| 词条 | Astrakhan | |||||||||
| 释义 |
|en_name=Astrakhan |ru_name=Астрахань |image_skyline=Астраханский кремль.jpg |image_caption=Astrakhan Kremlin |coordinates = {{coord|46|21|N|48|03|E|display=inline,title}} |map_label_position=left |image_coa=Coat of Arms of Astrakhan.svg |coa_caption= |image_flag=Flag of Astrakhan.svg |flag_caption= |anthem=Anthem of Astrakhan |anthem_ref=[1] |holiday=Third Sunday of September |holiday_ref=[2] |federal_subject=Astrakhan Oblast |federal_subject_ref=[3] |adm_data_as_of=September 2014 |adm_city_jur=city of oblast significance of Astrakhan |adm_city_jur_ref=[3] |adm_ctr_of1=Astrakhan Oblast |adm_ctr_of1_ref=[5] |adm_ctr_of2=city of oblast significance of Astrakhan |adm_ctr_of2_ref=[3] |inhabloc_cat=City |inhabloc_cat_ref=[3] |mun_data_as_of=October 2014 |urban_okrug_jur=Astrakhan Urban Okrug |urban_okrug_jur_ref=[8] |mun_admctr_of=Astrakhan Urban Okrug |mun_admctr_of_ref=[8] |leader_title=Head |leader_title_ref=[3] |leader_name=Oleg Polumordvinov |leader_name_ref=[4] |representative_body=City Duma |representative_body_ref=[5] |area_of_what= |area_as_of=2003 |area_km2=208.70 |area_km2_ref=[6] |pop_2010census=520339 |pop_2010census_rank=33rd |pop_2010census_ref=[7] |pop_density= |pop_density_as_of= |pop_density_ref= |pop_latest=530900 |pop_latest_date=January 2014 |pop_latest_ref=[8] |established_date=1558 |established_title= |established_date_ref=[16] |current_cat_date=1717 |current_cat_date_ref=[16] |prev_name1= |prev_name1_date= |prev_name1_ref= |postal_codes=414000, 414004, 414006, 414008, 414009, 414011–414019, 414021, 414022, 414024–414026, 414028–414030, 414032, 414038, 414040–414042, 414044–414046, 414050–414052, 414056, 414057, 414700, 414890, 414899, 414950, 414960, 414961, 414999 |dialing_codes=8512 |dialing_codes_ref= |website=http://www.astrgorod.ru |website_ref= |date=May 2010 }}Astrakhan ({{lang-rus|Астрахань|p=ˈastrəxənʲ}}, Tatar: Ästerxan, Hacitarxan, حاجی ترخان) is a city in southern Russia and the administrative center of Astrakhan Oblast. The city lies on two banks of the Volga River, close to where it discharges into the Caspian Sea at an altitude of {{convert|28|m|sp=us}} below sea level. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 520,339;[7] up from 504,501 recorded in the 2002 Census[9] and 509,210 recorded in the 1989 Census.[10] The oldest economic and cultural center of the Lower Volga,[11] it is often called{{by whom|date=February 2016}} the southernmost outpost of Russia[12] and the Caspian capital.[13][14] The city is a member of the Eurasian Regional Office of the World Organization "United Cities and Local Governments"[15] Its population is diverse and includes one hundred ethnicities and fourteen religious denominations.[11]{{dead link|date=February 2016}} The city is located in the upper part of the Volga delta, on eleven islands of the Caspian Depression. The distance to Moscow by road is {{convert|1411|km|sp=us}}.[16] EtymologyThe name is a corruption of Hashtarkhan, itself a corruption of Haji Tarkhan(حاجی ترخان)—a name amply evidenced in the medieval writings. Tarkhan is possibly a Turco-Mongolian title standing for "great khan," or "king", while haji or hajji is a title given to one who has made the Islamic requisite of pilgrimage to Mecca. Together, they denoted "the king who has visited Mecca." The city has given its name to the particular pelts from young karakul sheep, and in particular to the hats traditionally made from the pelts. Colloquially, the city is known by the short form Astra. Another popular nickname is The Caspian Capital HistoryMedieval history{{Main|Xacitarxan}}Astrakhan is in the Volga Delta, which is rich in sturgeon and exotic plants. The fertile area formerly contained the capitals of Khazaria and the Golden Horde. Astrakhan was first mentioned by travelers in the early 13th century as Xacitarxan. Tamerlane burnt it to the ground in 1395 during his war with the Golden Horde. From 1459 to 1556, Xacitarxan was the capital of Astrakhan Khanate. The ruins of this medieval settlement were found by archaeologists 12 km upstream from the modern-day city. Starting in A.D. 1324, Ibn Battuta, the famous Muslim traveler, began his