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词条 Royal Hospital Chelsea
释义

  1. History

     Clothing  Founder's Day  Statue of King Charles II  Chapel  Great Hall  State Apartments  Margaret Thatcher Infirmary  Ceremonies 

  2. Public opening and events

     Singora Cannon 

  3. Organisation

     List of governors 

  4. See also

  5. References

  6. Sources

  7. External links

{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2013}}

The Royal Hospital Chelsea is a retirement home and nursing home for some 300 veterans of the British Army. Founded as an almshouse, the ancient sense of the word "hospital", it is a 66-acre site located on Royal Hospital Road in Chelsea.[1] It is an independent charity and relies partly upon donations to cover day-to-day running costs to provide care and accommodation for veterans.

Any man or woman who is over the age of 65 and served as a regular soldier may apply to become a Chelsea Pensioner (i.e. a resident), if they have found themselves in a time of need and are "of good character". They must not, however, have any dependent spouse or family and former Officers must have served at least 12 years in the ranks before receiving a commission.

The gardens of the Royal Hospital are Grade II listed on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.[2]

History

King Charles II founded the Royal Hospital in 1682 as a retreat for veterans.[3] The provision of a hostel rather than the payment of pensions was inspired by Les Invalides in Paris.[3] The site for the Royal Hospital was an area of Chelsea which held an incomplete building "Chelsey College", a theological college James I founded in 1609.[3]

The precursor to the foundation was the establishment in 1677 of pensions for "Reformed Officers (i.e. officers of disbanded regiments) and maimed soldiers". The main inspirational force behind the foundation of the Hospital was Sir Stephen Fox (1627–1716), Paymaster of the Forces and a trusted and able royal adminstrator of the King, and in 1681 Fox and the king initiated plans for a permanent hospital for disabled soldiers. Letters patent were issued on 22 December 1681 notifying the king's intention of building "an hospital for the relief of such land soldiers as are, or shall be, old, lame, or infirm in ye service of the crowne". For this purpose he appointed as "Receiver General and Treasurer of the moneys raised for the erection and maintenance of the hospital" Nicholas Johnson (d.1682), Fox's brother-in-law and successor as Paymaster of the Forces. The office of "Receiver or Paymaster and Treasurer" was held by all subsequent Paymaster of the Forces until the latter office was abolished in 1836.[4] Fox himself, the "richest commoner in the three kingdoms", donated £13,000 towards the new Hospital.[5]

The Royal Hospital opened its doors to the Chelsea Pensioners in 1692 for "the relief and succour" of veterans. Some of the first soldiers admitted included those injured at the Battle of Sedgemoor.[6] Wren expanded his original design to add two additional quadrangles to the east and west of the central court; these were known respectively as the "Light Horse Court" and the "College Court".[7] Due to mismanagement by Lord Ranelagh, the Hospital Treasurer, the building was not completed until 1692.[7]

Sir John Soane, who was clerk of works in the early part of the 19th century, designed and constructed a new infirmary building which was located to the west of the main building on the site of the current National Army Museum and was destroyed by bombing during the Second World War.[7] It was replaced by a modern infirmary which was located to the east of the main building and opened by Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother in 1961.[7]

The 1960s infirmary was demolished to make way for the Margaret Thatcher Infirmary which was designed by Sir Quinlan Terry and was completed in 2008, providing a state-of-the-art care home.[8]

In 2002, the Sovereign's Mace was presented to the hospital – up until then, the hospital had had no colours or distinctive device – the Mace is now carried at all the ceremonial events at the Hospital.[9] The Mace was designed by Charles Webb and Aubrey Bowden and was made by Master Goldsmith Norman Bassant. The bowl of the Mace is decorated with acorns and is surmounted by the St Edward's Crown.[10]

In March 2009, the first women in the Hospital's 317-year history were admitted as In-Pensioners. Winifred Phillips and Dorothy Hughes were the first. Phillips trained as a nurse and later joined the Auxiliary Territorial Service in 1948 before enlisting in the Women's Royal Army Corps in 1949 while serving in Egypt. After 22 years service she retired with the rank of Warrant Officer Class 2. Hughes had joined the British Army in 1941 aged 18, later working as part of 450 Heavy Anti Aircraft Battery in the London Division. In 1945 the Battery was deployed near Dover to defend against V1 flying bomb attacks. She retired with the rank of Sergeant.[11][12][13]

