| 词条 | HMS Sabre (H18) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
HMS Sabre was an Admiralty {{sclass2-|S|destroyer (1917)|0}} destroyer of the Royal Navy launched in September 1918 at the close of World War I. She was built in Scotland by Alex Stephens and completed by Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company in Govan. Commissioned for Fleet service in 1919, she was the first Royal Navy ship to carry this name. After the war new destroyer designs were introduced, and many S-class destroyers were scrapped. By the late 1930s Sabre had been de-militarised for use as a target ship. With the outbreak of World War II, she was returned to service in 1939 despite her age and unsuitability for deployment in the Atlantic Ocean. Ship ModificationsIn late 1940, Sabre was modified as a convoy escort. Equipped with 14-charge pattern depth-charge arrangements, both the after 4-inch guns and the torpedo tubes were landed, one 12-pounder (AA) and 8-.5" (AA) (2x4) were added. Radar type 286, and later 291, was added. Later in the war four single 20 mm (AA) mountings eventually supplanted the .5" AA mountings. World War IIAt the outbreak of war Sabre (Lt Cdr B Dean) was part of the Home Fleet based at Scapa Flow, as a TB Target and PV ranging vessel. In 1939 she was deployed for convoy defence in the Western Approaches. On 13 October 1939 while at Rosyth, Sabre was heavily damaged when rammed by the armed merchant cruiser {{HMS|Jervis Bay}}. Sabre was under repair until 6 May 1940. Operation Dynamo (27 May - 4 June 1940)As part of the 22nd Destroyer Flotilla, Sabre was conspicuous in the evacuation of British and French soldiers from the beaches of beaches at Malo-les-Bains and the harbour mole during the Dunkirk evacuation. During nine days and nights of the evacuation, despite being damaged in an air attack, Sabre made ten round trips to Dunkirk. An example of her activity at this time: In the early hours of 28 May, three ships boats from HMS Sabre picked up 100 men in two hours, from the beaches at Malo-Les-Bains to the east of the harbour mole. Then it was full speed to Dover with a turnaround of only 58 minutes, and the ship was back again at the Dunkirk harbour mole at 11:00 am, where they loaded a further 800 men. Departing at 12:30 pm, by now the ships weight had increased considerably, lowering her propeller draft. This meant because of the falling tide and a defective echo sounder, Lieutenant-Commander Dean had to slowly edge her passage through the shallows. She arrived back in Dover at 6:20 pm. Refuelled, she was back to the Dunkirk mole at 10.30pm, the third trip of the day. This time, the ship stayed for only 35 minutes picking up another 500 troops.[1] Finally on 4 June just after 2:00 pm, the Admiralty announced the end of Operation Dynamo. All together an armada of over 860 ships, including 39 destroyers, had taken part in the evacuation of troops from the beaches and harbour. The Admiralty calculated the total British and Allied troops landed in England amounted to 338,226 troops rescued. Sabre had made more round trips than most and brought back to Dover a total of 5,765 soldiers – amongst the highest number for any individual ship. Lieutenant-Commander Dean was awarded a DSO –Distinguished Service Order on 6 June. Sabre{{’}}s midshipman ‘Teddy’ Archdale was mentioned in despatches. (Edward Archdale went on to become a distinguished gunnery officer in the submarine {{HMS|Unbroken|P42|6}}). Operation Ariel (15 – 25 June 1940)After Dunkirk there were still Allied forces to be evacuated from other French ports along the coast westward so the navy had further work to do. ‘Operation Cycle' launched on 10 June rescued some 11,000 from the English Channel port of Le Havre. Then on 12 June Sabre was deployed to help with the evacuation of still more British and Allied forces in ‘Operation Ariel’ from the rest of France. It began with the evacuation of Cherbourg and continued for the next ten days, moving south to St Nazaire, Bordeaux and right down to the Franco-Spanish border. Sabre was sent to Alderney the northerly island amongst the Channel Islands on 23 June and helped evacuate around 1,400 islanders to safety in Weymouth. The final Allied evacuation of France ended on 25 June. By that time a further 215,000 