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词条 Schering-Plough
释义

  1. History

     Pharmaceuticals and consumer products  Animal health  Coopers Animal Health  Intervet  Merck Animal Health, MSD Animal Health  Chief executives 

  2. Medical products

     Prescription products  Over-the-counter products 

  3. Veterinary products

  4. Exercise drug

  5. Collaborative research

  6. Controversy

  7. References

  8. External links

{{Infobox company
| name = Schering-Plough Corporation
| logo = Schering-Plough.svg
| logo_size = 200px
| type = Subsidiary of Merck & Co.
| foundation = 1971 (by merger with Plough, Inc.)
| defunct = 2009
| location = Kenilworth, New Jersey
| key_people = Fred Hassan
Final CEO & Chairman
| num_employees =
| industry = Pharmaceuticals
| products =
| revenue = US$18.502 billion (2008)
| net_income = US$1.903 billion (2008)
| website =
}}

Schering-Plough Corporation was a United States-based pharmaceutical company. It was originally the US subsidiary of the German company Schering AG, which was founded in 1851 by Ernst Christian Friedrich Schering. As a result of nationalization it became an independent company. In 1971, the Schering Corporation merged with Plough (founded by Memphis area entrepreneur Abe Plough in 1908)[1] to form Schering-Plough. On November 4, 2009 Merck & Co. merged with Schering-Plough with the new company taking the name of Merck & Co.

Schering-Plough manufactured several pharmaceutical drugs, the most well-known of which were the allergy drugs Claritin and Clarinex, an anti-cholesterol drug Vytorin, and a brain tumor drug Temodar. These are now available from Merck & Co.[2]

Schering-Plough also owned and operated the major foot care brand name Dr. Scholl's and the skin care line Coppertone. These also became a part of the new company.[3]

{{As of|2005|alt=As of June 2005}}, Schering-Plough had 1.4% market share in the U.S., placing it seventeenth in the top twenty pharmaceutical corporations by sales compiled by IMS Health.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}

Schering-Plough was a full member of the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA),[4] a membership which is also maintained by the new Merck & Co.[5]

History

Pharmaceuticals and consumer products

Schering was founded in 1851 by Ernst Christian Friedrich Schering as Schering AG in Germany. {{Citation needed|date=October 2009}}

Plough, Incorporated was founded by the Memphis, Tennessee area entrepreneur Abe Plough (1892–1984) in 1908. He borrowed $125 from his father to start the business at age sixteen. As a one-man business, he mixed "Plough's Antiseptic Healing Oil," a "sure cure for any ill of man or beast," and sold it off a horse-drawn buggy.[1]

Plough's acquisitions included St Joseph's Aspirin for children,[1] Maybelline cosmetics, and Coppertone skin care products. Plough also had a broadcasting division, operating radio stations in Atlanta, Georgia (WPLO-AM & FM); Baltimore, Maryland (WCAO-AM & FM); Boston, Massachusetts (WCOP-AM & FM); Chicago, Illinois (WJJD-AM & FM); and Memphis, Tennessee (WMPS-AM & FM).[6]

Following the entry of the United States into World War II in 1941, U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt ordered Schering AG's U.S. assets be seized. These became the Schering Corporation. The company was placed under a government administratorship until 1952, when it was released and its assets sold to the private sector. {{Citation needed|date=October 2009}}

In 1957, Schering acquired White Laboratories.[7]

In 1971, the Schering Corporation merged with Plough, Inc. At the time of the merger, Abe Plough became Chairman of the combined company.[8]

In 2000, Schering Plough bought a new campus in Summit, New Jersey from Novartis.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}

On March 9, 2009 it was announced that Schering-Plough and Merck were to merge. On November 4, 2009 Schering-Plough merged with Merck & Co. and through a reverse merger Merck became a subsidiary of Schering-Plough, which renamed itself Merck.[9][10][11][12]

Animal health

Coopers Animal Health

One of Schering-Plough's plants, in Upper Hutt, New Zealand was the largest single site for the production of veterinary vaccines in the world.{{Citation needed|date=November 2007}} This was primarily because New Zealand's isolation has formed a natural quarantine, leaving the country free of rabies, foot and mouth, scrapie, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, and many other livestock diseases. It formerly had echinococcosis, but this has been eradicated. The site was known locally as Coopers Animal Health, a trademark which originated in the 1850s with a British company, Cooper & Nephews; the Coopers brand name was still in use by Schering-Plough in Australia, but not elsewhere.[13]