Clothing

Chelsea Pensioners are entitled to come and go from the Royal Hospital as they please, and are permitted to wear civilian clothing wherever they travel. However, within the hospital, and in the surrounding area, pensioners are encouraged to wear a blue uniform (known fondly as "blues").[14] If they travel farther from the Royal Hospital they should wear the distinctive scarlet coats instead of the blue uniform. The scarlet coats are also worn for ceremonial occasions, accompanied by tricorne hats. (At other times a peaked shako is worn.)[15]

In uniform, the pensioners wear their medal ribbons and the insignia of rank they reached while serving in the military. They may also wear other insignia they earned during their service and many pensioners now wear parachute jump wings and even SAS jump wings. Contrary to popular belief, it is not illegal to impersonate a Chelsea pensioner; the myth probably dates from a ruling, repealed by the Statute Law (Repeals) Act 2008, regarding the fraud of taking an unearned pension.[16]

In 2014 a group of 26 Chelsea Pensioners visited the poppy installation at the Tower of London, to commemorate the beginning of World War I.[17]

Founder's Day

The Royal Hospital Founder's Day takes place close to 29 May each year – the birthday of Charles II, and the date of his restoration as King in 1660. It is also known as Oak Apple Day, as it commemorates the escape of the future King following his defeat at the Battle of Worcester in 1651, when he hid in the Royal Oak to avoid capture by Parliamentary forces.[18] On Founder's Day, in-pensioners of the Royal Hospital are reviewed by a member of the British Royal Family.[19][20]

Statue of King Charles II

{{main article|Statue of Charles II, Royal Hospital Chelsea}}

The 7' 6" (229 cm) statue of King Charles II which stands in the central court (the Figure Court) of the Hospital was cast in copper alloy by Grinling Gibbons; it was originally gilded but was bronzed in 1787.[21] In 2002, the statue was regilded to celebrate Queen Elizabeth II's Golden Jubilee.[22]

Chapel

The Hospital's chapel was designed by Sir Christopher Wren and is a fine and rare example of Wren's pure ecclesiastical work: it rises {{convert|42|ft|m}} high and was completed in 1687.[21] The chapel contains a fine painting of the Resurrection in the half dome of the apse, painted by Sebastiano Ricci and his nephew Marco (who assisted with the painting at the Royal Hospital) and dates from the end of Queen Anne's reign.[21] The Chapel was consecrated in August 1691, and services were formerly held twice daily. Nowadays services are confined to Sunday mornings and special military occasions.[21]

Great Hall

The Great Hall was also designed by Sir Christopher Wren and was originally intended as a dining hall, furnished with 16 long tables, one for each original Long Ward. It contains a large mural painting from around 1690, which depicts King Charles the second on horseback being crowned by the winged figure of Victory, with the Royal Hospital Buildings behind.[10]

Just before 1800 the pensioners started dining in the wards and the hall was then used for recreational purposes. It was here that the Duke of Wellington lay in state in 1852 and the table on which his coffin rested is just inside the entrance. The hall reverted to its original use as a dining hall in 1955.[23]

State Apartments

The heavily moulded ceiling displaying James II’s cypher is by John Grove, the wainscoting is by William Cleere and the fine lime-wood carving over the fireplace is by William Emmett. The room was completed between 1685 and 1688. It was fully roofed in 1685 days before Charles II died. Within the State Apartments is also an Ante-Chamber.[10] Both the Council Chamber and Ante-Chamber can be hired for private functions and weddings.[24]

Margaret Thatcher Infirmary

The Margaret Thatcher Infirmary (MTI) houses around 100 Chelsea Pensioners. Opened in 2009 by HRH The Prince of Wales it is a state-of-the-art care home that offers nursing and a GP surgery. The Matron is in charge of the infirmary and has a team including nurses, therapists and care staff. The MTI has a gym and a hydrotherapy pool for use by In-Pensioners. It has a range of activities pensioners can join, from pottery classes to poetry recitals. The infirmary received the Quality Hallmark Award at Beacon Status (the highest level possible) from the National Gold Standards Framework Centre in End of Life Care in 2015.[25]

Ceremonies

The annual Ceremony of the Christmas Cheeses is based on a 300-year-old tradition which began in 1692, when the Royal Hospital Chelsea asked a local cheesemonger to provide in-pensioners with cheese to get them through the festive period. The Dairy Council is now in its 56th year of organising a special ceremony at the Hospital, where donations from cheesemongers from across the country are presented to the residents. A Chelsea Pensioner cuts the ceremonial cheese with a sword and the cheese is distributed among the pensioners around the Christmas period.[26]

