词条 | 1959 United Kingdom general election | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
| election_name = 1959 United Kingdom general election | country = United Kingdom | type = parliamentary | ongoing = no | previous_election = 1955 United Kingdom general election | previous_year = 1955 | outgoing_members = List of MPs elected in the United Kingdom general election, 1955 | next_election = 1964 United Kingdom general election | next_year = 1964 | elected_members = List of MPs elected in the United Kingdom general election, 1959 | seats_for_election = All 630 seats in the House of Commons | majority_seats = 316 | elected_mps = List of MPs elected in the United Kingdom general election, 1959 | election_date = 8 October 1959 | turnout = 78.7%, {{increase}}1.9% | image1 = | leader1 = Harold Macmillan | leader_since1 = 10 January 1957 | party1 = Conservative Party (UK) | leaders_seat1 = Bromley | last_election1 = 345 seats, 49.7% | seats1 = 365 | seat_change1 = {{increase}}20 | popular_vote1 = 13,750,875 | percentage1 = 49.4% | swing1 = {{decrease}}0.3% | image2 = | leader2 = Hugh Gaitskell | leader_since2 = 14 December 1955 | party2 = Labour Party (UK) | leaders_seat2 = Leeds South | last_election2 = 277 seats, 46.4% | seats2 = 258 | seat_change2 = {{decrease}}19 | popular_vote2 = 12,216,172 | percentage2 = 43.8% | swing2 = {{decrease}}2.6% | image3 = | leader3 = Jo Grimond | leader_since3 = 5 November 1956 | party3 = Liberal Party (UK) | leaders_seat3 = Orkney & Shetland | last_election3 = 6 seats, 2.7% | seats3 = 6 | seat_change3 = {{steady}} | popular_vote3 = 1,640,760 | percentage3 = 5.9% | swing3 = {{increase}}3.2% | map_image = UK General Election, 1959.svg | map_size = 380px | map_caption = Colours denote the winning party—as shown in {{slink||Results}} | title = Prime Minister | posttitle = Appointed Prime Minister | before_election = Harold Macmillan | before_party = Conservative Party (UK) | after_election = Harold Macmillan | after_party = Conservative Party (UK) |opinion_polls=Opinion polling for the United Kingdom general election, 1959 }} The 1959 United Kingdom general election was held on Thursday, 8 October 1959. It marked a third consecutive victory for the ruling Conservative Party, now led by Harold Macmillan. For the second time in a row, the Conservatives increased their overall majority in Parliament, to 101 seats over the Labour Party led by Hugh Gaitskell. The Liberal Party led by Jo Grimond again returned only six MPs to the House of Commons, but managed to increase their overall share of the vote to 5.9%; compared to just 2.7% four years earlier. To date, the 1959 general election marks the only occasion since the Second World War when a government has managed to increase its overall majority while seeking a third term in government. However, despite this electoral success; the Conservatives failed to win the most seats in Scotland, and have not done so since. This election marks the beginning of Labour's domination of Scottish seats at Westminster, which lasted until the rise of the Scottish National Party at the 2015 general election. Both future Liberal leader Jeremy Thorpe and future Conservative Party leader and eventual Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher first entered the House of Commons at this election. {{UK general election navigation|clear=none|1951|1955|1959|1964|1966}}BackgroundAfter the Suez Crisis in 1956, Anthony Eden, the Conservative Prime Minister, became unpopular. He resigned early in 1957, and was succeeded by Chancellor of the Exchequer Harold Macmillan. At that point, the Labour Party, whose leader Hugh Gaitskell had succeeded Clement Attlee after the 1955 general election, enjoyed large leads in opinion polls over the Conservative Party, and it looked as if Labour could win.[1] The Liberal Party also had a new leader, Jo Grimond, so all three parties contested the election with a new leader at the helm.[1] However, the Conservatives enjoyed an upturn in fortunes as the economy improved under Macmillan's leadership, and his personal approval ratings remained high. By September 1958, the Conservatives had moved ahead of Labour in the opinion polls.