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词条 S-200 (missile)
释义

  1. Description

      Missiles    Main radar system    Additional radar systems    Versions  

  2. Operational history

     Libya   Syria  

  3. Operators

      Current operators    Former operators  

  4. Incidents involving the S-200

  5. See also

  6. References

  7. External links

{{other uses|S-200 (disambiguation)|SA-5 (disambiguation)}}{{expand spanish|5N62|date=August 2015}}{{Infobox weapon
| name= S-200 Dubna
SA-5 Gammon
| image= ZRK S-200V 2007 G1.jpg
| image_size = 300
| caption= S-200 missile (Vega) on its launcher
| origin= Soviet Union
| type= Strategic SAM system
| is_vehicle=yes
| is_UK=yes
| service= 1967–present
| used_by=See list of present and former operators
| wars= First Libyan Civil War
Syrian Civil War
| designer= KB-1 design bureau (system), GSKB Spetsmash (launcher)[1]
| design_date=Early 1950s
| manufacturer=
| unit_cost=
| production_date=
| number=
| variants= S-200, S-200V (S-200VE), S-200D (S-200DE), S-200A
| spec_label=
| weight=
| length=
| part_length=
| width=
| height=
| diameter=
| crew=
| armour=
| primary_armament=
| secondary_armament=
| engine=
| engine_power=
| pw_ratio=
| transmission=
| payload_capacity=
| suspension=
| clearance=
| wingspan=
| propellant=
| fuel_capacity=
| vehicle_range=
| ceiling=
| altitude=
| boost=
| speed=
| guidance=Semi-active radar homing
| steering=
| accuracy=
| launch_platform=
| transport=
}}

The NPO Almaz S-200 Angara/Vega/Dubna (Russian Ангара\\Вега\\Дубна), NATO reporting name SA-5 Gammon (initially Tallinn),[2] is a very long range, medium-to-high altitude surface-to-air missile (SAM) system designed in the 1960s to defend large areas from bomber attack or other strategic aircraft. Each battalion has 6 single-rail missile launchers for the {{convert|10.8|m|ft|abbr=on}} long missiles and a fire control radar. It can be linked to other, longer-range radar systems.

Description

The S-200 surface-to-air missile system was designed for the defense of the most important administrative, industrial and military installations from all types of air attack. S-200 provides defeat of modern and advanced aircraft, including air command and control centers, AWACS aircraft, aircraft jamming creation and other manned and unmanned aerial vehicles. The S-200 is an all-weather system that can be operated in various climatic conditions.[3]

By 1966, the S-200 was officially accepted into service in order to replace the failed anti-ballistic missile RZ-25/5V11 "Dal". The Dal was assigned the NATO reporting name SA-5 "Griffon" before it was cancelled.

The first S-200 operational regiments were deployed in 1966 with 18 sites and 342 launchers in service by the end of the year. By 1968 there were 40 sites, and by 1969 there were 60 sites. The growth in numbers then gradually increased throughout the 1970s (1,100 launchers)[4] and early 1980s until the peak of 130[1] sites and 2,030 launchers was reached in 1980–1990.[4]

Missiles

{{contradict|section|date=February 2016}}{{refimprove section|date=February 2016}}{{Infobox weapon
| name= 5V21
| image=
| caption= 5V21 missile elevated to a launch position on the S-200 missile system
| origin= Soviet Union
| type= Surface-to-air missile
| is_missile=yes
| is_UK=no
| service= 1967–present
| used_by= See list of operators
| designer= OKB-2 design bureau (missile), SKB-35 bureau (avionics), NII-125 research institute (solid rocket fuel)
| design_date=
| manufacturer=
| unit_cost=
| production_date=
| number=
| variants= 5V21, 5V28, 5V28V
| spec_label= 5V28V[1]
| weight= {{convert|7100|kg|lbs|abbr=on}}
| length= {{convert|10.8|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| part_length=
| width=
| height=
| diameter=
| crew=
| filling= Frag-HE
| filling_weight= {{convert|217|kg|lbs|abbr=on}}
| detonation= proximity and command fusing[5]
| yield=
| armour=
| primary_armament=
| secondary_armament=
| engine=
| engine_power=
| pw_ratio=
| transmission=
| payload_capacity=
| suspension=
| clearance=
| wingspan=
| propellant= dual-thrust liquid-fueled rocket motor
| fuel_capacity=
| vehicle_range= {{convert|300|km|mi}}[6]
| ceiling=
| altitude= {{convert|40000|m|ft}}
| boost= 4 solid-fueled strap-on rocket boosters
| speed= {{convert|4|Mach}}[6]
| guidance=semi-active radar homing seeker head
| steering=
| accuracy=
| launch_platform=
| transport=
}}