Another annual tradition at the Royal Hospital is the Christmas Cake Ceremony, which commenced in 1949. It is a symbol of the enduring friendship between the UK and Australia and takes the form of a Christmas cake being presented to the Hospital from the Australian Returned and Services League, with each Australian state taking it in turns year by year. Again, a pensioner at the Royal Hospital cuts the cake with a sword.[27]

Public opening and events

The on-site museum details the history and life of the Royal Hospital and its In-Pensioners, together with displays of artefacts, documents, medals, cap badges and uniforms. Recent additions include the Sovereign's Mace and Parade Chair. A large diorama depicts the Royal Hospital and Ranelagh Gardens as they appeared in 1742. Daily walking tours of the site and museum, led by Chelsea pensioners themselves, can be booked in advance.[24]

The South Grounds of the Royal Hospital are also used for large-scale public events including the world-famous Chelsea Flower Show, held by the Royal Horticultural Society. The show has been held in the grounds since 1913, and attracts around 165,000 visitors.[28]

Singora Cannon

Prominently displayed in the grounds next to the flagpole is an inscribed cannon from Singora bearing the seal of Sultan Sulaiman Shah. The cannon was made in Singora around 1623, captured from the Sultanate of Singora by the Siamese in 1680, taken from the Siamese by the Burmese in the Burmese–Siamese war of 1765–1767 and transported to Burma. In the third Anglo-Burmese War (1885–1887) the cannon was taken by the British and shipped back to England.[29]

Organisation

The hospital maintains a 'military-based culture which puts a premium on comradeship'. The in-pensioners are formed into three companies, each headed by a Captain of Invalids (an ex-Army officer responsible for the 'day to day welfare, management and administration' of the pensioners under his charge).[30]

There is also a Secretary who traditionally was responsible for paying the Army pensions, but today they look after the annual budget, staff, buildings and grounds. Further senior staff include the Physician & Surgeon, the Matron, the Quartermaster, the Chaplain and the Adjutant.[31]

A Board of Commissioners has governed the Royal Hospital since 1702. The ex-officio chairman of the board is HM Paymaster General (whose predecessor Sir Stephen Fox was instrumental in founding the Hospital in the seventeenth century). The purpose of the Board is 'to guide the development of The Royal Hospital, ensuring the care and well-being of the Chelsea Pensioners who live there and safeguarding the historic buildings and grounds, which it owns in trust'.[32]

Royal Hospital is also a ward of the Kensington and Chelsea Council. The population at the 2011 Census was 7,252.[33]

List of governors

The following is a list of those who have served as Governor:[34]

  • Brigadier General Thomas Stanwix 1714–1720
  • Lieutenant General Charles Churchill 1720–1722
  • Lieutenant General William Evans 1722–1740
  • Field Marshal Sir Robert Rich, 4th Baronet 1740–1768
  • Field Marshal Sir George Howard {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KB|PC}} 1768–1795
  • Field Marshal The Marquess Townshend {{post-nominals|country=GBR|PC}} 1795–1796
  • General Sir William Fawcett {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCB}} 1796–1804
  • General Sir David Dundas {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCB}} 1804–1820
  • Field Marshal Sir Samuel Hulse {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCH}} 1820–1837
  • General Sir Edward Paget {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCB}} 1837–1849
  • General Sir George Anson {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCB}} 1849
  • General Sir Colin Halkett {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCB|GCH}} 1849–1856
  • Field Marshal Sir Edward Blakeney {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCB|GCH|PC}} 1856–1868
  • Field Marshal Sir Alexander Woodford {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCB|KCMG}} 1868–1870
  • General Sir John Pennefather {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCB}} 1870–1872
  • Lt-General Sir Sydney Cotton {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCB}} 1872–1874
  • Field Marshal Sir Patrick Grant {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCB|GCMG}} 1874–1895
  • Field Marshal Sir Donald Stewart, 1st Baronet {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCB|GCSI|CIE}} 1895–1900
  • Field Marshal Sir Henry Norman {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCB|GCMG|CIE}} 1901–1904[35]
  • Field Marshal Sir George White {{post-nominals|country=GBR|VC|GCB|OM|GCSI|GCMG|GCIE|GCVO}} 1905–1912
  • General Sir Neville Lyttelton {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCB|GCVO|PC}} 1912–1931
  • General Sir Walter Braithwaite {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCB}} 1931–1938
  • General Sir Harry Knox {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCB|DSO}} 1938–1943
  • General Sir Clive Liddell {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCB|CMG|CBE|DSO}} 1943–1949
  • General Sir Bernard Paget {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCB|MC}} 1949–1956
  • General Sir Cameron Nicholson {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCB|KBE|DSO|MC}} 1956–1961
  • General Sir Frank Simpson {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GBE|KCB|DSO}} 1961–1969
  • General Sir Charles Jones {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCB|CBE|MC}} 1969–1975
  • General Sir Anthony Read {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCB|CBE|DSO|MC}} 1975–1981
  • General Sir Robert Ford {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCB|CBE}} 1981–1987
  • General Sir Roland Guy {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCB|CBE|DSO}} 1987–1993
  • General Sir Brian Kenny {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCB|CBE}} 1993–1999
  • General Sir Jeremy Mackenzie {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCB|OBE|DL}} 1999–2006
  • General The Lord Walker of Aldringham {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCB|CMG|CBE|DL}} 2006–2011
  • General Sir Redmond Watt {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCB|KCVO|CBE}} 2011–2018
  • General Sir Adrian Bradshaw {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCB|OBE}} 2018–Present