pilgrimage from his native city of Tangier, present-day Morocco to Mecca. Along the 75,000 mile trek, that took nearly 29 years, Ibn Battuta came in contact with many new cultures in which he speaks about in his diaries. One specific country that he passed through on his journey was the Golden Horde ruled by the descendants of Genghis Khan, located on the Volga River in southern Russia; which Battuta refers to as the river Athal. He then claims the Athal is, “one of the greatest rivers in the world.” ( Battuta, 79). In the winter, when the weather is very cold, the Muslim ruler, or Sultan, stays in Astrakhan. Due to this cold water, the King [Sultan Mohammed Öz Beg] orders the people of Astrakhan to lay many bundles of hay down on the frozen river. He does this to allow the people to travel over the ice. When Battuta and the King spoke about Battuta visiting Constantinople, which the King granted him permission to do, the King then gifted Battuta with fifteen hundred dinars, many horses and a dress of honor.[17][18] In 1556, the khanate was conquered by Ivan the Terrible, who had a new fortress, or kremlin, built on a steep hill overlooking the Volga in 1558. This year is traditionally considered to be the foundation of the modern city.[19] In 1569, during the Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570), Astrakhan was besieged by the Ottoman army, which had to retreat in disarray. A year later, the Ottoman sultan renounced his claims to Astrakhan, thus opening the entire Volga River to Russian traffic.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}} The Ottoman Empire, though militarily defeated, insisted on safe passage for Muslim pilgrims and traders from Central Asia as well as the destruction of the Russian's fort on the Terek river.[20] In the 17th century, the city was developed as a Russian gate to the Orient. Many merchants from Armenia, Safavid Persia, Mughal India and Khiva khanate settled in the town, giving it a cosmopolitan character. Modern historyFor seventeen months in 1670–1671, Astrakhan was held by Stenka Razin and his Cossacks. Early in the following century, Peter the Great constructed a shipyard here and made Astrakhan the base for his hostilities against Persia, and later in the same century Catherine the Great accorded the city important industrial privileges.[21] The city rebelled against the Tsar once again in 1705, when it was held by the Cossacks under Kondraty Bulavin. A Kalmuck khan laid an abortive siege to the kremlin several years before that. In 1711, it became the seat of a governorate, whose first governors included Artemy Petrovich Volynsky and Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev. Six years later, Astrakhan served as a base for the first Russian venture into Central Asia. It was granted town status in 1717.{{citation needed|date=April 2012}} In 1702, 1718 and 1767, it suffered severely from fires; in 1719 it was plundered by the Safavid Persians; and in 1830, cholera killed much of the populace.[21] Astrakhan's kremlin was built from the 1580s to the 1620s from bricks taken from the site of Sarai Berke. Its two impressive cathedrals were consecrated in 1700 and 1710, respectively. Built by masters from Yaroslavl, they retain many traditional features of Russian church architecture, while their exterior decoration is definitely baroque. In March 1919 after a failed workers' revolt against Bolshevik rule, 3,000 to 5,000 people were executed in less than a week by the Cheka under orders from Sergey Kirov. Some victims had stones tied around their necks and were thrown into the Volga.