| 词条 | Savannah sparrow | |||||
| 释义 |
| image = Passerculus sandwichensis crop.jpg | image_caption = Singing male, probably P. s. labradorius Cap Tourmente National Wildlife Area, Quebec (Canada) | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | genus = Passerculus | species = sandwichensis | authority = (Gmelin, 1789) | synonyms = *Ammodramus beldingi | subdivision_ranks = Subspecies | subdivision = Some 10–20, see article text | range_map = Passerculus sandwichensis map.svg }} The Savannah sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis) is a small American sparrow. It was the only member of the genus Passerculus and is typically the only widely accepted member. Comparison of mtDNA NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 and 3 sequences indicates that the Ipswich sparrow, formerly usually considered a valid species (as Passerculus princeps), is a well-marked subspecies of the Savannah sparrow, whereas the southwestern large-billed sparrow should be recognized as a distinct species (Passerculus rostratus).[2] The common name comes from Savannah, Georgia, where one of the first specimens of this bird was collected. DistributionThis passerine bird breeds in Alaska, Canada, northern, central and Pacific coastal United States, Mexico and Guatemala. The Pacific and Mexican breeders are resident, but other populations are migratory, wintering from the southern United States across Central America and the Caribbean to northern South America. It is a very rare vagrant to western Europe.[3] DescriptionThis species has a typically sparrow-like dark-streaked brown back, and whitish underparts with brown or blackish breast and flank streaking. It has whitish crown and supercilium stripes, sometimes with some yellow (more often near the beak). The cheeks are brown and the throat white. The flight feathers are blackish-brown with light brown or white border. The eyes are dark. The feet and legs are horn-colored, as is the lower part of the bill, with the upper part being dark grey.[3] The Savannah sparrow is a very variable species, with numerous subspecies, several of which have been split as separate species at various times. The different forms vary principally in the darkness of the plumage. The variation generally follows Gloger's rule, with Alaskan and interior races the palest, and southwestern coastal forms the darkest. There are some exceptions, though, most conspicuously in some island populations that presumably were strongly affected by founder effects. The general pattern of variation has a fairly clear divide, southwest of which the birds become notably darker; this agrees quite well with the limit between P. sandwichensis and P. (s.) rostratus.[2][3] Savannah sparrows show some variation in size across subspecies. The total length can range from {{convert|11|to|17|cm|in|abbr=on}}, wingspan ranges from {{convert|18|to|25|cm|in|abbr=on}} and body mass from {{convert|15|to|29|g|oz|abbr=on}}.[2][3] In the nominate subspecies, the body weight averages {{convert|20.1|g|oz|abbr=on}}.[4] The Savannah sparrows proper (see below) are very similar, and migrant birds can not usually be related to a breeding population with certainty. The resident or partially migratory subspecies are well distinguishable by size and, particularly between groups, coloration.[3] Behavior{{listen| filename = Passerculus sandwichensis - Savannah Sparrow - XC82760.ogg | title = Savannah sparrow song | description = A Savannah sparrow singing from the edge of a restored prairie in Iowa }} These birds forage on the ground or in low bushes; particularly in winter they are also found in grazed low-growth grassland. They mainly eat seeds, but also eat insects in the breeding season. They are typically encountered as pairs or family groups in the breeding season, and assemble in flocks for the winter migration. The flight call is a thin seep.[3] Sensu lato, the Savannah sparrow is considered a threatened species by the IUCN.[1][3][14] The song is mixture of chirps and trills. SystematicsSeventeen subspecies (including the large-billed sparrows) are currently recognized, though many are only described from wintering birds and much of the variation seems to be clinal. Four additional subspecies are no longer generally accepted. The complex is usually divided into several groups: Savannah sparrows properAll are migratory; wintering ranges overlap widely.