Each missile is launched by 4 solid-fueled strap-on rocket boosters.[7] After they burn out and drop away (between 3 and 5.1 seconds from launch) it fires a 5D67 liquid fueled sustainer rocket engine (for 51–150 seconds) which burns a fuel called TG-02 Samin (50% xylidine and 50% triethylamine), oxidized by an agent called AK-27P Melange (red fuming nitric acid enriched with nitrogen oxides, phosphoric acid and hydrofluoric acid).[8] Maximum range is between {{convert|150|km|nmi|abbr=on}} and {{convert|300|km|nmi|abbr=on}}, depending on the model.[9] The missile uses radio illumination mid-course correction to fly towards the target with a terminal semi-active radar homing phase. Maximum target speed is around Mach 4. Effective altitude is {{convert|300|m|ft|abbr=on}} to {{convert|20000|m|ft|abbr=on}} for early models and up to {{convert|35000|m|ft|abbr=on}} for later models. The warhead is either {{convert|217|kg|lbs|abbr=on}} high-explosive fragmentation (16,000 × 2 g fragmentation pellets and 21,000 × 3.5 g pellets) triggered by radar proximity fuse or command signal, or a 25 kt nuclear warhead triggered by command signal only. Each missile weighs around {{convert|7108|kg|lbs|abbr=on}} at takeoff.[9]

The system utilises radio semi active guidance throughout the missile's flight, which is far more accurate at long range than the command guidance method used by the earlier S-75 Dvina and other missiles. The existence of an optional terminal passive radar homing mode for use against AEW aircraft remains unconfirmed. Peak missile speed is around Mach 8 and the single-shot kill probability is quoted as 0.85, presumably against a high altitude bomber-type target.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}

Main radar system

The fire control radar of the S-200 system is the 5N62 (NATO: Square Pair) H band continuous wave radar, whose range is {{convert|270|km|mi|abbr=on}}.

It is used for both the tracking of targets and their illumination.

Additional radar systems

  • P-14/5N84A "Tall King" A-band early warning radar (range {{convert|600|km|mi|abbr=on}}, 2–6 RPM, maximum search altitude {{convert|46|km|mi|abbr=on}})
  • or "Big Back" E-band early warning radar {{convert|600|km|mi|abbr=on}}
  • Kabina 66/5N87 "Back Net" or "Back Trap" E-band early warning radar (with special low-altitude search mod, range {{convert|370|km|mi|abbr=on}}, 3–6 RPM)
  • P-35/37 "Bar Lock\\Bar Lock B" 1,000 kW E\\F-band target detection and tracking radar (with integrated IFF, range {{convert|392|km|mi|abbr=on}}, 7 RPM)
  • "Side Net" or "Odd Pair" E-band height finding radar (also used by the SA-2, SA-4 and SA-6, range {{convert|240|km|mi|abbr=on}}, 3–6 RPM)
  • P-15M(2) "Squat Eye" 380 kW C-band target detection radar (range {{convert|128|km|mi|abbr=on}}

