“Kyrgyz phonology”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Kyrgyz phonology

释义

Vowels
Consonants
Stress
Desonorisation and devoicing
References
Bibliography
Further reading

This article is about the phonology and phonetics of the Kyrgyz language.

Vowels

Kara|2003|p=10}}
	Front		Back
	unrounded	rounded	unrounded	rounded
Close	i}}	y}}	ɯ}}	u}}
Open	e̞\|e}}, ({{IPA link\|a}})	ø̞\|ø}}	ɑ}}	o̞\|o}}

Notes on vowel quality:
- Kyrgyz vowel space is different in affixes and stems. {{Harvcoltxt|Washington|2007}} describes the former as more typical and more condensed.{{sfnp|Washington|2007|p=10}}
- In stem vowel space, the main difference between {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/i/}} is that the latter is more back. In affix vowel space, they can have the same backness, and differ by height.{{sfnp|Washington|2007|p=10}}
{{IPA|/a/}} appears only in borrowings from Persian and is excluded from normal vowel harmony rules. In most dialects, its status as a vowel distinct from {{IPA|/ɑ/}} is questionable. There is also a phonetic {{IPAblink|a}} which appears as a result of regressive assimilation of {{IPA|/ɑ/}} before syllables with phonological front vowels, e.g. {{IPA|[ajdøʃ]}} 'sloping'.{{sfnp|Washington|2006b|p=2}}{{sfnp|Washington|2007|p=11}}
{{IPA|/i, y, u, e, ø, o/}} are sometimes transcribed {{IPA|/ɪ, ʏ, ʊ, ɛ, œ, ɔ/}}.^[1]
The sequence of any vowel and the consonant {{IPA|/z/}} is pronounced as a long vowel with falling pitch.{{sfnp|Washington|2007|p=12}}
In colloquial speech, word-final vowels are dropped when the next word begins with a vowel.{{sfnp|Kara|2003|p=16}}
All vowels but {{IPA|/i/}} may be both short and long. Long vowels are the result of historical elisions and contractions. For example, jaa "rain" < yağ; bee "mare" (cf. Kazakh biye); too "mountain" < tağ; döölöt "wealth" < Arabic daulat; uluu "great" < uluğ; elüü "fifty" < elliğ.

Consonants

Kara|2003|p=11}}
		Labial	Dental/ alveolar	Post- alveolar	Dorsal
Nasal		m}}	n}}	ŋ}}
Plosive	voiceless	p}}	t̪\|t}}	k}}
Plosive	voiced	b}}	d̪\|d}}	ɡ}}
Affricate	voiceless	t̪͡s̪\|t͡s}})	t͡ʃ}}
Affricate	voiced	d͡ʒ}}
Fricative	voiceless	f}})	s̪\|s}}	ʃ}}	x}})
Fricative	voiced	v}})	z̪\|z}}
Approximant		l}}	j}}
Trill		r}}