P. s. wetmorei is a doubtful subspecies that may breed in the mountains of Guatemala. It is known from only five specimens, collected June 11–17, 1897, in Huehuetenango Department.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} Ipswich sparrowSome post-breeding dispersal. Formerly considered a distinct species.[2]
The Ipswich sparrow is somewhat larger and paler in color than other eastern Savannah sparrows. The breast streaks are narrower and pale brown. Some birds overwinter on the island; others migrate south along the Atlantic coast, usually departing later and returning sooner than mainland birds. Some birds interbreed with P. s. savanna in Nova Scotia. These birds frequently raise three broods in a year. This bird was first observed in winter on the dunes near the town of Ipswich, Massachusetts. Large-billed sparrowsThe large-billed sparrows proper are two dark, large and strong-billed subspecies:
The Belding's (Savannah/large-billed) sparrows are all-year residents of salt marshes of the Californian Pacific coast. They are dark, rufous, and have rather long but not very hefty bills.
The San Benito (Savannah/large-billed) sparrow is a resident bird of the Islas San Benito off Baja California; a stray bird was observed on Cedros Island on April 21, 1906.[16]
This is a large-bodied and large-billed subspecies, similar to rostratus. They utilize different habitat and their breeding season does not seem to coincide[5] with that of Belding's sparrows. However, their bill size is due to convergent evolution and their habitat choice simply to the lack of alternatives on their barren island home; altogether, it appears to be a fairly recent offshoot from the Belding's sparrows group. It appears as distinct evolutionarily from these as does the Ipswich sparrow from the Savannah sparrow proper group, only that there seems to have been more gene flow and/or a larger founder population in the case of the latter.[2] GalleryNotes1. ^1 {{IUCN|id=22721110 |title=Passerculus sandwichensis |assessor=BirdLife International |assessor-link=BirdLife International |version=2013.2 |year=2012 |accessdate=26 November 2013}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/savannah_sparrow/lifehistory |title=Savannah Sparrow, Life History, All About Birds – Cornell Lab of Ornithology |publisher=Allaboutbirds.org |date= |accessdate=2013-03-30}} 3. ^{{cite web|author=Sproule, Ken |url=http://toronto-wildlife.com/Birds/Sparrows/sparrows.html |title=Sparrows |publisher=Toronto Wildlife |accessdate=2013-03-30}} 4. ^CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992), {{ISBN|978-0-8493-4258-5}}. 5. ^For late April 1906, Thayer & Bangs (1907) report nestlings, young birds molting into adult plumage, but no eggs anymore. Rising in Zink et al. (2005) found no breeding activity in late April 1999. Consequently, breeding seems to take place in the winter months, with the last young fledging in April/May. 6. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 Byers, Clive; Olsson, Urban & Curson, Jon (1995): Sparrows and Buntings: A Guide to the Sparrows and Buntings of North America and the World. Houghton Mifflin, Boston. {{ISBN|0-395-73873-3}} 7. ^1 {{cite journal|author1=Olson, Storrs L. |author2=James, Helen F. |author3=Meister, Charles A. |lastauthoramp=yes |year=1981|title= Winter field notes and specimen weights of Cayman Island Birds|journal=Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club|volume=101|issue=3|pages= 339–346|url=http://si-pddr.si.edu/dspace/bitstream/10088/6535/1/VZ_119_Cayman_bird_weights.pdf}} 8. ^1 {{cite journal|author1=Thayer, John E. |author2=Bangs, Outram |lastauthoramp=yes |year=1907|title= Birds Collected by W. W. Brown, Jr., on Cerros [sic], San Benito and Natividad Islands in the Spring of 1906, with Notes on the Biota of the Islands|journal=Condor|volume=9|issue=3|pages= 77–81|doi=10.2307/1361136|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v009n03/p0077-p0081.pdf}} 9. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal|author1=Zink, Robert M. |author2=Rising, James D. |author3=Mockford, Steve |author4=Horn, Andrew G. |author5=Wright, Jonathan M. |author6=Leonard, Marty |author7=Westberg, M.C. |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2005|title= Mitochondrial DNA variation, species limits, and rapid evolution of plumage coloration and size in the Savannah Sparrow|url=http://www.cooper.org/COS/107_1/107_1abs02.pdf|jstor=3247750|journal=Condor|volume=107|issue=1|pages= 21–28|doi=10.1650/7550}} References{{Reflist|refs=[6][7][8][9]}} External links{{Commons+cat|Passerculus sandwichensis}}{{Wikispecies|Passerculus sandwichensis}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q287893}}{{DEFAULTSORT:sparrow, savannah}} 4 : Passerellidae|American sparrows|Birds of North America|Birds described in 1789 |
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