[22][23] During Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, the A-A line running from Astrakhan to Arkhangelsk was to be the eastern limit of German military operation and occupation. The plan was never carried out, as Germany captured neither the two cities nor Moscow. In the autumn of 1942, the region to the west of Astrakhan became one of the easternmost points in the Soviet Union reached by the invading German Wehrmacht, during Case Blue, the offensive which led to the Battle of Stalingrad. Light armored forces of German Army Group A made brief scouting missions as close as 100 km to Astrakhan before withdrawing. In the same period, elements of both the Luftwaffe's KG 4 and KG 100 bomber wings attacked Astrakhan, flying several air raids and bombing the city's oil terminals and harbor installations. In 1943, Astrakhan was made the seat of a Soviet oblast with the RSFSR, which was maintained as a national province of the independent Russian Federation in the 1991 administrative reshuffle after the dismemberment of the Soviet Union. In the present day, Astrakhan is a large industrial centre of the Volga country, Russia, with a population of 100,000. Starting nearly 400 years ago and continuing to the present day, Astrakhan has been Russia's main center of fish processing. The market for fish is a large component of the economy in this city. [24]Mayoral election of 2012After fraud was alleged in the mayoral election of 2012 and the United Russia candidate was declared the winner, organizers of the 2011–2012 Russian protests supported the defeated candidate, Oleg V. Shein of Just Russia, in a hunger strike. Substantial evidence of fraud was cited by the protesters but an official investigation failed to find significant violations.[25] The activists from Moscow found it difficult to gain traction over the issue with local residents who, like most Russians, accept political corruption as a given that is useless to protest.[26] The emissaries from Moscow persisted, buoyed by celebrities who support the reform movement, drawing 5,000 to a rally on April 14.[27] Administrative and municipal statusAstrakhan is the administrative center of the oblast.[28] Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as the city of oblast significance of Astrakhan—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[29] As a municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Astrakhan is incorporated as Astrakhan Urban Okrug.[30] DemographicsReligionAstrakhan is the archiepiscopal see of one of the metropolitanates and (as Astrakhan and Yenotayevka) eparchies of the Russian Orthodox Church, its only other suffragan being Akhtubinsk.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}} There is also a Catholic community, served by the Church of the Assumption of Mary (Astrakhan). The original Muslim Bulgar population is now gone/assimilated. PopulationAccording to the results of the 2010 Census, the population of Astrakhan was 520,339.[7] At the time of the official 2010 Census, the ethnic makeup of the city's population was:[31]
ClimateAstrakhan features a temperate continental "Uralian" semi-arid climate with cold winters and hot summers. Astrakhan is one of the driest cities in Europe. Rainfall is scarce but relatively evenly distributed throughout the course of the year with, however, more precipitation (58%) in the hot season (six hottest months of the year), which determines the "Uralian" type (as opposed to the "Turkmenon" type, with the wet season during the cold months)[32][33]{{citation needed|reason=I can't find any other reference on the internet to 'Aralian' and 'Turkmenon' climates|date=May 2015}}. It is this even distribution of rainfall and the relatively low annual temperature that causes the city to fall under this climate category as opposed to an arid climate. Winters tend to be cold in the city, though by Russian standards, Astrakhan features relatively balmy winters. Summers in the city can be hot, with high temperatures in excess of {{convert|+40|C}}. The mean annual temperature amplitude (difference between the mean monthly temperatures of the hottest and coldest months) is thus equal to {{convert|29.2|C-change}} ({{convert|+25.6|°C}} in July and {{convert|-3.6|C}} in January), so the climate is truly continental (amplitudes superior or equal to {{convert|21|C-change}} determines continental climates, while in semi-continental climates amplitudes vary between {{convert|18|C-change}} and {{convert|21|C-change}}). Spring and fall are basically transitional seasons between summer and winter. The summers are much hotter than found further west on similar parallels in Europe and worldwide for the 46th parallel. {{Weather box|location=Astrakhan |metric first=yes |single