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词条 John Douglas (Scottish architect)
释义

  1. Biography

  2. Work as architect

  3. List of buildings

  4. References

John Douglas of Pinkerton ({{circa|lk=no}}1709{{snd}}20 June 1778) was a Scottish architect who designed and reformed several country houses in the Scottish Lowlands. His work deserves to be noted for what the 2002 history of Scottish architecture remarks as an approach "of relentless surgery or concealment.".[1] His most notable works are Killin and Ardeonaig Church, Stirlingshire (1744);[2] Archerfield House, East Lothian (1745);[3] Finlaystone House, Renfewshire (1746{{ndash}}47),[4] Wardhouse (Gordonhall), Insch, Aberdeenshire (1757);[4] and Campbeltown Town House, Argyll and Bute (1758{{ndash}}60).[5] Several of these are listed buildings.

Biography

His date and place of birth are not known. In his will, he appears as John Douglas of Pinkerton,[6] late architect in Leith, who died on 20 June 1778.[7] The Edinburgh Recorder (records of the Edinburgh Friendly Fire Insurance Company, which began in 1720 as a loose-knit association of Edinburgh property owners for mutual financial protection against loss by fire),[8] shows that he owned properties in High Street North at Fleshmarket Close East (Thomson’s Close) (records 2754-2757) and at Old Provost Close, East Head (record 2717).[9]

Work as architect

John Douglas designed and renovated several country houses during the middle of the 18th century. He was considered an efficient designer and many of his projects are characterised by a horizontal hierarchy which is signposted by a central projecting body[1] (for example, Archerfield House and Campbeltown Town House).

A cache of his drawings was discovered, curated and exhibited in 1989 by Ian Gow at the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland, entitled "John Douglas{{snd}}William Adam's Rival?". This material has been further analysed, to reveal more about his style in both executed and unexecuted designs (Archerfield House, Galloway House,[10] Finlaystone House,[11] and two designs for Blair Castle [12]).

List of buildings

A book by Howard Colvin lists several of his projects, but some of the facts are incorrect (for example, Douglas was indeed responsible for the disastrous repair of Holyrood Abbey Church in 1760 and the dispute over non-payment of the rest of his fees was resolved only after his death).[13][14] A map of the buildings on which he worked shows their distribution across Scotland.[15]

  • Freeland House, Forgandenny, Perth and Kinross (1733) [16]
  • Traquair House (1733{{ndash}}38)
  • Quarrell House, Stirlingshire (1735{{ndash}}36). Douglas collaborated with James Gibbs in the reform of the house
  • Murthly Castle (1735). Entrance block.[17]
  • Ardmaddy Castle (1737). Attributed
  • Lochnell House (1737{{ndash}}39)
  • Abercairny House, Perth and Kinross (1737{{ndash}}38).[18] Design for improvements
  • Galloway House, Garlieston, Dumfries and Galloway (1740).[10] Unexecuted design
  • Glasserton House, Dumfries and Galloway (1740{{ndash}}41).[19] Unexecuted design
  • Arbroath Harbour (1741).[20] Advised on how to alleviate silting
  • Lochmaben Town Hall, Dumfries and Galloway (1743).[21] Design of a steeple
  • Taymouth Castle (Balloch Castle), Perth and Kinross (1743{{ndash}}50).[22] Work on the new sash windows, dining room and new entry to the house
  • Amulree and Strathbraan Parish Church, Perth and Kinross (1743{{ndash}}52) [23]
  • Killin and Ardeonaig Parish Church (1744) [2]
  • Kilmahew Castle (1744).[24] Attributed. A ruin
  • Archerfield House (1745)[3]
  • Fullarton House, South Ayrshire (1745).[25] Attributed
  • Finlaystone House, Renfewshire (1746{{ndash}}47)[11]
  • Blair Castle (1748{{ndash}}56).[26] Unexecuted design for remodelling the castle in the Palladian style
  • Edmonstone House, (1744{{ndash}}49)
  • Dysart, Hot Pot Wynd, Carmelite Monastery (1748).[27] Unexecuted design
  • St Salvator’s College (1754{{ndash}}58). University halls of residence (demolished) [28][29]
  • Wardhouse (Gordonhall), Aberdeenshire (1757)[4]
  • Holyrood Abbey Church, Edinburgh (1758{{ndash}}60). Replacement of roof timber truss with diaphragm walls. Collapsed 2 December 1768 [14]
  • Campbeltown Town House (1758{{ndash}}60) [5]
  • Dalhousie Castle, Midlothian (1770s) [30]
  • Largo House. Attributed