Versions

  • S-200A "Angara" (SA-5a), with the V-860/5V21 or V-860P/5V21A missile, introduced in 1967, range 17-{{convert|180|km|mi|abbr=on}}, ceiling {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}}/0.5–40. The probability of hitting the target 0.45–0.98[10]
  • S-200V "Vega" (SA-5b), with the V-860PV/5V21P missile, introduced in 1970, range {{convert|240|km|mi|abbr=on}} minimum 7 km, ceiling {{convert|29|km|mi|abbr=on}} superior limit 35,[3] minimum height 0,05 km. Five divisions. Division – one goal and missiles at targets a maximum of 2. Missile has a semi-active radar homing. The launch – reclining, with a constant angle of elevation, from the launcher, is rotated horizontally.[3]
  • S-200 "Vega" (SA-5b), with the V-870 missile, range increased to {{convert|300|km|mi|abbr=on}} and ceiling to {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on}} with the new, shorter missile and solid fuel motor. The probability of hitting the target 0.66–0.99.
  • S-200M "Vega-M" (SA-5b), with the V-880/5V28 or V-880N/5V28N² missile, range {{convert|300|km|mi|abbr=on}}, ceiling {{convert|29|km|mi|abbr=on}}
  • S-200VE "Vega-E" (SA-5b), with the V-880E/5V28E missile, export version, high-explosive warhead only, range {{convert|240|km|mi|abbr=on}} Minimum target size of 0.3 sq. meters. Speed of the target -1200 m / s [11][12] The number of simultaneously fired targets. Up to 5 (the number of radar targeting). Greater than previously opportunity fight against stealth.[11]
  • S-200D "Dubna" (SA-5c), with the 5V25V, V-880M/5V28M or V-880MN/5V28MN² missile, introduced in 1976, high-explosive or nuclear warhead, range {{convert|400|km|mi|abbr=on}}, ceiling 0,3-{{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on}}. The probability of hitting the target 0,72-0,99.[10]

Command post S-300 (SA-20/SA-20A/SA-20B) can manage in any combination the elements of S-200 and S-300.[13][14] Missiles complex S-200 Dubna can be controlled command post system S-300,[14] command post S-300 may also be controlled[15] by the command post S-400 (S-200 Dubna still have in service)[12] Or through a higher-level command post (Organize Use PVO

73N6 "Baikal-1").[16]

Iranian air defense force has implemented several improvements on their S-200 systems such as using solid state parts and removing restrictions on working time. They destroyed a UAV target beyond 100 km range in military drill in recent years.[17] They use two new solid propellant missile named Sayyad-2 and Sayyad-3 via interface systems Talash-2 and Talash-3 in cooperation with S-200 system. These missiles can cover medium and long ranges at high altitudes.[18][19]

َAlso Iran claims to have developed a mobile launcher for the system.[20]

Operational history

Libya

Starting in 1985, Libya received a number of S-200 missile systems.{{Citation needed|date=May 2017}} In the following months, Libyan forces fired a number of S-200 missiles in different occasions at US fighter-bombers, missing them.[21]

In the USSR, three organizations (CDB Almaz, a test site and a research institute of the Ministry of Defense) conducted computer simulation of the battle, which gave the probability of hitting each of the air targets (3) in the range from 96 to 99%.[22][23]

Syria

Starting in January 1983, Syria received supplies of S-200 missiles from the Soviet Union.[24] They were organized into two long range surface to air missile regiments, each composed of two battalions of two batteries each for a total of at least 24 launchers. Later in the 1980s, the Soviet Union agreed to supply a third regiment increasing the number of launchers to 40-50.

Initially the missiles were manned by Soviet crews,[25] later they were transferred to Syrian control. As such, Syria became the first country outside the Soviet Union to field the S-200 system.[26]

During the initial years of the Syrian Civil War, parts of the S-200 systems were occasionally spotted when Syrian Air Defense Force sites were overrun by rebel forces. Most notably radars, missiles and other equipment from S-200 systems was pictured in a state of disrepair when rebels overtook the air defense site in Eastern Ghouta in October 2012.[27][28] On 2 January 2017, the Syrian Army re-captured this air defense base.[29]

Starting with the Russian intervention in the civil war in late 2015, there were new efforts to restore some Syrian S-200 systems. Indeed, on 15 November 2016, the Russian defence minister confirmed that Russian forces repaired Syrian S-200s to operational status.[30] For example, in July 2016, the Syrian Army, with Russian assistance, rebuilt an S-200 site at Kweires airport, near Aleppo.[31][32]

On September 12, 2016, the Israel Defense Forces confirmed that two Syrian S-200 missiles were fired at Israeli attack planes while they were on a mission inside Syrian airspace. The Syrian Defense Ministry claimed that an Israeli jet and drone were shot down.[33] According to the IDF spokesman's office, the claims are "total lies," and "at no point was the safety of IDF aircraft compromised."

