| 词条 | Atlas bear |
| 释义 |
| name = Atlas bear | image = Atlasbear.jpg | image_caption = Probable Atlas bear in Roman mosaic | status = EX | status_system = IUCN3.1 | extinct = 1890 | genus = Ursus | species = arctos | species_link = Brown bear | subspecies = crowtheri | authority = Schinz, 1844 }} The names Atlas bear and African bear[1][2] (Ursus arctos crowtheri) have been applied to an extinct population or populations of the brown bear in North Africa. The Cantabrian brown bear likely was introduced to Africa from Spain by the Romans who imported Iberian bears for spectacles.[3][4] Range and descriptionThe Atlas bear was Africa's only native bear that survived into modern times. Once inhabiting the Atlas Mountains and neighbouring areas, from Morocco to Libya, the animal is now thought to be extinct.[4] The Atlas bear was brownish black in colour, and lacked a white mark on the muzzle. The fur on the underparts was reddish orange. The fur was {{nowrap|{{convert|4|-|5|in}}}} long. The muzzle and claws were shorter than those of the American black bear, though it was stouter and thicker in body. The Atlas bear was said to have been 9 feet long and weighed up to {{nowrap|{{convert|1000|lbs|kg}}}}.[5] It apparently fed on roots, acorns and nuts.[6] The Atlas bear was said to have been mostly herbivorous, but since most bears today are omnivores, the Atlas bear is believed to have been able to eat meat as well.[5] OriginWhere the Atlas bear actually originated from is unknown; one genetic study was unable to link it to any brown bear, but it had weak but significant mtDNA links to the polar bear.[3] Polar bears appear in Paleolithic cave paintings in Andalucia Spain, which is a very short swim to the Atlas Mountains for a polar bear.[7] EcologyThe Atlas bear's ecology is presumed to be similar to that of the other brown bears.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} Sympatric predators included the Barbary leopard and lion.[1][8] ExtinctionThe decline of the Atlas bear can be partly attributed to the Roman Empire; as the empire expanded into Northern Africa, the Romans intensely hunted and captured the Atlas bear and many other animals and used them as sport for many of their games. This went on for centuries, during which time thousands of bears were used in the arenas to fight against gladiators, lions, tigers and other animals. They were cruelly treated, often starved and malnourished to increase their desperation and hence their aggression within the arena.[9] Thousands of these bears were also hunted for sport, venatio games, or execution of criminals ad bestias.[10] The Atlas bear became extinct shortly after modern firearms were developed. Over-hunting may have contributed to their decline. Pressure from zoo collectors sealed their fate, with the animals being taken away from one another and unable to reproduce and flourish. The Atlas bear finally became extinct in the late 19th century; the last one recorded to be killed by hunters was in 1870 in the Tetouan Mountains in northern Morocco. Human activity can definitely be said to have played a large role in pushing the extinction of the Atlas bear.[11] References1. ^1 Bryden, H. A. (ed.) (1899). [https://archive.org/stream/greatsmallgameof00majo#page/544/mode/2up Great and small game of Africa] Rowland Ward Ltd., London. Pp. 544–608. 2. ^Schaller, p. 220–21. 3. ^1 {{cite journal|author1=Calvignac, S. |author2=Hughes, S. |author3=Tougard, C. |author4=Michaux, J. |author5=Thevenot, M. |author6=Philippe, M. |author7=Hamdine, W. |author8=Hanni, C. |title=Ancient DNA evidence for the loss of a highly divergent brown bear clade during historical times|journal=Mol. Ecol.|date=2008|volume=17|issue=8 |pages=1962–1970|doi=10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.03631.x |pmid=18363668}} 4. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Calvignac|first1=Sebastien|last2=Hughes|first2=Sandrine|last3=Hanni|first3=Catherine|title=Genetic diversity of endangered brown bear (Ursus arctos) populations at the crossroads of Europe, Asia and Africa|journal=Diversity and Distributions|date=2009|volume=15|issue=5|pages=742–750|doi=10.1111/j.1472-4642.2009.00586.x}} 5. ^1 {{citation |title=Atlas bear facts |author=Bob Strauss |year=2014}} 6. ^{{cite book |title=Bruin: The Grand Bear Hunt |author=Mayne Reid |publisher=Ticknor and Fields |year=1865}} 7. ^{{cite journal|author1=Pagano, A.M. |author2=Durner, G.M. |author3=Amstrup, S.C. |author4=Simac, K.S. |author5=York, G.S. |title=Long-distance swimming by polar bears (Ursus maritimus) of the southern Beaufort Sea during years of extensive open water|journal=Canadian Journal of Zoology|date=2012|volume=90|issue=5 |pages=663–676|doi=10.1139/z2012-033}} 8. ^{{Cite book |author1=Nowell, Kristin |author2=Jackson, Peter |title= Wild Cats: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan |url=http://carnivoractionplans1.free.fr/wildcats.pdf |format=PDF |year=1996 |publisher=IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group |location= Gland, Switzerland |isbn=978-2-8317-0045-8 |pages=1–334 |chapter= }} 9. ^Ortega, Joseph J. "The Atlas Bear." PlanetEarthScience. Web. 24 October 2014. 10. ^Strauss, Bob. "Atlas Bear." About Education. 1 January 2014. Web. 22 Oct. 2014 11. ^The Great Bear Almanac. Guilford, CT, 1993, pg. 281.
External links{{Wikispecies|Ursus arctos crowtheri}}
7 : Extinct bears|Mammals of North Africa|Extinct mammals of Africa|Species made extinct by human activities|Mammal extinctions since 1500|Mammals described in 1844|Species endangered by sport fishing and hunting |
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