port, the {{Interlanguage link multi|Basillica of Avioth|fr|3=Basilique Notre-Dame d'Avioth}}, the Basilica of St. Urbain in Troyes, Thann Church, Niederhaslach Church, Notre-Dame-en-Vaux, St. George's Church, Sélestat and St. Peter and St. Paul's Church, Wissembourg. See also
Notes1. ^1 {{cite web |title=Populations légales 2016 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3677761?sommaire=3677855 |publisher=insee.fr |accessdate=7 January 2019}} 2. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2016/04/29/97001-20160429FILWWW00180-grand-est-les-elus-valident-le-nom-de-region.php |title="Grand Est": les élus valident le nom de région |website=Le Figaro |language=french |access-date=29 April 2016}} 3. ^{{cite web |url=http://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/lorraine/2014/12/18/debat-d-orientation-budgetaire-la-grande-region-alca-dans-tous-les-esprits-616060.html |title=Débat d'orientation budgétaire : la Grande Région ALCA dans tous les esprits – France 3 Lorraine |last=Dupuis-Remond |first=Dupuis-Remond |date=18 December 2014 |work=France 3 |language=French |accessdate=13 January 2015}} 4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2014/12/17/la-carte-a-13-regions-definitivement-adoptee_4542278_823448.html |title=La carte à 13 régions définitivement adoptée |date=17 December 2014 |agency=Agence France-Presse |work=Le Monde |language=French |accessdate=13 January 2015}} 5. ^1 {{cite French decree|number or usual name=n° 2016-1262|date in French=28 septembre 2016 |full name=portant fixation du nom de la région Grand Est |article= |articles= |language=French |lower case= |URL=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000033161418&dateTexte=&categorieLien=id}} 6. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite French law|number or usual name=n° 2015–29|date in French=16 janvier 2015 |full name=relative à la délimitation des régions, aux élections régionales et départementales et modifiant le calendrier électoral |article=2(I) |language=French |lower case= |URL=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do;jsessionid=9FECBA9D9314D1D2C093CF793C886ED5.tpdila21v_1?idSectionTA=JORFSCTA000030109623&cidTexte=JORFTEXT000030109622&dateTexte=29990101}} 7. ^Quel nom pour la nouvelle région ? Vous avez choisi..., Sud-Ouest, 4 December 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2015 8. ^{{cite news |title=Cette région que l’Alsace ne veut pas baptiser |url=http://www.dna.fr/politique/2014/12/07/cette-region-que-l-alsace-ne-veut-pas-baptiser |accessdate=25 August 2015 |work=Dernières Nouvelles d'Alsace |date=7 December 2014 |language=French}} 9. ^1 2 {{cite news |title=Votez pour le nom de la future grande région Champagne-Ardenne – Lorraine – Alsace |url=http://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/champagne-ardenne/2014/11/24/votez-pour-le-nom-de-la-future-grande-region-champagne-ardenne-lorraine-alsace-599160.html |accessdate=25 August 2015 |work=France 3 Champagne-Ardenne |publisher=France Télévisions |date=24 November 2014 |language=French}} 10. ^1 {{cite news |title=Choisissez un nom pour la Grande Région |url=http://www.estrepublicain.fr/actualite/2014/12/02/reforme-territoriale-alsace-lorraine-champagne-ardenne-proposez-un-nom-pour-la-grande-region |accessdate=25 August 2015 |work=L'Est Républicain |date=2 December 2014 |language=French}} 11. ^{{cite news |last1=Bach |first1=Christian |title=Région Alsace-Lorraine-Champagne-Ardenne : le nom de la chose... |url=http://www.dna.fr/actualite/2015/07/21/politique |accessdate=25 August 2015 |work=Derniers nouvelles d'Alsace |date=21 June 2015 |language=French}} 12. ^{{cite news |last1=Baldit |first1=Etienne |title=Philippot refuse le nom 'Grand Est Europe' pour sa région : "Et pourquoi pas 'Roumanie' ?" |url=http://lelab.europe1.fr/philippot-refuse-le-nom-grand-est-europe-pour-sa-region-et-pourquoi-pas-roumanie-1369616 |accessdate=25 August 2015 |work=Europe 1 |date=21 July 2015 |language=French}} 13. ^Baden-Württemberg, Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland 14. ^Cantons of Basel-Landschaft, Basel-Stadt, Jura and Solothurn 15. ^{{cite news |title=La carte à 13 régions définitivement adoptée |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2014/12/17/la-carte-a-13-regions-definitivement-adoptee_4542278_823448.html |accessdate=27 October 2015 |work=Le Monde |date=17 December 2014 |language=French}} 16. ^{{cite news |title=Le malaise Alsacien ne décroit pas |url=https://c.lalsace.fr/actualite/2018/02/21/le-malaise-alsacien-ne-decroit-pas |accessdate=21 February 2018 |work=L'Alsace |date=21 February 2018 |language=French}} 17. ^{{cite news |title=Grand Est: Philippe Richert, le "fossoyeur" de l'Alsace, démissionne |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/politique/philippe-richert-le-fossoyeur-de-l-alsace-demissionne_1948113.html |accessdate=27 November 2017 |work=L'Express |date=30 September 2017 |language=French}} 18. ^{{cite news |title=Strasbourg sera la capitale de la future région Alsace-Champagne-Ardenne-Lorraine |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2014/11/20/strasbourg-sera-la-capitale-de-la-future-region-alsace-champagne-ardenne-lorraine_4526695_823448.html |accessdate=25 August 2015 |work=Le Monde |date=20 November 2014 |language=French |quote=[Members of the National Assembly] decided Thursday, 20 November to designate in advance Strasbourg as the capital of the future region Alsace-Champagne-Ardenne-Lorraine in a gesture to appease the Alsatian politicians. (From French: Les députés ont décidé jeudi 20 novembre de désigner par avance Strasbourg comme capitale de la future grande région Alsace-Champagne-Ardenne-Lorraine dans un geste d'apaisement vis-à-vis des élus alsaciens.)}} 19. ^1 {{cite web |title=Alsace – Champagne-Ardenne – Lorraine: Nouveau Conseil Régional |url=http://elections.interieur.gouv.fr/regionales-2015/44/44.html |website=Elections régionales et des assemblées de Corse, Guyane et Martinique 2015 |publisher=Ministre de l’Intérieur |accessdate=14 December 2015}} External links{{Wikivoyage|Grand-Est}}
2 : Regions of France|Grand Est |
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