[34]On March 17, 2017, the Israeli Air Force attacked a number of Syrian armed forces targets near Palmyria in Syria.[35] Israeli Air Force (IAF) send a group of 4 Aircraft, which flew through Lebanon Territory and in the border village of Bureij, Syria, launched Popeye (missile) (AGM-142 Have Nap) stand off misslies with range of 78 km[36] toward Syrian territory. Syrian Air defence force (SyADF) after some time alerted one S-200V (SA-5) Missile battery and retaliate towards Intruders, 2 Out of 4 attacking jets are illuminated with two Fire Control Radars 5N62, and fired missiles on 2 Targets, which are in that moment in the South Lebanon Territory.[37] During the action a number of Syrian S-200 missiles were fired at the Israeli aircraft.[38] One of the Syrian missiles, going ballistic after losing its target was inbound to a populated area in Israel. The Israeli missile defense fired at least one Arrow missile which intercepted the incoming rocket.[39] Two other S-200 missiles landed in other parts of Israel, having lost their target. According to Abkhazian Network News Agency (ANNA News), Syria claimed that they had shot down one IAF F-16 aircraft and damaged another.[40][38] while the Syrian Defense Ministry claimed that an Israeli fighter jet was shot down, which was denied by Israel, Israeli defence minister Avigdor Lieberman threatened to destroy Syrian air defence systems after they fired ground-to-air missiles at Israeli warplanes carrying out strikes.[41] The Jordanian armed forces reported that parts of a missile fell in its territory. There were no casualties in Jordan.[42][43]

On October 16, 2017, a Syrian S-200 battery located around 50 kilometers east of Damascus fired a missile at an Israeli Air Force surveillance mission over Lebanon. The IAF responded by attacking the battery and destroying the fire control radar with four bombs.[44][45][46]

Despite this, the Syrian Defense Ministry said in its statement that the air-defense forces "directly hit one of the jets, forcing [Israeli aircraft] to retreat." Israel said that no plane was hit.

On February 10, 2018, Israel launched an air strike against targets in Syria with eight fighter aircraft as retaliation for a UAV incursion into Israeli airspace earlier in the day. Syrian air defenses succeeded in shooting down one of the Israeli jets, an F-16I Sufa, with an S-200 missile.[47] The jet crashed in the Jezreel Valley, near Harduf.[48][49] Both the pilot and the navigator managed to eject, one was injured lightly and the other was injured more seriously, but both survived and walked out of hospital one week later.[50][51]

On September 17, 2018, a Russian Il-20M ELINT plane was shot down by a Syrian S-200 surface-to-air missile. Four Israeli F-16 fighter jets attacked targets in Syria's Latakia with standoff missiles, after approaching from the Mediterranean Sea, a statement by the Russian defense ministry said on 18 September. “The Israeli pilots used the Russian plane as cover and set it up to be targeted by the Syrian air defense forces. As a consequence, the Il-20, which has radar cross-section much larger than the F-16, was shot down by an S-200 system missile,” the statement said. The Russian ministry stressed that the Israelis must have known that the Russian plane was present in the area, which didn't stop them from “the provocation”. Israel also failed to warn Russia about the planned operation in advance. The warning came a minute before the attack started, which “did not leave time to move the Russian plane to a safe area,” the statement said.[52]

On 21 September, an Israeli delegation visiting Moscow stated that the Israeli attack formation did not use the Russian Il-20 as a shield during the attacks, while blaming the incident on the Syrian Air Defense Force which fired missiles for forty minutes while the Israeli attack formation had already left the area.[53][54] Russian President Vladimir Putin downplayed the incident saying that "it looks accidental, like a chain of tragic circumstances".[55]

Operators

Current operators

  • {{ALG}} – 10
  • {{AZE}} – 15
  • {{BUL}} – [1] 1[56] battalion.
  • {{IND}} – 3 Battalions in Army, 4 Groups (Battalions) in the Indian Air Force[1]
  • {{IRN}} – [1] 10 Upgraded battalions,[57][58] in service.will be replace by Sayyad-2/Sayyad-3 (Talash)system.[3]
  • {{KAZ}} – [1]
  • {{PRK}} – 4 battalions (2008).[1] 40 systems in 2010 (number of constituent elements is unknown).[59][60]
  • {{MYA}} – 20 launchers from North Korea.
  • {{POL}} – 2 squadrons.[1] Plan to replaced new anti aircraft systems Wisła.[61]
  • {{SYR}} – 2 air defense regiments comprising 2 divisions including 2 S-200 batteries (44 launchers / ≈50[62]/ 48[63]) in service as of 2010,[64][65] S-200VE 48 launchers in 2012[66] Syrian Armed Forces constructed a new S-200 site at Kweires Airport, near Aleppo, in July 2016.[32] The system is operated by the Syrian Air Defense Force.
  • {{TKM}} – [1]
  • {{UZB}} – [1]

