“Seraphim Rose”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Seraphim Rose (born Eugene Dennis Rose; August 13, 1934 – September 2, 1982), also known as Seraphim of Platina, was an American hieromonk of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia who co-founded the St. Herman of Alaska Monastery in Platina, California. He translated Orthodox Christian texts and authored several works (some of them considered polemical). His writings have been credited with helping to spread Orthodox Christianity throughout the West; his popularity equally extended to Russia itself, where his works were secretly reproduced and distributed by samizdat during the Communist era, remaining popular today.

Rose's opposition to Orthodox participation in the ecumenical movement and his advocacy of the contentious "toll house teaching", led him into conflict with some notable figures in 20th-century Orthodoxy and he remains controversial in some quarters even after his sudden death from an undiagnosed intestinal disorder in 1982. However, many other Orthodox Christians hold him in high esteem, venerating him as a saint in iconography, liturgy and prayer though he has not been formally canonized by any Orthodox synod.

Rose's monastery (as of 2010) is currently affiliated with the Serbian Orthodox Church and continues to carry on his work of publishing and Orthodox missionary activity.

Early life

Eugene Rose was born on August 13, 1934, in San Diego, California. His father, Frank Rose, was a World War I veteran who operated the city's first "Karmel Korn Shop" together with his wife Esther Rose, Eugene's mother. His ancestors had come to the United States from France, Norway and the Netherlands.^[1]

In addition to being a businesswoman, Esther was a California artist who specialized in impressionist renderings of Pacific coast scenes. Raised in San Diego, Eugene would remain a Californian the rest of his life. His older sister was Eileen Rose Busby,^[2] an author, Mensa member, and antiques expert; his older brother was Frank Rose, a local businessman.

Though Rose was described by one biographer as a "natural athlete" in his youth, he did not engage seriously in sport. Baptized in a Methodist church when he was 14 years old, Rose later rejected Christianity for atheism. After graduating from San Diego High School, he attended Pomona College where he studied Chinese philosophy and graduated magna cum laude in 1956. While at Pomona, he was a reader for Ved Mehta, a blind student who would go on to become a well known author. Mehta referred to Rose in two books, one of which was a book of memoirs called Stolen Light: “I felt very lucky to have found Gene as a reader. ... He read with such clarity that I almost had the illusion that he was explaining things.”^[3] Afterward, Rose studied under Alan Watts at the American Academy of Asian Studies before entering the master's degree program in Oriental languages at the University of California, Berkeley, where he graduated in 1961 with a thesis entitled "'Emptiness' and 'Fullness' in the Lao Tzu".

In addition to a gift for languages, Rose was known for possessing an acute sense of humor and wit.^[4] He enjoyed opera, concerts, art, literature, and the other cultural opportunities richly available in San Francisco, where he settled after his graduation and explored Buddhism and other Asian philosophies.

According to Rose's niece Cathy Scott, a noted true crime author, Rose came out in 1956 as a homosexual to a close friend from college after Rose's mother had discovered letters between him and Walter Pomeroy, a friend of his from high school.^[5] He reportedly ceased these alleged homosexual activities after accepting Orthodoxy.^[5]^[6] Other biographers and scholars{{who|date=April 2015}} have disputed Scott's assertion, questioning the authenticity of the sources she used in making it.

Spiritual search

While studying at Watts' Asian institute, Rose read the writings of French metaphysicist René Guénon and also met a Chinese Taoist scholar, Gi-ming Shien. Shien emphasized the ancient Chinese approach to learning, valuing traditional viewpoints and texts over more modern interpretations. Inspired by Shien, Rose took up the study of ancient Chinese so that he could read early Tao texts in their original tongue. Through his experiences with Shien and the writings of Guénon, Rose sought out an authentic and grounded spiritual tradition of his own. Though he had previously focused on Eastern religions, Rose's spiritual journey led him back to Christianity and into the Russian Orthodox Church, partly as a result of his friendship with Jon Gregerson.

Orthodoxy

In 1962, Rose was received into the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia in San Francisco. He quickly distinguished himself to the bishop of San Francisco, St. John Maximovitch, as a serious and studious convert. In 1963, Archbishop John blessed Rose and his new friend, Gleb Podmoshensky, a Russian Orthodox seminarian, to form a community of Orthodox booksellers and publishers, the St. Herman of Alaska Brotherhood. In March 1964, Rose opened an Orthodox bookstore next to the ROCOR cathedral on Geary Boulevard in San Francisco, which was under construction at the time. In 1965 the brotherhood founded the St. Herman Press publishing house, which still exists.^[7]

Increasingly drawn to a more reclusive lifestyle, Rose's community ultimately decided to leave the city for the northern California wilderness, where Rose and Podmoshensky became monks in 1968 and transformed the Saint Herman of Alaska Brotherhood into a full-fledged monastic community. Rose's parents provided the down payment for a mountaintop near the isolated hamlet of Platina, where Rose and some friends built a monastery named for St. Herman of Alaska. At his tonsure, in October 1970, Rose took the name "Seraphim" after St. Seraphim of Sarov. He wrote, translated and studied for the priesthood in his cell, a one-roomed cabin with neither running water nor electricity, where he would spend the rest of his days. He was ordained in 1977 by Bishop Nektary of Seattle, spiritual son of St. Nectarius of Optina, the last of the great Optina staretsy.^[8]

