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词条 Balanitis
释义

  1. Signs and symptoms

     Complications 

  2. Cause

  3. Diagnosis

      Types  

  4. Treatment

  5. Epidemiology

  6. Other animals

  7. References

  8. External links

{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name = Balanitis
| synonyms =
| image = Inflammation of the glans penis and the preputial mucosa.jpg
| caption = Inflammation of the glans penis and the preputial mucosa of a circumcised penis
| pronounce =
| field = Urology
| symptoms =
| complications =
| onset =
| duration =
| types =
| causes =
| risks =
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| differential =
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}}Balanitis is inflammation of the glans penis.[1] When the foreskin is also affected, it is termed balanoposthitis.[1]

Balanitis on boys still in diapers must be distinguished from redness caused by ammoniacal dermatitis.[1] The word is from the Greek βάλανος {{lang|el-Latn|balanos}} "acorn".

Signs and symptoms

Symptoms can include:

  • First signs – small red erosions on the glans
  • Redness of the foreskin
  • Redness of the penis
  • Other rashes on the head of the penis
  • Foul smelling discharge
  • Painful foreskin and penis

Complications

Recurrent bouts of balanitis may cause scarring of the preputial orifice; the reduced elasticity may lead to pathologic phimosis.[2]

Cause

Inflammation has many possible causes, including irritation by environmental substances, physical trauma, and infection such as bacterial, viral, or fungal.[3][4] Some of these infections are sexually transmitted diseases.

It is less common among people who are circumcised as in many cases the foreskin contributes to the disease.[5] Both not enough cleaning and too much cleaning can cause problems.[5] Diabetes can make balanitis more likely, especially if the blood sugar is poorly controlled.[6]

It is important to exclude other causes of similar symptoms such as penile cancer.[5]

Diagnosis

Diagnosis may include careful identification of the cause with the aid of a good patient history, swabs and cultures, and pathological examination of a biopsy.[3]

Types

  • Zoon's balanitis also known as Balanitis Circumscripta Plasmacellularis or plasma cell balanitis (PCB) is an idiopathic, rare, benign penile dermatosis[7] for which circumcision is often the preferred treatment.[7][8][9] Zoon's balanitis has been successfully treated with the carbon dioxide laser[10] and more recently Albertini and colleagues report the avoidance of circumcision and successful treatment of Zoon's balanitis with an Er:YAG laser.[11] Another study, by Retamar and colleagues, found that 40 percent of those treated with CO2 laser relapsed.[12]
  • Circinate balantitis (also known as balanitis circinata) is a serpiginous annular dermatitis associated with reactive arthritis.
  • Pseudoepitheliomatous keratotic and micaceous balanitis

Treatment

Initial treatment in adults often involves simply pulling back the foreskin and cleaning the penis.[5]

Epidemiology

Balanitis "is a common condition affecting 11% of adult men seen in urology clinics and 3% of children" in the United States; globally, balanitis "may occur in up to 3% of uncircumcised males".[13]

Other animals

In dogs, balanoposthitis is caused by a disruption in the integumentary system, such as a wound or intrusion of a foreign body. A dog with this condition behaves normally, with the exception of excessive licking at the prepuce, and a yellow green, pus-like discharge is usually present.

In sheep (rams/wethers), ulcerative enzootic balanoposthitis is caused by the Corynebacterium renale group (C. renale, C. pilosum & C. cystidis).

For the condition in bulls, caused by a virus see Bovine herpesvirus 1.

Balanoposthitis is believed to have contributed to the decline to near-extinction of Gilbert's potoroo.[14]