Former operators

  • {{BLR}} – Approximately 4 battalions.[1]
  • {{CZS}} – 5 battalions, passed on to successor states.
  • {{CZE}} – Inherited all Czechoslovak S-200 SAM systems, out of service since the mid 1990s.[1]
  • {{DDR}} – 4 battalions.
  • {{GER}} – 4 battalions former GDR, phased out around 1991
  • {{HUN}} – 1 battalion.[1]
  • {{flag|Libyan Arab Jamahiriya}} – 8 battalions.[1]
  • {{MDA}} – [1] 1 Battalion
  • {{RUS}} - No longer in service in 2014
  • {{GEO}} – [1]
  • {{MNG}} – The Mongolian People's Army operated 4 battalions armed with SA-5 systems in 1985, but it is unlikely there are any operational as of 2011.[67]
  • {{UKR}} – Last division was retired on October 30, 2013 [68]
  • {{USSR}} – Originally deployed with the ZA-PVO in the strategic air defense role. It was phased out starting in the 1980s and passed on to the successor states before the phasing out process could be completed.[1]

Incidents involving the S-200

  • Siberia Airlines Flight 1812: a Ukrainian S-200 operated by the Ukrainian military during a Ukrainian training exercise locked on to a Tupolev Tu-154 passenger aircraft. The airliner was destroyed over the Black Sea on 4 October 2001, killing all 78 people on board.[69]
  • During Operation House of Cards Israeli Air Force targeted S-200.[70]

See also

  • S-75 Dvina
  • Bloodhound (missile)
  • MIM-14 Nike Hercules
  • Sayyad-2
  • Sayyad-3
  • List of NATO reporting names for surface-to-air missiles
  • List of surface-to-air missiles

