| 词条 | In Ekker series, French nuclear tests | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name = In Ekker |picture = |picture_description = |country = France |test_site = In Ekker, French Algeria (CSEM) – Oasis Military Test Center |period = 1961–1966 |number_of_tests = 14 |test_type = dry surface, underground tunnel |max_yield = {{convert|127|ktTNT|lk=in}} |previous_series = Reggane series, French nuclear tests |next_series = 1966–70 French nuclear tests }}{{GeoGroup|article=In Ekker series, French nuclear tests}} The France's In Ekker nuclear test series[1] was a group of 14 nuclear tests conducted in 1961–1966. These tests followed the Reggane series, French nuclear tests series and preceded the 1966–70 French nuclear tests series. {{See also|List of nuclear weapons tests of France}}
1. ^The US, France and Great Britain have code-named their test events, while the USSR and China did not, and therefore have only test numbers (with some exceptions – Soviet peaceful explosions were named). Word translations into English in parentheses unless the name is a proper noun. A dash followed by a number indicates a member of a salvo event. The US also sometimes named the individual explosions in such a salvo test, which results in "name1 – 1(with name2)". If test is canceled or aborted, then the row data like date and location discloses the intended plans, where known. 2. ^To convert the UT time into standard local, add the number of hours in parentheses to the UT time; for local daylight saving time, add one additional hour. If the result is earlier than 00:00, add 24 hours and subtract 1 from the day; if it is 24:00 or later, subtract 24 hours and add 1 to the day. All historical timezone data are derived from here: 3. ^{{cite web| title=Timezone Historical Database| publisher=iana.com| url=http://www.ietf.org/timezones/| accessdate=March 8, 2014}} 4. ^Rough place name and a latitude/longitude reference; for rocket-carried tests, the launch location is specified before the detonation location, if known. Some locations are extremely accurate; others (like airdrops and space blasts) may be quite inaccurate. "~" indicates a likely pro-forma rough location, shared with other tests in that same area. 5. ^Elevation is the ground level at the point directly below the explosion relative to sea level; height is the additional distance added or subtracted by tower, balloon, shaft, tunnel, air drop or other contrivance. For rocket bursts the ground level is "N/A". In some cases it is not clear if the height is absolute or relative to ground, for example, Plumbbob/John. No number or units indicates the value is unknown, while "0" means zero. Sorting on this column is by elevation and height added together. 6. ^Atmospheric, airdrop, balloon, gun, cruise missile, rocket, surface, tower, and barge are all disallowed by the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Sealed shaft and tunnel are underground, and remained useful under the PTBT. Intentional cratering tests are borderline; they occurred under the treaty, were sometimes protested, and generally overlooked if the test was declared to be a peaceful use. 7. ^Include weapons development, weapon effects, safety test, transport safety test, war, science, joint verification and industrial/peaceful, which may be further broken down. 8. ^Designations for test items where known, "?" indicates some uncertainty about the preceding value, nicknames for particular devices in quotes. This category of information is often not officially disclosed. 9. ^Estimated energy yield in tons, kilotons, and megatons. A ton of TNT equivalent is defined as 4.184 gigajoules (1 gigacalorie). 10. ^Radioactive emission to the atmosphere aside from prompt neutrons, where known. The measured species is only iodine-131 if mentioned, otherwise it is all species. No entry means unknown, probably none if underground and "all" if not; otherwise notation for whether measured on the site only or off the site, where known, and the measured amount of radioactivity released. 11. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 {{cite techreport| title=Radiological Conditions at the Former French Nuclear Test Sites in Algeria: Preliminary Assessment and Recommendations| url=http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1215_web_new.pdf| publisher=International Atomic Energy Agency| location=Vienna, Austria| date=March 1, 2005| accessdate=December 19, 2013}} 12. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 {{cite book| last1=Norris| first1=Robert S.| first2=Andrew S.| last2=Burrows| first3=Richard W.| last3=Fieldhouse| year=1994| title=Nuclear Weapons Databook, Vol. 5: British, French, and Chinese Nuclear Weapons| publisher=Westview Press| location=Boulder, CO}} 13. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 {{cite techreport| last1=Yang| first1=Xiaoping| first2=Robert| last2=North| first3=Carl| last3=Romney|date=August 2000| title=CMR Nuclear Explosion Database (Revision 3)| publisher=SMDC Monitoring Research}} References{{reflist|refs=[11][12][13]}} 7 : French nuclear weapons testing|1961 in Algeria|1962 in Algeria|1963 in Algeria|1964 in Algeria|1965 in Algeria|1966 in Algeria |
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