line=yes |Jan record high C=14.0 |Feb record high C=16.9 |Mar record high C=24.0 |Apr record high C=32.0 |May record high C=36.8 |Jun record high C=39.9 |Jul record high C = 41.0 |Aug record high C = 40.8 |Sep record high C = 38.0 |Oct record high C = 29.9 |Nov record high C = 21.6 |Dec record high C = 16.4 |year record high C = 41.0 |Jan high C = -0.1 |Feb high C = 0.8 |Mar high C = 7.8 |Apr high C = 17.4 |May high C = 23.8 |Jun high C = 29.3 |Jul high C = 32.0 |Aug high C = 30.7 |Sep high C = 24.4 |Oct high C = 16.3 |Nov high C = 7.4 |Dec high C = 1.2 |year high C = 15.9 |Jan mean C = -3.6 |Feb mean C = -3.7 |Mar mean C = 2.3 |Apr mean C = 11.1 |May mean C = 17.7 |Jun mean C = 23.1 |Jul mean C = 25.6 |Aug mean C = 24.0 |Sep mean C = 17.7 |Oct mean C = 10.4 |Nov mean C = 3.1 |Dec mean C = -1.9 |year mean C = 10.5 |Jan low C = -6.5 |Feb low C = -7.1 |Mar low C = -1.9 |Apr low C = 5.9 |May low C = 12.1 |Jun low C = 17.4 |Jul low C = 19.6 |Aug low C = 18.1 |Sep low C = 12.3 |Oct low C = 6.0 |Nov low C = 0.4 |Dec low C = -4.6 |year low C = 6.0 |Jan record low C = -31.8 |Feb record low C = -33.6 |Mar record low C = -26.9 |Apr record low C = -8.9 |May record low C = -1.1 |Jun record low C = 6.1 |Jul record low C = 10.1 |Aug record low C = 6.1 |Sep record low C = -2.0 |Oct record low C = -10.5 |Nov record low C = -25.8 |Dec record low C = -29.9 |year record low C = -33.6 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 16 |Feb precipitation mm = 12 |Mar precipitation mm = 16 |Apr precipitation mm = 23 |May precipitation mm = 28 |Jun precipitation mm = 25 |Jul precipitation mm = 24 |Aug precipitation mm = 21 |Sep precipitation mm = 17 |Oct precipitation mm = 18 |Nov precipitation mm = 18 |Dec precipitation mm = 16 |year precipitation mm = 234 |Jan rain days = 8 |Feb rain days = 6 |Mar rain days = 7 |Apr rain days = 11 |May rain days = 12 |Jun rain days = 11 |Jul rain days = 10 |Aug rain days = 9 |Sep rain days = 9 |Oct rain days = 9 |Nov rain days = 12 |Dec rain days = 10 |year rain days = 114 |Jan snow days = 14 |Feb snow days = 12 |Mar snow days = 7 |Apr snow days = 0.4 |May snow days = 0 |Jun snow days = 0 |Jul snow days = 0 |Aug snow days = 0 |Sep snow days = 0 |Oct snow days = 0 |Nov snow days = 6 |Dec snow days = 12 |year snow days = 51 |Jan humidity = 84 |Feb humidity = 80 |Mar humidity = 73 |Apr humidity = 63 |May humidity = 61 |Jun humidity = 58 |Jul humidity = 58 |Aug humidity = 59 |Sep humidity = 66 |Oct humidity = 74 |Nov humidity = 83 |Dec humidity = 86 |year humidity = 70 |Jan sun = 87 |Feb sun = 106 |Mar sun = 163 |Apr sun = 226 |May sun = 293 |Jun sun = 316 |Jul sun = 332 |Aug sun = 309 |Sep sun = 252 |Oct sun = 181 |Nov sun = 84 |Dec sun = 58 |year sun = 2407 |source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net[34] |source 2 = NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)[35] |date=August 2010}} EducationAstrakhan has five institutions of higher education. Most prominent among these are Astrakhan State Technical University and Astrakhan State University. Transportation{{unreferenced section|date=December 2016}}The city is served by Narimanovo Airport named after Soviet Azerbaijani politician Nariman Narimanov. It is managed by OAO Aeroport Astrakhan. After its reconstruction and the building of the international sector, opened in February 2011, Narimanovo Airport is one of the most modern regional airports in Russia. There are direct flights between Astrakhan and Aktau, Istanbul, St. Petersburg and Moscow. Astrakhan is linked by rail to the north (Volgograd and Moscow), the east (Atyrau and Kazakhstan) and the south (Makhachkala and Baku). There are direct trains to Moscow, Volgograd, Saint Petersburg, Baku, Kiev, Brest and other towns. Intercity and international buses are available as well. Public local transport is mainly provided by buses and minibuses called marshrutkas. Until 2005 there were also trams, and until 2017 trolleybuses. Symbol of "Azerbaijani-Russian Friendship"Due to shared Caspian borders, Astrakhan recently has been playing a significant role in the relations of both countries. As the Azerbaijani government has been heavily investing into the wellbeing of the city, Astrakhan has recently begun to symbolize the friendship between both countries. In 2010 a bridge was constructed with donations from Azerbaijan, which was named "Bridge of Friendship".