“Jino language”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Jino Language (Jinuo; also known as Buyuan, Jinuo, Buyuan Jinuo 基諾語補遠方言.)^[3] autonyms: {{IPA|tɕy˦no˦}}, {{IPA|ki˦ɲo˦}}) Jino language is a pair of Loloish languages spoken by the Jino people of Yunnan.

Varieties

In total, there are about 28,320 Jinuo people living in China.^[2] 70%-80% of Jinuo people can speak Jino fluently.^[3] The Jino languages has two subdialects of Youle Jino and Buyuan Jinuo,^[4] and they are not mutually intelligible.

Buyuan Jinuo is spoken by 21,000 people^[5] Most of the speakers are monolingual, which means they only speak Jino language.^[6] There is no official written form. Most Jino also speak one of the Tai languages or Chinese. The ISO 639-3 code for the Jino language is "jiu" for Youle Jino, or "jiy" for Buyuan Jino.^[5] The Glottocode for Jino language is "youl1235" for Youle Jino,^[7] or "buyu1238" for Buyuan Jino.^[8]

Classification

The exact classification of Jino within the Loloish branch of Sino-Tibetan language family remains uncertain. Jino is classified as a Southern Loloish (Hanoish) language by Ziwo Lama (2012),^[9] but as a Central Loloish language by Bradley (2007).^[10] Jino is also classified as a Southern Loloish language in Satterthwaite-Phillips' (2011) computational phylogenetic analysis of the Lolo-Burmese languages.^[11]

History

The language usage is rapidly eliminating, in the 1980s there was 70%-80% of Jinuo people used Jino language. In 2000, There was less than 50% of the population can speak Jino language.^[12]

Jino was recognized by the state council on 6 June 1979 as the last recognized minority nationality in China.^[12]

Historically, Jino people was organized as a matriarchal culture, and “Jino” means “descending from the uncle,” and it refers to the importance of mother’s brother in matriarchal societies.^[13]

From language aspect, Jino language is similar to other languages under the branch of the Tibeto-Burman languages, because Jino people moved from the northwest of Yunnan province to the territories they are at now, but the timing and routes of this migration remain uncertain,^[1]

Geographic distribution

Jinuo Township (Jinuo Mountain), located in Jinghong City of the Sipsongpanna Dai autonomous prefecture of Yunnan province, China.^[12]

Tonemes

There are five tonemes in Buyuan Jino language. Gai believes that the function of tonemes are distinguishing lexical meanings and grammatical meanings.^[14]

[53] value tone is considered difficult to tell when listen to native speaker ^[4]

Writing system

Since there is no official written form for Jino, therefore, Jino does not have a writing system, but it developed several systems of signs to cover communication in different situations.^[15] They used engraved wooden or bamboo boards to record debts between villages.

References

1. ^Lama, Ziwo Qiu-Fuyuan (2012), Subgrouping of Nisoic (Yi) Languages, thesis, University of Texas at Arlington
2. ^{{Cite web|url=https://asiaharvest.org/people-group-profiles/#china|title=People Group Profiles - Asia Harvest|website=asiaharvest.org|language=en-US|access-date=2017-05-01}}
3. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas|title=Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger|last=Moseley|first=Christopher|date=2012|website=UNESCO|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
4. ^¹{{Cite journal|last=NetCommons|date=2013-03-01|title=神戸市外国語大学学術情報リポジトリ|url=http://id.nii.ac.jp/1085/00001317/|journal=Annals of foreign studies|language=ja|volume=83}}
5. ^¹{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/jiy|title=Jinuo, Buyuan|work=Ethnologue|access-date=2017-03-09}}
6. ^¹{{Cite web|url=http://endangeredlanguages.com/lang/4330|title=Did you know Buyuan Jinuo is endangered?|website=Endangered Languages|language=en|access-date=2017-03-08}}
7. ^{{Cite web|url=http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/jino1236|title=Glottolog 2.7 - Jino|website=glottolog.org|language=en|access-date=2017-03-09}}
8. ^Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Jino". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
9. ^Lama, Ziwo Qiu-Fuyuan. 2012. [https://uta-ir.tdl.org/uta-ir/bitstream/handle/10106/11161/Lama_uta_2502D_11591.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Subgrouping of Nisoic (Yi) Languages]. Ph.D. thesis, University of Texas at Arlington.
10. ^Bradley, David. 2007. East and Southeast Asia. In Moseley, Christopher (ed.), Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages, 349-424. London & New York: Routledge.
11. ^Satterthwaite-Phillips, Damian. 2011. Phylogenetic inference of the Tibeto-Burman languages or On the usefulness of lexicostatistics (and "Megalo"-comparison) for the subgrouping of Tibeto-Burman. Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University.
12. ^¹²{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Xln94QUnnkC&pg=PA193&lpg=PA193&dq=jinuo+language&source=bl&ots=wlKDEZ1UzX&sig=OhL6-4wflTbWOUBuN5NvkLqJ45w&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjCkNXVwsjSAhXMKCYKHdfrDNUQ6AEIOTAH#v=onepage&q=jinuo%20language&f=false|title=The Language Situation in China|last=Yuming|first=Li|last2=Wei|first2=Li|date=2013-03-22|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=1614512531|language=en}}
13. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oZCOAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA122&dq=jino+language&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjKnK_kyMjSAhXCOCYKHe3mB5kQ6AEIIzAC#v=onepage&q=jino%20language&f=false|title=Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia|last=Minahan|first=James B.|date=2014-02-10|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781610690188|language=en}}
14. ^Xingzhi, Gai. 1986. Jinoyu Jianzhi [A brief description of the Jinuo language]. Beijing: Minzu Chubanshe.
15. ^¹²{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jsNTAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18&dq=jino+language&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjKnK_kyMjSAhXCOCYKHe3mB5kQ6AEIGjAA#v=onepage&q=jino%20language&f=false|title=China's Last but one matriarchy: The Jino of Yunnan|last=Arcones|first=Pedro Ceinos|date=2014-04-14|publisher=Pedro Ceinos|language=en}}