Intervet

On 12 March 2007, Schering-Plough Corp. purchased Organon International, the drug unit of Netherlands-based Akzo Nobel, for $14.4 billion, giving the US pharmaceutical company an array of women's health products and numerous late-stage pipelines of experimental medicines.[14]

Organon itself was founded in 1923 by Dr. Saal van Zwanenberg, the president of Zwanenberg's Slachterijen en Fabrieken. The company is housed at Zwanenberg's premises in Oss, the Netherlands.[15]

By August 21, 2008, Famvir (famciclovir) was marketed by Schering-Plough; formerly it was marketed by Novartis. {{Citation needed|date=October 2009}}

As a result of the acquisition of Organon BioSciences, Schering-Plough bolstered its animal health business with the Akzo Nobel subsidiary Intervet, obtained control of the active pharmaceutical ingredient manufacturer, Diosynth and gained access to human vaccine production through the subsidiary Nobilon. The three companies comprising Organon BioSciences were—Organon, Diosynth, and Intervet.[14] HomeAgain continues to use the Intervet name owned by Merck.

Merck Animal Health, MSD Animal Health

After the merger of Schering-Plough with Merck the animal health division was still known as Intervet/Schering-Plough Animal Health.[16] A merger of Merial and Intervet/Schering-Plough was planned in 2010, but was abandoned in March 2011.[17] On June 29, 2011, the company announced that the animal health division would now be known as Merck Animal Health in the United States and Canada; it is now called MSD Animal Health elsewhere in the world.[18]

Chief executives

Name Tenure
Willibald H. Conzen 1971 – 1979
Richard J. Bennett 1979 – January 31, 1982
Robert P. Luciano February 1, 1982 – December 31, 1995
Richard J. Kogan January 1, 1996 – April 2003
Fred Hassan April 2003 – November 3, 2009

Medical products

Prescription products

  • Bridion (sugammadex)
  • Cerazette
  • Desloratadine: antihistamine branded Clarinex
  • Esmeron/Zemuron (rocuronium)
  • Famvir (Famciclovir): for herpes zoster and shingles zoster treatment formerly Novartis
  • Intron A & PEG-Intron Interferon alfa-2b: for treatment of hepatitis C
  • Levitra (vardenafil): Erectile-dysfunction drug; co-marketed with Bayer, and GlaxoSmithKline
  • Livial (tibolone)
  • Marvelon/Desogen
  • Nasonex and Asmanex (Mometasone furoate)
  • Noxafil (posaconazole)
  • NuvaRing
  • Puregon/Follistim
  • Quazepam (Doral)[19]
  • Remeron/Remeron SolTab (mirtazapine)
  • Remicade (infliximab)
  • Suboxone (Buprenorphine/Naloxone)
  • Temodar (temozolomide)
  • Vytorin (ezetimibe/simvastatin): Cholesterol-lowering combination drug
  • Zetia (ezetimibe): Cholesterol-lowering drug

Over-the-counter products

  • Afrin: A nasal spray decongestant
  • Claritin (loratadine): An antihistamine which has less risk of causing drowsiness
  • Correctol: A stimulant laxative incorporating dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate and yellow phenolphthalein
  • Coricidin: A palliative remedy for the common cold, targeted towards individuals with high blood pressure
  • Coppertone: sunscreens
  • Bain de Soleil: suncreen
  • Drixoral
  • Zinka: Colored sunscreen