[36] Moreover, Azerbaijani government sponsored secondary school number 11, which carries the name of the national leader Heydar Aliyev, as well as a children's entertainment center named "Dream".[37] Apart from that, a park has been built in the center of Astrakhan which is dedicated to friendship between the two countries. In the last 5 years Astrakhan has been visited by top Azerbaijani delegations on several occasions.[38][39][40][41] Notable people
Twin towns and sister cities{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia}}Astrakhan is twinned with:
References1. ^Decision #123 2. ^Charter of Astrakhan, Article 6 3. ^Charter of Astrakhan, Article 32 4. ^Official website of Astrakhan. Head of the City Administration {{ru icon}} 5. ^Charter of Astrakhan, Article 35 6. ^Russian Institute of Urban Planning. Генеральный план города Астрахань. Основные технико-экономические показатели. (General Plan of the City of Astrakhan. Main Technical Economical Measures). {{ru icon}} 7. ^1 2 {{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}} 8. ^Astrakhan Oblast Territorial Branch of the Federal State Statistics Service. Население (Population) {{ru icon}} 9. ^{{ru-pop-ref|2002Census}} 10. ^{{ru-pop-ref|1989Census}} 11. ^1 Официальный сайт органов местного самоуправления. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211150238/http://astrgorod.ru/about/obshchie-svedeniya |date=December 11, 2013 }} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rg.ru/2008/10/01/forpost.html|website=rg.ru|title=В военных подразделениях Астраханской области работают 35 тысяч специалистов — Российская газета — Спецвыпуск № 4762. |accessdate=September 6, 2017}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://old.themoscowtimes.com/beyond_moscow/astrakhan.html|website=themoscowtimes.com|title=Astrakhan|author=Howard Amos|accessdate=September 18, 2018|date=July 17, 2011}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gazprom.com/about/subsidiaries/news/2011/april/article112254/|website=www.gazprom.com|title=Gazprom dobycha Astrakhan to be major partner for Days of Spain in Russia within Astrakhan Oblast|accessdate=September 18, 2018|date=April 8, 2011}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.euroasia-uclg.ru/index.php?option=com_weblinks&view=category&id=1&Itemid=3&lang=ru|website=euroasia-uclg.ru|title=Публикации – Члены ОГМВ Евразия |accessdate=September 6, 2017}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.avtodispetcher.ru/distance/?from=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0&to=%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C|website=avtodispetcher.ru|title=Расстояние между Москвой и Астраханью – Автомобильный портал грузоперевозок. |accessdate=September 6, 2017}} 17. ^"[https://orias.berkeley.edu/resources-teachers/travels-ibn-battuta/journey/lands-golden-horde-chagatai-1332-1333 Lands of the Golden Horde & the Chagatai: 1332 - 1333]". University of California, Berkeley (UCB). 18. ^Batuta, Ibn, and Samuel Lee. The Travels of Ibn Battuta in the Near East, Asia and Africa. pp79 19. ^1 2 {{cite book|title=Энциклопедия Города России|year=2003|publisher=Большая Российская Энциклопедия|location=Moscow|isbn=5-7107-7399-9|page=28}} 20. ^Janet Martin, Medieval Russia:980-1584, 356. 21. ^1 {{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Astrakhan (town)|display=Astrakhan|volume=2|page=795|first=Peter Alexeivitch|last=Kropotkin|authorlink=Peter Kropotkin}} 22. ^[books.google.com.sg/books?id=00o2eO8w06oC&pg=PA5] 23. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.korolevperevody.co.uk/korolev/astrakhan.