servicemen and civilians had been saved, however although successful, Operations 'Aerial' and 'Cycle' never captured the public's imagination like ‘Operation Dynamo’. Rescuing evacuated children from SS Volendam, (30 August - 1 September 1940)In September 1940 Sabre was detailed to meet the first slow Atlantic convoy, as it approached the United Kingdom from Canada. A Finnish merchant ship, Elle, 3,868 tons was torpedoed at 04:25am on 28 August and Sabre joined the hunt for the German U-boat {{GS|U-101|1940|2}} without success. Then two days later, during the evening of 30 August off Malin Head Sabre helped rescue the survivors of a torpedoed Dutch ship, the 15,434 ton Holland America line, {{SS|Volendam}}.[2] She was in an outward bound convoy OB 205 for Canada, carrying 879 passengers and 273 crew members. This included 320 children with their escorts under the Children's Overseas Reception Board scheme some as young as five, together with 286 other passengers. They were taken to various west coast ports in Scotland. (Volendam did not sink, and was eventually taken in tow by the rescue tug {{HMS|Salvonia|W43|6}} and beached on the Isle of Bute. Repaired in 1941 she returned to war service). Tory Island incident December 1940In December Sabre, whilst escorting an inbound convoy SC 13 into Liverpool, was involved with a rescue attempt as described later in a book. Recently she had been badly damaged in a brave attempt to rescue the crew of a Dutch ship, {{SS|Stolwijk}}, which had run ashore on Tory Island on the northwestern coast of Ireland in a full gale. The Sabre went in so close that she was almost among the breakers; and one great wave swept her decks, flattening the bridge and taking with it all the upper-deck fittings. The captain (Lt.Cdr. B. Dean, RN) had been badly injured and was still in hospital, but his was the worst injury, and no one had been lost.[3] Sabre put into Derry on December 7 and sailed to Larne, Northern Ireland, for repairs on 18 January 1941 under command of Lieutenant Peter Gretton. Further convoy rescue off St Kilda 1941At 7:54 pm on 31 December 1941, the British Motor Tanker Cardita, 8,237 tons (Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Co Ltd), a straggler from convoy HX 166, en route Curaçao to Shellhaven (Thames Estuary), was torpedoed by {{GS|U-87|1941|2}} {{convert|110|mi}} from St Kilda. The vessel foundered on 3 January 1942. Out of the ship's crew, 27 were lost, 23 were picked up by {{HMS|Onslow|G17|6}} and a further 10 crew members by Sabre and landed at Reykjavík, Iceland. In March 1942 after a successful ‘Warship Week’ National Savings campaign Sabre was adopted by the civil community of Bebington, Cheshire, the same month she was detached for escort of the Russian Convoy PQ 13 during its initial stage of passage to Iceland in the Northwest Approaches. For most of the war Sabre was attached to 1st Escort Group based at Liverpool and then 21st Escort Group for convoy defence in NW Approaches. In 1943 she was deployed for Atlantic convoy defence, in 1944 Atlantic convoy defence and support based in Iceland. In 1945 Sabre deployed for coastal convoy defence in UK waters. At the end of World War II Sabre was placed on the disposal list and sold to be broken up for scrap in November 1945, arriving at the breaker’s yard at Grangemouth on the Firth of Forth in 1946. See also
References1. ^Lord, p116 2. ^Gourock Times 6 Sep 1940 3. ^Convoy Escort Commander, Sir Peter Gretton, London, Cassell & Company Ltd., p 59 SourcesThe Miracle of Dunkirk, (1998), Walter Lord, Wordsworth military Library, {{ISBN|1-85326-685-X}} The Sands of Dunkirk, (1974), Richard Collier, Fontana, Convoy Escort Commander, (1964), Sir Peter Gretton (memoirs), Cassell & Co., London, Convoys to Russia: (1992) Allied Convoys and Naval Surface Operations in Arctic Waters, 1941–45, Bob Ruegg & Arnold Hague, World Ship Society, Arctic Convoys, (1994), R Woodman, John Murray, Private Papers of Commander B Dean DSO RN, Imperial War Museum, Catalogue number: Documents 7792 Convoy Escort Commander, Sir Peter Gretton, Corgi, London, 1971 External links
4 : Destroyer classes|S-class destroyers (1917) of the Royal Navy|1918 ships|World War II destroyers of the United Kingdom |
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