Veterinary products

  • Home Again Pet Recovery System: HomeAgain is an advanced pet identification and retrieval system.
  • Zubrin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) for the treatment of osteoarthritis in dogs.[20]
  • Mometamax: Is indicated for the treatment of canine acute externa and chronic otitis externa associated with yeast (Malassezia pachydermatis, formerly Pityrosporum canis) and/or bacteria susceptible to gentamicin. It contains the strongest steroid (Mometasone furoate) in Veterinary Medicine.[21]
  • Eclipse Vaccines: Attenuated modified live feline vaccines available in a multitude of antigen combinations.[22]
  • Galaxy Vaccines: Canine vaccines available in a multitude of antigen combinations.[23]
  • Optimmune: Ophthalmic ointment (ciclosporin) for the treatment of Pannis and Keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dogs.[24]
  • Orbax: Trade name for orbifloxacin, a fluoroquinolone.[25]
  • Otomax: Is indicated for the treatment of canine acute otitis externa and chronic otitis externa associated with yeast (Malassezia pachydermatis, formerly Pityrosporum canis) and/or bacteria susceptible to gentamicin. It contains betamethasone valerate as an anti-inflammatory.[26]
  • Banamine: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used in horses, cattle and swine in different parts of the world.[27]
  • Estrumate: A synthetic prostaglandin used in reproduction of cattle.[28]
  • Trivetrin: Trimethoprin sulfate for the treatment of cattle and swine.
  • Nuflor-Florfenicol-for treatment of bovine respiratory disease, foot rot and control of respiratory disease in cattle at high risk of developing bovine respiratory disease.[29]

Exercise drug

Schering-Plough also received much publicity for a drug AICAR which mimics the effects of exercise, having especially potent effects when used alongside another drug GW1516 developed by GlaxoSmithKline. {{Citation needed|date=October 2009}}

Collaborative research

In addition to internal research and development activities Schering-Plough was also involved in publicly funded collaborative research projects, with other industrial and academic partners. One example in the area of non-clinical safety assessment was the InnoMed PredTox.[30][31]

Controversy

In 2004, Schering-Plough was accused of marketing gimmicks and payoffs to doctors for prescribing the company's pharmaceutical products.[32]

Schering-Plough entered into a consent decree with the FDA on March 6, 2002 due to manufacturing issues with its albuterol inhaler. It was ordered to pay $500 million US dollars to the US Treasury.[33]