In his ministry, Rose spoke frequently of an "Orthodoxy of the Heart", which he saw as increasingly absent in American ecclesiastical life. He also spoke of the need for warmth and kindness of the spirit, especially when dealing with those with whom one disagreed, an increasing problem in Eastern Orthodoxy in America, and its conflict between so-called "traditionalists" and "modernists". One can be firm, Rose insisted, without having to compromise basic Christian teachings on lovingkindness, longsuffering, and mercy toward others.^[9]^[10]

Works

Using a hand-cranked printing press at his Geary Boulevard bookstore, Rose founded the bimonthly magazine The Orthodox Word in January 1965; this periodical is still published (on modern presses) today. He also composed and published dozens of other titles, including God's Revelation to the Human Heart, Orthodoxy and the Religion of the Future, and The Soul After Death; all remain in print. He translated and printed Fr. Michael Pomazansky's Orthodox Dogmatic Theology, which remains a text for clerical students and laymen alike. Rose translated his books into Russian, and they were circulated widely as samizdat within the Soviet Union, although they were not formally published until after the fall of the Communist regime. He was also one of the first American Eastern Orthodox Christians to translate major works of several church fathers into English.^[6]

Controversies over theological opinions or "theologoumena"

"Toll houses"

Although most of Rose's works were widely received within the Orthodox community, a few raised controversy. The most notable of these was The Soul After Death, which describes certain "aerial toll houses" described by various Church Fathers and saints. According to this teaching, every human soul must pass through a series of these stations after death as part of their initial judgment by God, where they will be accused of specific sins and possibly condemned to hell.

Some modern Orthodox theologians, including Archbishop Lazar Puhalo, Stanley Harakas and Alexander Kalomiros among others, have claimed that certain ideas in Rose's book are heretical, and that many of the Church Fathers have been misinterpreted or misquoted to support it.^[11] Puhalo claimed that the "toll-house theory" is specifically Gnostic in origin.^[12] These accusations were later declared to be wrong by the Holy Synod of the Russian Church Abroad, which emphasized that little has been revealed to the Church on this subject, and hence all controversy on this subject should cease.^[13]

He endeavored to answer his detractors in his "Answer to a Critic", published as an appendix to The Soul After Death.^[14]

Though continuing to vehemently oppose Rose's teaching on this subject, Puhalo indicated that he considered Rose to be a "true ascetic", and that he respected the sincerity of Seraphim's monastic life and intentions.^[15] In one of his vlogs, Archbishop Lazar said of Fr. Rose: “Father Seraphim Rose was an astonishing ascetic. He had a great ascetic life. He had enormous struggles, enormous inner struggles, and he struggled with them in really great asceticism. So I don’t want anybody to denigrate or think anyone is denigrating Father Seraphim Rose’s ascetic struggle. It really was a great ascetic struggle, and there should be a reverence and a respect for that. … Again, I want people to have a reverence for Father Seraphim Rose’s ascetic struggle, and to acknowledge that, and see that there was a special spark there, in that he had enormous internal struggles, and that he saw those through to the end of his life. And that is a great virtue and a great reason to have a certain reverence for Father Seraphim.”^[16]

Moscow Patriarchate

Another question concerned whether the Moscow Patriarchate, that portion of the Russian Orthodox Church within Soviet Russia, still possessed "grace". Although some Orthodox Christians asserted that the so-called "red" church had forfeited legitimacy by cooperating with the communist government, Rose disagreed. While wholeheartedly disapproving of the close relations between the Moscow church and the country's communist masters, Rose insisted that it was still legitimate and possessed of valid sacraments.^[9]

Evolution vs. creationism

Rose also waded into the ongoing debate between Biblical creationism and evolution, asserting in Genesis, Creation and Early Man that Orthodox patristics exclusively supported the creationist viewpoint. This idea was vehemently attacked by other Orthodox theologians, who asserted that while man's existence is not accidental by any means, there is no official church doctrine as to the precise process God used in creation, nor the length of time that it might have required.^[17] In the 2011 edition of Rose's "Genesis, Creation and Early Man", his spiritual child and editor, Hieromonk Damascene, alleges to have demonstrated that Rose's teaching is in accord with the great saints and elders of the 19th and 20th centuries who have spoken on the issue, such as St. Theophan the Recluse, St. John of Kronstadt, St. Justin Popovich, St. Paisios, and Elder Sophrony. However, in his response to Kalomiros's article "The Eternal Will" (The Christian Activist, Volume 11, Fall/Winter 1997), Rose admitted that: "I should state an elementary truth: modern science, when it deals with scientific facts, does indeed usually know more than the holy Fathers, and the holy Fathers can easily make mistakes of scientific facts; it is not scientific facts which we look for in the holy Fathers, but true theology and the true philosophy which is based on theology."^[18]