References

1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 {{cite web |url=http://www8.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata/yb/jlad/jlad0225.htm |title=Almaz/Antei Concern of Air Defence S-200 Angara/Vega (SA-5 'Gammon') low to high-altitude surface-to-air missile system |accessdate=2008-08-15 |date=2008-04-02 |publisher=Jane's Information Group }}{{dead link|date=December 2017}}
2. ^[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3636894;view=1up;seq=623 Statement of Dr. John S. Foster, Director, Department of Research and Engineering, U.S. Department of Defense], April 15, 1970, p. 611.
3. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://pvo.guns.ru/s200/s200.htm|title=C-200|publisher=|accessdate=14 November 2014}}
4. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://pvo.guns.ru/s200/index.htm#10|title=C-200|website=pvo.guns.ru}}
5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/russia/airdef/s-200.htm |title=S-200 SA-5 GAMMON |accessdate=2008-08-15 |date=1998-07-03 }}
6. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://fas.org/nuke/guide/russia/airdef/s-200.htm|title=S-200 SA-5 GAMMON - Russia / Soviet Nuclear Forces|accessdate=Feb 21, 2019}}
7. ^{{Cite news|url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/defsys/s-200-sa-5-gammon/|title=S-200 (SA-5 Gammon) {{!}} Missile Threat|work=Missile Threat|access-date=2018-03-07|language=en-US}}
8. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.uni-ulm.de/~s_mlomni/S-200/komplex/rakete/marschtriebwerk.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-01-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207002433/http://www.uni-ulm.de/~s_mlomni/S-200/komplex/rakete/marschtriebwerk.html |archivedate=2008-12-07 |df= }}
9. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.uni-ulm.de/~s_mlomni/S-200/komplex/rakete/rakete.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-01-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227131402/http://www.uni-ulm.de/~s_mlomni/S-200/komplex/rakete/rakete.html |archivedate=2009-02-27 |df= }}
10. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/c200/c200.shtml|title=Зенитный ракетный комплекс С-200В Вега - Ракетная техника|website=rbase.new-factoria.ru}}
11. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.rusarmy.com/pvo/pvo_vvs/zrs_s-200ve.html|title=RusArmy.com - -200|publisher=|accessdate=14 November 2014}}
12. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.soldiering.ru/army/airdefence/russia/c-200.php|title=-200|publisher=|accessdate=14 November 2014}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.s300.ru/produce/adms/s300pmu2/83m6e2.aspx|title=Средства управления 83М6Е2 - ОАО "НПО "Алмаз"|publisher=|accessdate=14 November 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20140914084553/http://www.s300.ru/produce/adms/s300pmu2/83m6e2.aspx|archivedate=14 September 2014|df=}}
14. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.kap-yar.ru/index.php?pg=252|title=-300 836|publisher=|accessdate=14 November 2014}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://old.raspletin.ru/press-centre/news/2008/080603/|title=ГСКБ Концерна ПВО Алмаз-Антей имени академика А.А. Расплетина (ОАО НИЭМИ) : с-25 беркут, бункин борис васильевич, с 300 пму, с-300 пму, зрс, с-400 триумф, средства пво, четырёхсотка, противовоздушная оборона|publisher=|accessdate=14 November 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403191712/http://old.raspletin.ru/press-centre/news/2008/080603/|archivedate=3 April 2014|df=}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://pvo.guns.ru/asu/baikal.htm|title=736 "-1"|publisher=|accessdate=14 November 2014}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/99367/اس-200-ایران-یک-سورپرایز-برای-آواکس-های-دشمن-عکس|title=اس-200 ایران؛ یک سورپرایز برای آواکس های دشمن + عکس|author=|date=19 February 2012|website=مشرق نیوز|accessdate=23 January 2019}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mashreghnews.ir/fa/news/316229/|title="صیاد 2" زنجیره شکارچیان ایرانی را کامل کرد +عکس|author=|date=8 June 2014|website=mashreghnews.ir|accessdate=3 April 2018}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mashreghnews.ir/fa/news/363390|title=آشنایی با 3 سامانه پدافندی که ایران به جای اس 300 رونمایی کرد +عکس|date=17 November 2014|publisher=}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.airforce-technology.com/news/newsiran-upgrades-s-200-long-range-air-defence-system|title=Iran upgrades S-200 long-range air defence system|publisher=|accessdate=14 November 2014}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/03/25/world/excerpts-from-news-sessions-on-clash-with-libya-s-forces.html|title=EXCERPTS FROM NEWS SESSIONS ON CLASH WITH LIBYA'S FORCES|date=25 March 1986|website=The New York Times}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://otvaga2004.ru/kaleydoskop/kaleydoskop-miss/pokorenie-angary/|title=Покорение "Ангары"|publisher=}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://pvo.guns.ru/s200/index_pu.htm|title=C-200|website=pvo.guns.ru}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/01/18/world/soviet-is-said-to-deploy-new-missiles-in-syria.html|title=Soviet Is Said to Deploy New Missiles in Syria|date=18 January 1983|website=Reuters|via=The New York Times}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/03/21/world/syrian-army-said-to-be-stronger-than-ever-thanks-to-soviet.html|title=SYRIAN ARMY SAID TO BE STRONGER THAN EVER, THANKS TO SOVIET|first=Thomas L. Friedman and Special To the New York|last=Times|date=|website=nytimes.com|accessdate=3 April 2018}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/01/08/world/us-tells-soviet-of-concern-over-new-missiles-for-syria.html|title=U.S. TELLS SOVIET OF CONCERN OVER NEW MISSILES FOR SYRIA|author=|date=|website=nytimes.com|accessdate=3 April 2018}}
27. ^{{cite web|url=https://milinme.wordpress.com/2012/11/16/civil-war-in-syria-8-the-fall-of-military-bases/|title=Civil War in Syria (8): The Fall of Military Bases|first=|last=Chad|date=16 November 2012|publisher=}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-missile-idUSBRE8940GQ20121005|title=Syrian rebels say capture air defense base near Damascus|date=5 October 2012|publisher=|via=Reuters}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-captures-air-defense-base-east-ghouta/|title=Syrian Army captures Air Defense Base in East Ghouta|date=2 January 2017|publisher=}}
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External links

{{Commons|S-200}}
  • Federation of American Scientists page
  • Astronautix.com
  • S-200 battalion locations and satellite photos
  • S-200 walkaround photos on airforce.ru
  • Photos of system elements, photos of real combat positions in different countries, the technical details (Russian)
{{Russian and Soviet missiles}}{{DEFAULTSORT:S-200}}

5 : Cold War surface-to-air missiles of the Soviet Union|Science and technology in the Soviet Union|Surface-to-air missiles of the Soviet Union|Surface-to-air missiles of Russia|Almaz-Antey products
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