References

1. ^1 2 "Abe Plough (1892-1984) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519004250/http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entry.php?rec=1064 |date=2015-05-19 }}," Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture, online.
2. ^{{Cite web |title=Merck US Prescription Products |publisher=Merck.com |url=http://www.merck.com/product/prescription-products/home.html |accessdate=November 10, 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104075438/http://www.merck.com/product/prescription-products/home.html |archivedate=November 4, 2010 |df= }}
3. ^{{Cite web |title=Merck Consumer Products |publisher=Merck.com |url=http://www.merck.com/product/consumer-products/home.html |accessdate=November 10, 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120133053/http://www.merck.com/product/consumer-products/home.html |archivedate=November 20, 2010 |df= }}
4. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.efpia.eu/content/default.asp?PageID=559&DocID=4883|title=The Pharmaceutical Industry in Figures - 2008 Edition|publisher=European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA)|pages=49|accessdate=2008-08-25|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20080916100937/http://www.efpia.eu/content/default.asp?PageID=559&DocID=4883|archivedate=2008-09-16|df=}}
5. ^{{Cite web |title=Trade Association Memberships |publisher=Merck.com |url=http://www.merck.com/about/views-and-positions/trade-association-memberships.html |accessdate=November 8, 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119114027/http://www.merck.com/about/views-and-positions/trade-association-memberships.html |archivedate=November 19, 2010 |df= }}
6. ^Federal Communications Commission (FCC) memorandum opinion and order released Tuesday, December 15, 1970 pertaining to the approval of the transfer of control of Plough Broadcasting Co., Inc. from Plough, Inc. to Schering-Plough Corp. Retrieved January 16, 2019
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Schering-Plough_Corp.aspx|title=Schering-Plough Corp facts, information, pictures - Encyclopedia.com articles about Schering-Plough Corp|website=www.encyclopedia.com|accessdate=16 March 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916132837/http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Schering-Plough_Corp.aspx|archivedate=16 September 2016|df=}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.answers.com/topic/schering-plough-corp|title=Answers - The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions|website=Answers.com|accessdate=16 March 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317102125/http://www.answers.com/topic/schering-plough-corp|archivedate=17 March 2018|df=}}
9. ^{{cite news| last=Singer| first=Natasha| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/10/business/10drug.html?hp| title=Merck to Buy Schering-Plough for $41.1 Billion| date=March 10, 2009| work=The New York Times| accessdate=2009-11-14| deadurl=no| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512210903/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/10/business/10drug.html?hp| archivedate=May 12, 2011| df=}}
10. ^{{cite press release| title = Merck and Schering-Plough to Complete Merger Today| url = http://www.merck.com/newsroom/news-release-archive/corporate/2009_1103.html| date = November 3, 2009| accessdate = 2009-11-13| publisher = Merck & Co.| deadurl = yes| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20091107063055/http://www.merck.com/newsroom/news-release-archive/corporate/2009_1103.html| archivedate = November 7, 2009| df = }}
11. ^{{cite press release| title = New Merck Begins Operations| url = http://www.merck.com/newsroom/news-release-archive/corporate/2009_1104.html| date = November 4, 2009| accessdate = 2009-11-13| publisher = Merck & Co.| deadurl = yes| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20091208044359/http://www.merck.com/newsroom/news-release-archive/corporate/2009_1104.html| archivedate = December 8, 2009| df = }}
12. ^{{cite web| url = http://phx.corporate-ir.net/External.File?item=UGFyZW50SUQ9MjA0NDh8Q2hpbGRJRD0tMXxUeXBlPTM=&t=1| title = Notice of Reorganization Event| date = November 12, 2009| accessdate = 2009-11-13| author = Merck & Company, Inc.| publisher = Posted on Thomson Reuters web site| format = PDF}}
13. ^{{cite web|title=About Us|url=http://www.coopersanimalhealth.com.au/default.asp?V_DOC_ID=753|website=Coopers Animal Health|accessdate=23 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323094715/http://www.coopersanimalhealth.com.au/default.asp?V_DOC_ID=753|archivedate=23 March 2016|deadurl=no}}
14. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.news-medical.net/news/2007/11/20/32697.aspx|title=Schering-Plough Acquires Organon BioSciences|date=20 November 2007|publisher=Medical Net News|accessdate=19 June 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091220050624/http://www.news-medical.net/news/2007/11/20/32697.aspx|archivedate=20 December 2009|df=}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.organon.com/about/facts/history/index.asp?year=1920 |title=Organon History 1920's|publisher=Organon|accessdate=19 June 2010 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061209230507/http://www.organon.com/about/facts/history/index.asp?year=1920 |archivedate = 9 December 2006}}
16. ^{{Cite web |title=Intervet/Schering-Plough Animal Health |publisher=Intervet.com |url=http://www.intervet.com/ |accessdate=November 10, 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110071116/http://www.intervet.com/ |archivedate=November 10, 2010 |df= }}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://veterinarynews.dvm360.com/dvm/Veterinary+news/Merial-IntervetSchering-Plough-call-off-merger/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/713040|title=Merial, Intervet/Schering-Plough Call Off Merger|date=23 March 2011|publisher=DVM Newsmagazine|accessdate=27 July 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518165646/http://veterinarynews.dvm360.com/dvm/Veterinary+news/Merial-IntervetSchering-Plough-call-off-merger/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/713040|archivedate=18 May 2011|df=}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.merck-animal-health.com/news/2011-06-29-merck-animal-health-name-launch.aspx|title=Merck Announces New Name for Its Animal Health Division|date=29 June 2011|publisher=Merck Animal Health|accessdate=27 July 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808012302/http://www.merck-animal-health.com/news/2011-06-29-merck-animal-health-name-launch.aspx|archivedate=8 August 2011|df=}}