Death

After feeling acute pains for several days while working in his cell in August 1982, a reluctant Rose was taken by fellow monks to Mercy Medical Center in Redding for treatment. When he arrived at the hospital, he was declared to be in critical condition and fell into semi-consciousness. After exploratory surgery was completed, it was discovered that a blood clot had blocked a vein supplying blood to his intestines, which had become a mass of dead tissue. He slipped into a coma after a second surgery, never regaining consciousness. Hundreds of people visited the hospital and celebrated the Divine Liturgy regularly in its chapel, praying for a miracle to save Rose's life. Prayers were offered for the ailing hieromonk from places as far away as Mt. Athos, Greece, the spiritual heart of Orthodox monasticism. Rose died on September 2, 1982.

Rose's body lay in repose for several days in a simple wooden coffin at his wilderness monastery. Visitors claimed that Rose's body did not succumb to decay and rigor mortis, remaining supple and even allegedly smelling of roses. Several reputed miraculous events, healings and apparitions of Rose have been reported around the world, commencing soon after his death.^[19] Many Orthodox Christians anticipate Rose's canonization,^[20] though no formal proceedings for canonization have yet been opened. His grave at St. Herman's monastery has become a popular site for pilgrimages.

St. Herman's Monastery today

The St. Herman of Alaska Monastery in Platina is now a part of the Western America diocese of the Serbian Orthodox Church. While all of the brothers are currently American, many speak Russian. Their primary emphasis continues to be the printing of books, which has been the major activity of the brotherhood since its inception. In addition, the monastery has assisted with the guardianship and education of local youths with behavioral or learning problems, which has earned Rose's brotherhood significant respect among the locals. Visitors come to the monastery year-round but especially on September 2, the anniversary of Rose's death.

Bibliography

References

1. ^Hiermonk Damascene. Fr. Seraphim
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://eileenrosebusby.blogspot.com |title=Eileen Rose Busby |publisher=Eileenrosebusby.blogspot.com |date= |accessdate=2012-03-27}}
3. ^{{cite book |url = https://www.amazon.com/Stolen-Light-Townsend-Library/dp/1591940958/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1330154342&sr=8-1 | title = Stolen Light | page = 160 | author = Mehta, Ved | publisher = Townsend Press | year = 2008 | ISBN = 1-59194-095-8 | id = {{ISBN|978-1-59194-095-1}}}}
4. ^Fr. Seraphim Rose: His Life and Works, Chapter 87: "Simplicity"
5. ^¹{{cite web |url=http://www.pomona.edu/Magazine/PCMSP01/saint.shtml |title=Lives of a Saint |publisher=Pomona.edu |date=1982-09-02 |accessdate=2012-03-27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414220847/http://www.pomona.edu/Magazine/PCMSP01/saint.shtml |archivedate=2012-04-14 |df= }}
6. ^¹Lives of a Saint {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414220847/http://www.pomona.edu/Magazine/PCMSP01/saint.shtml |date=2012-04-14 }}
7. ^Fr. Seraphim Speaks, from the Orthodox Christian Information Center.
8. ^The Royal Path "In Memory of Fr. Seraphim Rose", p. 2.
9. ^¹Fr. Seraphim Rose: His Life and Works, Chapter 99, "Hope".
10. ^Fr. Seraphim Rose: His Life and Works, Chapter 86, "Orthodoxy of the Heart".
11. ^See references for and against this claim in OrthodoxWiki's Aerial Toll-Houses article; see also Letter From "Archbishop" Lazar {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515120757/http://www.new-ostrog.org/tollhouseletter.html |date=2008-05-15 }} for Harakas' and Kalomiros' opinions on the subject.
12. ^"Two troubling teachings reported", by "Archbishop" Lazar Puhalo.
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/death/tollhouse_debate.aspx |title=Holy Synod of the Russian Church Abroad |publisher=Orthodoxinfo.com |date=1980-12-02 |accessdate=2012-03-27}}
14. ^Answer to a Critic: Appendix III from The Soul After Death, by Fr. Seraphim Rose.
15. ^Questions and Answers {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727154012/http://www.orthodoxcanada.org/qa.html |date=2011-07-27 }} by "Archbishop" Lazar Puhalo. See Question added August 2007 on the "Toll Houses".
16. ^Puhalo, Lazar, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_SnISWQ-15A&t=33m19s|Toll House Myth, Nr. 5]. 23 May 2012. Accessed on 23 June 2013
17. ^See Evolution and Orthodoxy {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617015333/http://www.oca.org/QA.asp?ID=72&SID=3 |date=2010-06-17 }}, by Fr. John Matusiak at the Orthodox Church in America website.
18. ^Orthodoxinfo.com website.
19. ^Some of these accounts may be read in Nun Brigid's The Last Chapter in the Short Life of Father Seraphim of Platina.
20. ^Father Seraphim Rose - Spiritual Father / Ancient Radio

Biographical resources

External links