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=March 12, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111222013903/http://www.korolevperevody.co.uk/korolev/astrakhan.htm |archivedate=December 22, 2011 |df=mdy-all }} 24. ^http://russia.rin.ru/guides_e/2742.html 25. ^{{cite news|title=Moscow Protesters Try to Expand Movement|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/11/world/europe/astrakhan-hunger-striker-gets-support-from-moscow-protesters.html|accessdate=April 11, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=April 10, 2012|author=David M. Herzenhorn}} 26. ^{{cite news|title=Opposition Finds Apathy Over Election in Russia City By DAVID M. HERSZENHORN|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/13/world/europe/moscow-activists-find-apathy-in-astrakhan.html|accessdate=April 13, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=April 12, 2012|author=David M. Herszenhorn}} 27. ^{{cite news|title=Moscow Protesters Take Their Show on the Road|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/15/world/europe/leaders-of-rallies-in-moscow-take-their-show-on-the-road.html|accessdate=April 15, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=April 14, 2012|author=David M. Herszenhorn}} 28. ^1 Charter of Astrakhan Oblast, Article 9 29. ^1 2 3 4 Law #67/2006-OZ 30. ^1 2 Law #43/2004-OZ 31. ^{{cite web|url=http://astrastat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/astrastat/resources/89c9af004edcb877980a993467c8ff84/Том+4.+Национальный+состав+и+владение+языками%2C+гражданство+Астраханской+области.rar|title=Итоги::Астраханьстат|accessdate=2018-07-22|archiveurl=|archivedate=}} 32. ^Georges Viers, Éléments de climatologie, Paris, Nathan, 2001, 2e édition {{ISBN|978-2091911878}} 33. ^{{cite book|author=Jean Demangeot|title=Les milieux désertiques|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iZ8DDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA9|date=13 February 2001|publisher=Armand Colin|isbn=978-2-200-28492-3|page=9}} 34. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/34880.htm| title = Pogoda.ru.net (Weather and Climate-The Climate of Astrakhan)| accessdate = May 13, 2015| publisher = Weather and Climate| language = Russian}} 35. ^{{cite web| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/RE/34880.TXT| title = Astrahan (Astrakhan) Climate Normals 1961–1990| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration| accessdate = May 13, 2015}} 36. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.heydar-aliyev-foundation.org/en/content/view/93/837/Azerbaijan-Russia-Friendship-Bridge-in-Astrakhan|title=Heydar Aliyev Foundation - Azerbaijan-Russia Friendship Bridge in Astrakhan|website=heydar-aliyev-foundation.org|accessdate=September 6, 2017}} 37. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.azernews.az/azerbaijan/66945.html|website=azernews.az|title=Azerbaijan, Russian Astrakhan mull relations|accessdate=September 6, 2017}} 38. ^{{cite web|url=http://en.apa.az/xeber_presidents_of_azerbaijan_and_russia_met__217037.html|author=APA Information Agency, APA Holding|title=APA - Presidents of Azerbaijan and Russia met in Astrakhan - PHOTO|website=en.apa.az|accessdate=September 6, 2017}} 39. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.az/articles/official/92956|title=News.Az - Azerbaijani first lady Mehriban Aliyeva receives Astrakhan Oblast Order of Merit|website=news.az|accessdate=September 6, 2017}} 40. ^{{cite web|url=http://tass.ru/en/world/699466|website=tass.ru|title=tass.ru/en/world/699466|accessdate=September 6, 2017}} 41. ^{{cite web|url=http://haqqin.az/news/43524|title=Гейдар Алиев на полях сражений Ивана Грозного - астраханские записки Эйнуллы Фатуллаева|website=Haqqin|accessdate=September 6, 2017}} 42. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.8deynews.com/31461/|title=رشت و آستارا خان خواهر خوانده شدند+ تصاویر | پایگاه خبری تحلیلی 8دی نیوز|website=8deynews.com|accessdate=September 6, 2017}} Sources
|ru_entity=Городской Совет города Астрахани |ru_type=Решение |ru_number=123 |ru_date=1 ноября 2000 г. |ru_title=Об утверждени гимна города Астрахани |ru_effective_date= |ru_published_in= |ru_published_date= |ru_url= |en_entity=City Council of the City of Astrakhan |en_type=Decision |en_number=123 |en_date=November 1, 2000 |en_title=On Adopting the Anthem of the City of Astrakhan |en_effective_date= }} External links
5 : Astrakhan|Astrakhan Governorate|Populated places on the Volga|Russian and Soviet Navy bases|Populated places established in 1558 |
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