{{Clear}}

References

1. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Simpson ET, Barraclough P |title=The management of the paediatric foreskin |journal=Aust Fam Physician |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=381–3 |year=1998 |pmid=9613002 |doi=}}
2. ^{{EMedicine|article|777539|Phimosis}}
3. ^1 {{cite journal |author=Edwards S |title=Balanitis and balanoposthitis: a review |journal=Genitourin Med |volume=72 |issue=3 |pages=155–9 |year=1996 |pmid=8707315 |pmc=1195642 |doi= 10.1136/sti.72.3.155|url=}}
4. ^Cleveland Clinic: Penile Disorders
5. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite journal|last1=Edwards|first1=SK|last2=Bunker|first2=CB|last3=Ziller|first3=F|last4=van der Meijden|first4=WI|title=2013 European guideline for the management of balanoposthitis.|journal=International journal of STD & AIDS|date=August 2014|volume=25|issue=9|pages=615–26|pmid=24828553|quote=Balanitis is uncommon in circumcised men and in many cases preputial dysfunction is a causal or contributing factor.|doi=10.1177/0956462414533099}}
6. ^Balanitis. Health Line. Retrieved 19 April 2016.
7. ^1 Keogh G. {{eMedicine|derm|45|Balanitis circumscripta plasmacellularis}}
8. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Pellicé i Vilalta C, Casalots i Casado J, Cosme i Jiménez MA |title=[Zoon's balanoposthitis. A preliminary note] |language=Spanish|journal=Arch. Esp. Urol. |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=69–72 |year=1999 |pmid=10101891 |doi= |url=}}
9. ^{{cite journal |author=Buechner SA |title=Common skin disorders of the penis |journal=BJU Int. |volume=90 |issue=5 |pages=498–506 |year=2002 |pmid=12175386 |doi= 10.1046/j.1464-410X.2002.02962.x|url=http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=1464-4096&date=2002&volume=90&issue=5&spage=498}}
10. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Baldwin HE, Geronemus RG |title=The treatment of Zoon's balanitis with the carbon dioxide laser |journal=J Dermatol Surg Oncol |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=491–4 |year=1989 |pmid=2497162 |doi= 10.1111/j.1524-4725.1989.tb03407.x}}
11. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Albertini JG, Holck DE, Farley MF |title=Zoon's balanitis treated with Erbium:YAG laser ablation |journal=Lasers Surg Med |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=123–6 |year=2002 |pmid=11870791|doi=10.1002/lsm.10037}}
12. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Retamar RA, Kien MC, Chouela EN |title=Zoon's balanitis: presentation of 15 patients, five treated with a carbon dioxide laser |journal=Int. J. Dermatol. |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=305–7 |year=2003 |pmid=12694501 |doi= 10.1046/j.1365-4362.2003.01304.x|url=http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=0011-9059&date=2003&volume=42&issue=4&spage=305}}
13. ^{{EMedicine|article|777026|Balanitis}}
14. ^{{cite journal |first=Rebecca |last=Vaughan-Higgins |first2=Nicky |last2=Buller |first3=J. Anthony |last3=Friend |first4=Ian |last4=Robertson |first5=Cree L. |last5=Monaghan |first6=Stan |last6=Fenwick |first7=Kristin |last7=Warren |title=Balanoposthitis, Dyspareunia, and Treponema in the Critically Endangered Gilbert's Potoroo (Potorous gilbertii) |journal=Journal of Wildlife Diseases |year=2011 |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=1019–1025 |doi=10.7589/0090-3558-47.4.1019 }}
15. ^OED 2nd edition, 1989.
16. ^Entry "balanitis" in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary.

External links

{{Medical resources
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|N|48|1|n|40}}
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|607.1}}
| ICDO = {{IPAc-en|b|æ|l|ə|ˈ|n|aɪ|t|ɪ|s}};[15][16]
| OMIM =
| OMIM_mult =
| MedlinePlus = 000862
| eMedicineSubj = emerg
| eMedicineTopic = 51
| DiseasesDB = 1229
| MeshID = D001446
}}{{Commons category|Balanitis}}
  • {{eMedicine|derm|45|Zoon's Balanitis}}
  • Edwards S. (for the Clinical Effectiveness Group) [https://web.archive.org/web/20041030063437/http://www.bashh.org/guidelines/2002/balanitis_0901b.pdf National guideline on the management of balanitis]. Association for Genitourinary Medicine (UK) and the Medical Society for the Study of Venereal Diseases (UK), 2001.
  • Dermatological atlas
{{Inflammation}}{{Male diseases of the pelvis and genitals}}

4 : Circumcision debate|Inflammations|Penis disorders|Theriogenology
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