{{IPA|/n, l, r/}} are alveolar, whereas {{IPA|/t, d, t͡s, s, z/}} are dental.{{sfnp|Kara|2003|p=11}}
- the liquid {{IPA|/l/}} is velarized {{IPAblink|ɫ}} in back vowel contexts.
{{IPA|/ŋ, k, ɡ, x/}} are velar, whereas {{IPA|/j/}} is palatal.{{sfnp|Kara|2003|p=11}}
- {{IPA|/k, ɡ/}} are palatal {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|c}}, {{IPAplink|ɟ}}]}} in words with front vowels, and uvular {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|q}}, {{IPAplink|ʁ}}]}} in words with back vowels.{{sfnp|Kara|2003|p=14}}
- Word-initial {{IPAblink|c}} is often voiced {{IPAblink|ɟ}}.{{sfnp|Kara|2003|pp=14, 16}}
- In loanwords from Persian and Arabic, palatal {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|c}}, {{IPAplink|ɟ}}]}} are always followed by front vowels, whereas velar {{IPA|[k, ɡ]}} are always followed by back vowels, regardless of the vowel harmony.{{sfnp|Kara|2003|p=14}}
- Word-final and word-initial {{IPA|/k/}} is voiced to {{IPAblink|ɡ}} when it is surrounded by vowels or the consonants {{IPA|/m, n, ŋ, l, r, j/}}.{{sfnp|Kara|2003|p=16}}
{{IPA|/f, v, t͡s, x/}} occur only in foreign borrowings.{{sfnp|Kara|2003|p=11}}
In colloquial speech:
- {{IPA|/b/}} is lenited to {{IPAblink|w}} after {{IPA|/l, r, j/}} or between vowels.{{sfnp|Kara|2003|p=16}}
- {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} is deaffricated to {{IPAblink|ʃ}} before voiceless consonants.{{sfnp|Kara|2003|p=16}}
- Intervocalic {{IPA|/s/}} can be voiced to {{IPAblink|z̪|z}}.{{sfnp|Kara|2003|p=16}}
- Word-final {{IPA|/z/}} is often devoiced to {{IPAblink|s̪|s}}.{{sfnp|Kara|2003|p=16}}

Stress

Recent loanwords often retain their original stress.{{sfnp|Washington|2006c|pp=2–3}}

Desonorisation and devoicing

In Kyrgyz, suffixes beginning with {{IPA|/n/}} show desonorisation of the {{IPA|/n/}} to {{IPA|[d]}} after consonants (including {{IPA|/j/}}), and devoicing to {{IPA|[t]}} after voiceless consonants; e.g. the definite accusative suffix -NI patterns like this: {{lang|ky|кемени}} ('the boat'), {{lang|ky|айды}} ('the month'), {{lang|ky|торду}} ('the net'), {{lang|ky|колду}} ('the hand'), {{lang|ky|таңды}} ('the dawn'), {{lang|ky|көздү}} ('the eye'), {{lang|ky|башты}} ('the head').

Suffixes beginning with {{IPA|/l/}} also show desonorisation and devoicing, though only after consonants of equal or lower sonority than {{IPA|/l/}}, e.g. the plural suffix -LAr patterns like this: {{lang|ky|кемелер}} ('boats'), {{lang|ky|айлар}} ('months'), {{lang|ky|торлор}} ('nets'), {{lang|ky|колдор}} ('hands'), {{lang|ky|таңдар}} ('dawns'), {{lang|ky|көздөр}} ('eyes'), {{lang|ky|баштар}} ('heads'). Other {{IPA|/l/}}-initial suffixes, such as -LA, a denominal verbal suffix, and -LUU, a denominal adjectival suffix, may surface either with {{IPA|/l/}} or {{IPA|/d/}} after {{IPA|/r/}}; e.g. {{lang|ky|тордо-}}/{{lang|ky|торло-}} ('to net/weave'), {{lang|ky|түрдүү}}/{{lang|ky|түрлүү}} ('various').

See Kyrgyz language#Case for more examples.

References

1. ^For example by {{Harvcoltxt|Washington|2006a}}

Bibliography

{{citation

|last=Kara
|first=Dávid Somfai
|year=2003
|title=Kyrgyz
|publisher=Lincom Europa
|isbn=3895868434
}}

{{citation

|last=Washington
|first=Jonathan North
|year=2006a
|title=An Investigation of Kyrgyz Rounding Harmony
|url=http://jnw.name/papers/2006sp-harmony.pdf
}}

{{citation

|last=Washington
|first=Jonathan North
|year=2006b
|title=Root Vowels and Affix Vowels: Height Effects in Kyrgyz Vowel Harmony
|url=http://jnw.name/papers/2006wi-kgvowels.pdf
}}

{{citation

|last=Washington
|first=Jonathan North
|year=2006c
|title=Where Turkic stress falls: Challenging final-stress analyses in Kazakh and Kyrgyz
|url=http://jnw.name/papers/2006wi-stress.pdf
}}

{{citation