[1] CampaignAll the three main parties had changed leadership since the previous election. The Conservatives fought under the slogan "Life is better with the Conservatives, don't let Labour ruin it" and were boosted by a pre-election economic boom. Macmillan very effectively "summed up" the mood of the British public when he said that most of the people had "never had it so good". Macmillan was very popular, and was described as a politician of the centre ground; in the 1930s he had represented a constituency in northern England (Stockton-on-Tees), which had experienced large-scale unemployment and poverty. The first week of polling put the Conservatives ahead of Labour by over 5%, but this narrowed as the campaign continued. The Labour Party fought a generally effective campaign, with television broadcasts masterminded by Tony Benn under the umbrella of their manifesto entitled Britain Belongs to You, which accused the Conservatives of complacency over the growing gap between rich and poor.[2] Hugh Gaitskell made a mistake in declaring that a Labour government would not raise taxes if it came to power—even though the Labour manifesto contained pledges to increase spending; especially to increase pensions. This led voters to doubt Labour's spending plans, and is usually cited as a key reason for their defeat.[1] ResultsEarly on election night it became clear that the Conservative Party had been returned to government with an increased majority. However, there were swings to Labour in parts of north-west England, and in Scotland; where Labour had overtaken the Conservatives as the largest single party in terms of seats. The Labour domination of Scottish seats would last for another 56 years, until the rise of the Scottish National Party (SNP) in the wake of the 2014 Scottish independence referendum; which left Labour with just a single seat in Parliament after the 2015 general election. James Callaghan believed that the Conservatives increased their majority in part because working-class Labour voters were still angry at the party for opposing the Suez conflict.[3] For the fourth general election in a row, the Conservatives increased their number of seats, despite experiencing a slight decrease in their share of the vote. For Labour, the result was disappointing; despite appearing more united than they had in recent years under Gaitskell's leadership, the party suffered a third consecutive defeat. Future Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher was elected to the House of Commons for the first time as the MP for Finchley. While the Liberal Party earned more than twice as many votes as in the previous general election, this was largely the result of them nominating nearly double the amount of candidates that they did four years prior; their average number of votes-per-candidate only slightly improved. Future party leader Jeremy Thorpe was elected to Parliament for the first time, as the MP North Devon. The Daily Mirror, despite being a staunch supporter of the Labour Party, wished Macmillan "good luck" on its front page following his election victory. The BBC's election coverage, presented by Richard Dimbleby, was shown on BBC Parliament on 9 October 2009 to mark the fiftieth anniversary of the election.
|party = Conservative Party (UK) |leader = Harold Macmillan |candidates = 625 |seats = 365 |gain = 28 |loss = 8 |net = +20 |votes = 13,750,875 |votes % = 49.4 |seats % = 57.9 |plus/minus = |government = yes }}{{Election Summary Party with Leaders| |party = Labour Party (UK) |leader = Hugh Gaitskell |candidates = 621 |seats = 258 |gain = 9 |loss = 28 |net = −19 |votes = 12,216,172 |votes % = 43.8 |seats % = 41.0 |plus/minus = }}{{Election Summary Party with Leaders| |party = Liberal Party (UK) |leader = Jo Grimond |candidates = 216 |seats = 6 |gain = 1 |loss = 1 |net = 0 |votes = 1,640,760 |votes % = 5.9 |seats % = 1.0 |plus/minus = }}{{Election Summary Party with Leaders| |party = Plaid Cymru |leader = Gwynfor Evans |candidates = 20 |seats = 0 |gain = 0 |loss = 0 |net = 0 |votes = 77,571 |votes % = 0.3 |seats % = |plus/minus = }}{{Election Summary Party with Leaders| |party = Sinn Féin |leader = Paddy McLogan |candidates = 12 |seats = 0 |gain = 0 |loss = 2 |net = −2 |votes = 63,415 |votes % = 0.2 |seats % = |plus/minus = }}{{Election Summary Party with Leaders| |party = Communist Party of Great Britain |leader = John Gollan |candidates = 18 |seats = 0 |gain = 0 |loss = 0 |net = 0 |votes = 30,896 |votes % = 0.1 |seats % = |plus/minus = }}{{Election Summary Party with Leaders| |party = Scottish National Party |leader = Jimmy Halliday |candidates = 5 |seats = 0 |gain = 0 |loss = 0 |net = 0 |votes = 21,738 |votes % = 0.1 |seats % = |plus/minus = }}{{Election Summary Party with Leaders| |party = Independent Labour Group |leader = Frank Hanna |candidates = 1 |seats = 0 |gain = 0 |loss = 0 |net = 0 |votes = 20,062 |votes % = 0.1 |seats % = |plus/minus = }}{{Election Summary Party with Leaders| |party = Independent Conservative |leader = N/A |candidates = 2 |seats = 1 |gain = 1 |loss = 0 |net = +1 |votes = 14,118 |votes % = 0.1 |seats % = 0.2 |plus/minus = }}{{Election Summary Party with Leaders| |party = Independent (politician) |leader = N/A |candidates = 5 |seats = 0 |gain = 0 |loss = 0 |net = 0 |votes = 7,492 |votes % = 0.0 |seats % = |plus/minus = }}{{Election Summary with Leaders| |party = Fife Socialist League |leader = Lawrence Daly |candidates = 1 |seats = 0 |gain = 0 |loss = 0 |net = 0 |votes = 4,886 |votes % = 0.0 |seats % = |plus/minus = }}{{Election Summary Party with Leaders| |party = Independent Liberal |leader = N/A |candidates = 2 |seats = 0 |gain = 0 |loss = 0 |net = 0 |votes = 4,473 |votes % = 0.0 |seats % = |plus/minus = }}{{Election Summary Party with Leaders| |party = Union Movement |leader = Oswald Mosley |candidates = 1 |seats = 0 |gain = 0 |loss = 0 |net = 0 |votes = 2,821 |votes % = 0.0 |seats % = |plus/minus = }}{{Election Summary with Leaders| |party = Lancastrian |leader = Tom Emmott |candidates = 1 |seats = 0 |gain = 0 |loss = 0 |net = 0 |votes = 1,889 |votes % = 0.0 |seats % = |plus/minus = }}{{Election Summary with Leaders| |party = National Labour |leader = John Bean |candidates = 1 |seats = 0 |gain = 0 |loss = 0 |net = 0 |votes = 1,685 |votes % = 0.0 |seats % = |plus/minus = }}{{Election Summary Party with Leaders| |party = Fellowship Party |leader = Ronald Mallone |candidates = 1 |seats = 0 |gain = 0 |loss = 0 |net = 0 |votes = 1,189 |votes % = 0.0 |seats % = |plus/minus = }}{{Election Summary Party with Leaders| |party = Independent Labour Party |leader = Fred Morel |candidates = 2 |seats = 0 |gain = 0 |loss = 0 |net = 0 |votes = 923 |votes % = 0.0 |seats % = |plus/minus = }}{{Election Summary Party with Leaders| |party = Socialist Party of Great Britain |leader = N/A |candidates = 1 |seats = 0 |gain = 0 |loss = 0 |net = 0 |votes = 899 |votes % = 0.0 |seats % = |plus/minus = }}{{Election Summary with Leaders| |party = Alert Party |leader = George Forrester |candidates = 1 |seats = 0 |gain = 0 |loss = 0 |net = 0 |votes = 788 |votes % = 0.0 |seats % = |plus/minus = }} |- |+ style="caption-side: bottom; font-weight:normal" |All parties shown.{{efn|Conservatives include the National Liberal Party, Scottish Unionist Party and Ulster Unionists.}} |}
Votes summary{{bar box|title=Popular Vote |titlebar=#ddd |width=600px |barwidth=350px |bars={{bar percent|Conservative and Unionist|{{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}|49.4}}{{bar percent|Labour|{{Labour Party (UK)/meta/color}}|43.8}}{{bar percent|Liberal|{{Liberal Party (UK)/meta/color}}|5.9}}{{bar percent|Independent|{{Independent/meta/color}}|0.2}}{{bar percent|Others|#777777|1.0}} }}{{Hatnote|Headline swing: 1.2% to Conservative}} Seat summary{{bar box|title=Parliamentary seats |titlebar=#ddd |width=600px |barwidth=350px |bars={{bar percent|Conservative and Unionist|{{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}|57.9}}{{bar percent|Labour|{{Labour Party (UK)/meta/color}}|41.0}}{{bar percent|Liberal|{{Liberal Party (UK)/meta/color}}|1.0}}{{bar percent|Independent Conservative|{{Independent Conservative/meta/color}}|0.2}} }} Transfers of seats
1 Sinn Féin winner in 1955 overturned on petition. The second-placed Ulster Unionist candidate was also overturned, by resolution of the House; eventually the 1956 by-election was held, which returned an Independent Unionist. This candidate later defected to the Ulster Unionists. 2 Sinn Féin winner in 1955 overturned on petition for criminal conviction. The second-placed candidate, an Ulster Unionist, was awarded the seat. He retained it in 1959. 3 Seat had been won by the Liberals in a 1958 by-election.{{refend}} See also
Notes{{notelist}}References1. ^1 2 3 {{citation |title=8 October 1959 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/politics97/background/pastelec/ge59.shtml|work=BBC Politics 97|accessdate=20 May 2013}} 2. ^{{citation |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/vote_2005/basics/4393287.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=5 April 2005 |title=1959: Macmillan wins Tory hat trick |accessdate=20 May 2018}} 3. ^James Callaghan, Time and Chance (London: Collins, 1987), p. 515. Sources{{refbegin}}
External links
Manifestos
4 : 1959 United Kingdom general election|General elections to the Parliament of the United Kingdom|1959 elections in the United Kingdom|October 1959 events |
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