19. ^{{cite journal |author=Gupta SK, Ellinwood EH |title=Liquid chromatographic assay and pharmacokinetics of quazepam and its metabolites following sublingual administration of quazepam |journal=Pharm. Res. |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=365–8 |date=June 1988 |pmid=3244647 |doi= 10.1023/A:1015907611170|url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/w35k061536472516/fulltext.pdf?page=1 |format=PDF |last2=Ellinwood}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.intervetusa.com/products/zubrin/overview.aspx|title=Zubrin|publisher=Intervet USA|accessdate=19 June 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118001151/http://www.intervetusa.com/products/zubrin/overview.aspx|archivedate=18 January 2010|df=}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.intervetusa.com/products/130_163343/productdetails_130_163679.aspx|title=Mometamax|publisher=Intervet USA|accessdate=19 June 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620213343/http://www.intervetusa.com/products/130_163343/productdetails_130_163679.aspx|archivedate=20 June 2010|df=}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.intervetusa.com/species/feline/products.aspx|title=Feline Products|publisher=Intervet USA|accessdate=19 June 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100920005255/http://www.intervetusa.com/species/feline/products.aspx|archivedate=20 September 2010|df=}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.intervetusa.com/species/canine/products.aspx|title=Canine Products|publisher=Intervet USA|accessdate=19 June 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529032925/http://www.intervetusa.com/species/canine/products.aspx|archivedate=29 May 2010|df=}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.intervetusa.com/products/130_163354/productdetails_130_163712.aspx|title=Optimmune|publisher=Intervet USA|accessdate=19 June 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706211122/http://www.intervetusa.com/products/130_163354/productdetails_130_163712.aspx|archivedate=6 July 2010|df=}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.intervetusa.com/products/130_163356/productdetails_130_163718.aspx|title=Orbax|publisher=Intervet USA|accessdate=19 June 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529033016/http://www.intervetusa.com/products/130_163356/productdetails_130_163718.aspx|archivedate=29 May 2010|df=}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.intervetusa.com/products/130_163358/productdetails_130_163724.aspx|title=Otomax|publisher=Intervet USA|accessdate=19 June 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806041740/http://www.intervetusa.com/products/130_163358/productdetails_130_163724.aspx|archivedate=6 August 2010|df=}}
27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.intervetusa.com/products/130_163267/productdetails_130_163451.aspx|title=Bantamine Paste|publisher=Intervet USA|accessdate=19 June 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206181200/http://www.intervetusa.com/products/130_163267/productdetails_130_163451.aspx|archivedate=6 February 2010|df=}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.intervetusa.com/products/130_163306/productdetails_130_163568.aspx|title=Estrumate Prostaglandin|publisher=Intervet USA|accessdate=19 June 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090914155505/http://www.intervetusa.com/products/130_163306/productdetails_130_163568.aspx|archivedate=14 September 2009|df=}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.intervetusa.com/products/130_163352/productdetails_130_163706.aspx|title=Nuflor|publisher=Intervet USA|accessdate=19 June 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827193717/http://www.intervetusa.com/products/130_163352/productdetails_130_163706.aspx|archivedate=27 August 2010|df=}}
30. ^{{Cite book| last1 = Mattes | first1 = William B.| chapter = Public Consortium Efforts in Toxicogenomics | doi = 10.1007/978-1-60327-048-9_11 | title = Essential Concepts in Toxicogenomics| editor1-last = Mendrick | editor1-first = Donna L.| editor2-last = Mattes | editor2-first = William B.| series = Methods in Molecular Biology| volume = 460 | pages = 221–238 | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-1-58829-638-2 | pmid = 18449490 | pmc = }}
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.innomed-predtox.com/consortium/members/|title=InnoMed PredTox Member Organizations|accessdate=2008-08-25|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926214522/http://www.innomed-predtox.com/consortium/members/|archivedate=2008-09-26|df=}}
32. ^[https://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/27/business/27DRUG.final.html Gardiner Harris, "As Doctors Write Prescriptions, Drug Company Writes a Check", The New York Times (June 27, 2004)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922073300/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/27/business/27DRUG.final.html |date=September 22, 2015 }}
33. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/18/business/drug-maker-to-pay-500-million-fine-for-factory-lapses.html|title=Drug Maker to Pay $500 Million Fine For Factory Lapses|first=Melody|last=Petersen|date=18 May 2002|publisher=|accessdate=16 March 2018|via=NYTimes.com|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128093911/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/18/business/drug-maker-to-pay-500-million-fine-for-factory-lapses.html|archivedate=28 January 2018|df=}}

External links

  • Yahoo! - Schering-Plough Corporation Company Profile
  • IMS Health - Leading 20 Corporations by U.S. Sales, MAT June 2005
{{Pharmaceutical companies of the United States}}

14 : Schering-Plough|1971 establishments in New Jersey|2009 mergers and acquisitions|2009 disestablishments in New Jersey|American companies established in 1971|Companies based in Union County, New Jersey|Companies formed by merger|Companies formerly listed on the New York Stock Exchange|Defunct companies based in New Jersey|Defunct pharmaceutical companies of the United States|Pharmaceutical companies disestablished in 2009|Pharmaceutical companies established in 1971|Merck & Co.|Pharmaceutical companies based in New Jersey
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