References

1. ^1 {{cite book |title=A History of Scottish Architecture: from the Renaissance to the Present Day |last1=Glendinning |first1=M. |last2=MacInnes |first2=R. |last3=MacKehnie |first3=A. |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7486-0849-2 }}
2. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.scotlandschurchestrust.org.uk/church/killin-ardeonaig-parish-church|title=Killin & Ardeonaig Parish Church|website=Scotland's Churches Trust|accessdate=21 December 2014}}
3. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/56746/details/archerfield+house/ |title=Archerfield House |website=Canmore database |accessdate=21 December 2014 }}
4. ^1 {{cite web |url = http://www.buildingsatrisk.org.uk/ref_no/1851 |title = Wardhouse, Insch |website = buildingsatrisk.org.uk |accessdate = 21 December 2014 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20141221223425/http://www.buildingsatrisk.org.uk/ref_no/1851 |archivedate = 21 December 2014 |df = }}
5. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/38815/details/campbeltown+main+street+town+house/ |title=Campbeltown, Main Street, Town House |website=Canmore database |accessdate=21 December 2014 }}
6. ^Pinkerton is not in the 2007 Times Atlas. The place may perhaps be Little Pinkerton or Meikle Pinkerton, Dunbar, East Lothian.
7. ^Will of John Douglas, 20 June 1778. National Archives of Scotland CC8/8/124
8. ^{{cite book |title=The Edinburgh Recorder: Spotlight on the Personalities, Properties and Their Fire Insurance Policies from 1720 to 1840 |editor-last=Gilhooley |editor-first=James |year=1990 |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Privately printed }}
9. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=407903 |title=John Douglas, Architect |website=scottisharchitects.org.uk |accessdate=21 December 2014 }}
10. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/63147/details/galloway+house/ |website=Canmore database |title=Galloway House |accessdate=21 December 2014}}
11. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.finlaystonehouse.com/historycunninghams.htm |title=Finlaystone House History |website=finlaystonehouse.com |accessdate=21 December 2014 }}
12. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/arch.2001.12.1.1 |title=John Douglas’ Country House Designs |last=Kinnear |first=Holly E. B. |year=2001 |journal=Architectural Heritage |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=1–12 |issn=1350-7524 |format=PDF |publisher=Edinburgh University Press, for the Architectural Heritage Society of Scotland |location=Edinburgh }}
13. ^{{cite book |title=A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects 1600{{ndash}}1840 |first=Howard |last=Colvin |authorlink=Howard Colvin |year=1978 |publisher=John Murray |location=London }}
14. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%291076-0431%282003%299%3A3%28109%29 |last1=Theodossopoulos |first1=D. |last2=Sinha |first2=B.P. |last3=Usmani |first3=A.S. |year=2003 |title=Case Study of the Failure of a Cross Vault: Church of Holyrood Abbey |journal=J. Archit. Eng. |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=109–117 |format=PDF |publisher=American Society of Civil Engineers }}
15. ^{{cite web |url=https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msa=0&msid=211007301315030640668.0004c6ee94355886a1241 |title=Main Buildings Attributed to the 18C Architect John Douglas |website=Google maps |accessdate=21 December 2014 }}
16. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.strathallan.co.uk/pages/download/1314881013StrathallanHistoryArchivesFreelandHouse.pdf |title=Freeland House |website=strathallan.co.uk |accessdate=21 December 2014 }}
17. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/building_full.php?id=206761 |title=Murthly House DSA Building/ Design Report |website=Dictionary of Scottish Architects DSA|accessdate=27 February 2016}}
18. ^{{cite web |url=http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/88063/details/abercairny/ |website=Canmore database |title=Abercairny |accessdate=21 December 2014 }}
19. ^{{cite web |url=http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/216076/details/glasserton+house/ |title=Glasserton House |website=Canmore database |accessdate=21 December 2014}}
20. ^{{cite web |url=http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/35557/details/arbroath+harbour/ |title=Arbroath Harbour |website=Canmore database |accessdate=21 December 2014}}
21. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.scran.ac.uk/database/record.php?usi=000-299-999-659-C&scache=3k9dehnl4i&searchdb=scran |title=Elevation of Lochmaben Town Hall, Dumfries and Galloway |website=Scran |accessdate=21 December 2014 }}
22. ^{{cite web |url=http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/24893/details/taymouth+castle/ |title=Taymouth Castle |website=Canmore database |accessdate=21 December 2014}}
23. ^{{cite web |url=http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/88012/details/amulree+church+of+scotland+and+churchyard/ |title=Amulree Church of Scotland and Churchyard |website=Canmore database |accessdate=21 December 2014 }}
24. ^{{cite web |url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/113685/kilmahew-house |title=Kilmahew House |website=Canmore database |accessdate=21 December 2014}}
25. ^{{cite web |url=http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/145895/details/fullarton+house/ |title=Fullarton House |website=Canmore database |accessdate=21 December 2014}}
26. ^{{cite web |url=http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/25802/details/blair+castle/ |title=Blair Castle |website=Canmore database |accessdate=21 December 2014 }}
27. ^{{cite web|url=http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/53988/details/dysart+hot+pot+wynd+carmelite+monastery/|title=Dysart, Hot Pot Wynd, Carmelite Monastery|website=Canmore database|accessdate=21 December 2014}}
28. ^{{cite book |last=Cant |first=Ronald G. |year=1950 |title=The College of St Salvator: Its Foundation and Development, Including a Selection of Documents |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Oliver and Boyd, for the University Court#ScotlandUniversity Court of the University of St. Andrews}}
29. ^{{cite book |last=Grater |first=Abigail |year=2000 |title=The United College: The Architectural Development of the United College of St Salvator and St Leonard, University of St. Andrews, 1757{{ndash}}1931 |location=St Andrews |publisher=University of St. Andrews}}
30. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.scran.ac.uk/database/record.php?usi=000-000-112-393-C&scache=3ka7nhnl4g&searchdb=scran |title=Dalhousie Castle, Midlothian |website=Scran |accessdate=21 December 2014 }}
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5 : Year of birth missing|1778 deaths|Scottish architects|18th-century Scottish architects|Country houses
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