See also

{{portal|London}}
  • Chelsea Flower Show
  • Healthcare in London
  • List of hospitals in England
International:
  • Royal Hospital Kilmainham (equivalent in Dublin)
  • Les Invalides, the complex which houses the French equivalent of the Royal Hospital
  • Institution des Invalides de la Legion Etrangere (French Foreign Legion equivalent)
  • Old soldiers' home (USA)

References

1. ^Coord|51|29|11|N|0|9|28|W Postcode SW3
2. ^{{NHLE|num=1000353|desc=Royal Hospital Chelsea, and Ranelagh Gardens|access-date=6 November 2018|mode=cs2}}
3. ^1 2 Guidebook, p. 3
4. ^The Records of the War Office and Related Departments, 1660-1964By Michael Roper, p.71[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aKFRAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA71&lpg=PA71&dq=nicholas+johnson+paymaster&source=bl&ots=iYlyLLoa-8&sig=L70hxso__SQ9tROa7UzvbA7Coo4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwia_eqvvrnfAhXAXhUIHXxtCWQQ6AEwEHoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=nicholas%20johnson%20paymaster&f=false]
5. ^Debrett's Genealogical Peerage of Great Britain and Ireland, 1847, p.422
6. ^{{cite book|last=Whiles|first=John|title=Sedgemoor 1685|publisher=Picton Publishing|location=Chippenham|year=1985|edition=2nd|isbn=978-0948251009}}
7. ^1 2 3 Guidebook, p. 4.
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.qftarchitects.com/projects/pages/publicbuildings/royalhospital.php|title=New Infirmary, Royal Hospital Chelsea. London. 2005 – 2008|publisher=QFT Architects|accessdate=21 August 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316233340/http://qftarchitects.com/projects/pages/publicbuildings/royalhospital.php|archivedate=16 March 2013|df=dmy-all}}
9. ^Guidebook, p. 6.
10. ^1 2 {{cite book|title=The Royal Hospital Chelsea: The Place and the people|last=Cruickshank|first=Dan|publisher=Third Millennium|year=2003|isbn=1-903942-27-6 }}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1161487/The-ladies-red-Chelsea-Pensioners-welcome-female-recruits-300-year-history.html#ixzz17vaj6Ub5|title=The ladies in red: Chelsea Pensioners welcome first female recruits in 300-year history|publisher=Daily Mail|date=13 March 2009|accessdate=21 August 2012}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.chelsea-pensioners.co.uk/news|title=First Women in Scarlets|publisher=Royal Hospital Chelsea|accessdate=21 August 2012}}
13. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/4944427/Now-I-feel-just-like-Cinderella-at-the-ball.html|title=Now I feel just like Cinderella at the ball|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=5 March 2009|accessdate=21 August 2012}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.chelsea-pensioners.co.uk/blues|title=Blues|accessdate=24 August 2017}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.chelsea-pensioners.co.uk/scarlets|title=Scarlets|accessdate=24 August 2017}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.historyextra.com/qa/could-you-really-once-be-hanged-impersonating-chelsea-pensioner|title=Could you really once be hanged for impersonating a Chelsea Pensioner?|publisher=History Extra|date=20 June 2014|accessdate=31 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121092901/http://www.historyextra.com/qa/could-you-really-once-be-hanged-impersonating-chelsea-pensioner|archive-date=21 November 2015|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
17. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.chelsea-pensioners.co.uk/news/chelsea-pensioners-visit-poppies-tower-london|title=Chelsea Pensioners visit poppies at Tower of London|publisher=Royal Hospital Chelsea|accessdate=24 August 2017}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.chelsea-pensioners.co.uk/founders-day|title=Founders Day|publisher=Royal Hospital Chelsea|accessdate=21 August 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505232720/http://www.chelsea-pensioners.co.uk/founders-day|archivedate=5 May 2012|df=dmy-all}}
19. ^{{cite news|url=http://pictures.metro.co.uk/prince-harry-meets-pensioners-at-the-royal-hospital-chelsea/857442/Prince-Harrys-Review-of-the-Founders-Day-Parade|title=Prince Harry's Review of the Founder's Day Parade|work=Metro|date=9 June 2011|accessdate=21 August 2012}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
20. ^{{cite web|title=Duchess of Cornwall Reviews Founder's Day Parade|url=http://royalhats.wordpress.com/2013/06/06/duchess-of-cornwall-reviews-founders-day-parade/|date=6 June 2013|accessdate=24 August 2017}}
21. ^1 2 3 Guidebook, p. 9
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://exploringlondon.wordpress.com/tag/queen-elizabeth-iis-golden-jubilee/ |title=Where is it? No. 38|publisher= Exploring London|date= 20 July 2012|accessdate=21 August 2012}}
23. ^Guidebook, p. 10
24. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.chelsea-pensioners.co.uk/rhc_venuehire|title=RHC Venuehire|accessdate=24 August 2017}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.chelsea-pensioners.co.uk/margaret-thatcher-infirmary|title=Margaret Thatcher Infirmary|accessdate=24 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824222139/http://www.chelsea-pensioners.co.uk/margaret-thatcher-infirmary|archive-date=24 August 2017|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.milk.co.uk/cheese-ceremony/|title=Milk|accessdate=24 August 2017}}
27. ^{{cite web|url=http://britain-australia.org.uk/uploads/London%20Legacy%20E-Newsletter%20June%202014.pdf|title=Britain–Australia|accessdate=24 August 2017}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=http://press.rhs.org.uk/RHS/files/f3/f32f0210-cff7-41d5-b3a4-797e8b2f3902.pdf|title=RHS|accessdate=24 August 2017}}
29. ^Scrivener, R.S. (1981), "The Siamese Brass Cannon in the Figure Court of the Royal Hospital, Chelsea, London", Journal of the Siam Society 69: 169–170, ISSN 0857-7099.
30. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/property/3334779/The-living-might-not-be-easy-but-at-least-its-free....html|title=The living might not be easy - but at least it's free...|publisher=The Daily Telegraph|accessdate=24 August 2017}}
31. ^Annual Report, 2011
32. ^Corporate Information Royal Hospital Chelsea. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
33. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=13688904&c=Royal+Hospital&d=14&e=62&g=6331497&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&o=362&m=0&r=1&s=1476543137270&enc=1|title=Kensington and Chelsea Ward population 2011|accessdate=15 October 2016|publisher=Office for National Statistics|work=Neighbourhood Statistics}}
34. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=98501#s2 |title=Survey of London, volume 11, edited by Walter H. Godfrey (editor)|year=1927|accessdate=21 August 2012}}
35. ^{{London Gazette|issue=27319|date=31 May 1901|page=3697}}

Sources

  • {{cite book|title=The Royal Hospital Chelsea ("the Guidebook")|publisher=Jarrold Publishing|year=2002}}

External links

{{commons category}}
  • Royal Hospital Chelsea website
  • Selected Royal Hospital Chelsea Service Records available from the UK National Archives
  • RHS Chelsea Flower Show official website
  • Royal Hospital Chelsea Museum
{{DEFAULTSORT:Royal Hospital Chelsea}}

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18 : 1692 establishments in England|Army museums in London|Buildings and structures completed in 1692|Chelsea, London|Christopher Wren buildings in London|Domes|Grade I listed buildings in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea|Grade I listed hospital buildings|Grade II listed parks and gardens in London|Health in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea|John Soane buildings|Military history of London|Museums in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea|Nicholas Hawksmoor buildings|Nursing homes in the United Kingdom|Social care in England|Veterans' affairs in the United Kingdom|Veterans' homes
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