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词条 Long face syndrome
释义

  1. Definition and treatment

  2. Notable people

  3. See also

  4. Notes

  5. References

Long face syndrome, also referred to as skeletal open bite,{{r|Carano-Siciliani-and-Bowman-2005}} is a relatively common condition characterised by excessive vertical facial development.{{r|Schendel-Eisenfeld-Bell-et-al-1976}} Its causes may be either genetic or environmental. Long face syndrome is "a common dentofacial abnormality."{{r|Taub-Jacobs-and-Jacobs-2013|p=369}}[1] Its diagnosis, symptomology and treatments are complex and controversial. Indeed, even its existence as a "syndrome" is disputed.

Definition and treatment

One dental textbook defines it as: "Dolicofacial, there is excess of lower facial height usually associated with lower occlusal and mandibular plane angles." This is often associated "with vertical maxillary excess and mandibular hypoplasia."[2] Luc P. M. Tourne, a Fellow in the Department of TMJ and Craniofacial Pain at the University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, noted: "There is a clinically recognizable facial morphology, the long face syndrome, which has been incompletely described in the literature," However, her study of 31 adults with this syndrome, which included "analysis of esthetics, skeletal morphology, and occlusion" confirmed "this basic dentofacial deformity" has associations " with excessive vertical growth of the maxilla." She reported that closed bite and dental open are two of the syndrome's variants.{{efn-ua|"Experimental evidence suggests that altered muscular function can influence craniofacial morphology. The switch from a nasal to an oronasal breathing pattern induces functional adaptations that include an increase in total anterior face height and vertical development of the lower anterior face. While some animal studies have suggested predictable growth patterns may occur, studies in human subjects have been much more controversial. Therefore, individual variations in response should be expected from the alteration of a long face syndrome patient's breathing mode."[3]}}[4]

The treatment for young patients troubled by long face syndrome is to halt and control descent of the lower jaw and to prevent the eruption of posterior teeth. In severe cases of deformity, a mixture of orthodontics and orthognathic surgery may be the only effective solution.{{r|Angelillo-and-Dolan-1982}}{{r|Bell-Creekmore-and-Alexander-1977}} The long term (more than 6 years) effectiveness of surgical treatments for long face syndrome has been subject to study.[5]

"In the American literature, the terms long-face syndrome and short-face syndrome are often used." To be sure, there are reported "long and the short face anomalies" and open bite cases. However, in the opinion of Hugo Obwegeser, there is no medical justification for naming them as a "syndrome" {{mdash}} the signs and symptoms do not meet the definitional threshold.{{r|Obwegeser-2001|p=22}}

There is controversy concerning the use of the descriptor "long-face syndrome." While increased anterior "total and lower face height" in many ages, combined with vertical maxillary excess in adults has been observed, the causes are controversial. Specifically, there is disagreement about possible potential environmental influences on genetic components.[6]

Anecdotally, it was said to be a genetic condition, which could only be corrected with "massive amounts" of debilitating, frequent and long dental and facial reconstructive surgery.[7]

For children, there is a concern that mouth breathing can contribute to the development of long face syndrome. A recent study finds that it is a growing problem which should be treated as "It won't just go away."[8] In addition to mouth breathing, it may be associated with sleep apnea.[9]

Because of long face syndrome's sometime association with pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and allergic reactions, it is essential that treating physicians differentiate the conditions and the treatments; treating one may not cure the other.[10][11] Multilevel coblation surgery is sometimes used to correct moderate to severe OSA, and long face syndrome can be a rare factor in considering surgery.[12]

Notable people

Actor and screenwriter Craig Chester says he has suffered from the condition.[7]

See also

  • Adenoid facies
  • Facies (medical)
  • Mouth breathing

Notes

1. ^{{cite journal |journal=General Dentistry |year=1996 |volume=44 |number=4 |pages=348–351 |first1=Jim |last1=Prittinen |url=http://www.practicalorthoce.com/htmls/publishedarticles/LongFaceSyndrome1996.html |title=Orthodontic diagnosis of long face syndrome |accessdate=December 18, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127083812/http://www.practicalorthoce.com/htmls/publishedarticles/LongFaceSyndrome1996.html |archivedate=January 27, 2018 |df= }}
2. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gLMiAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA532 |title=Textbook of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery |first1=Rajiv M. |last1=Borle |publisher=JP Medical Ltd |date=February 28, 2014 |isbn=9789351520092 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210160956/https://books.google.com/books?id=gLMiAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA532 |archivedate=February 10, 2018 |df= }}
3. ^{{cite journal |url=http://www.angle.org/doi/abs/10.1043/0003-3219(1990)060%3C0167:TLFSAI%3E2.0.CO%3B2 |first1=Luc P. M. |last1=Tourne |title=The long face syndrome and impairment of the nasopharyngeal airway |journal=The Angle Orthodontist |date=September 1990 |volume=60 |number=3 |pages=167–176 |accessdate=December 18, 2017 |doi=10.1043/0003-3219(1990)060<0167:TLFSAI>2.0.CO;2|doi-broken-date=2019-02-03 }}
4. ^See {{cite journal |url=https://www.academia.edu/18775738 |title=The long face syndrome: Vertical maxillary excess |first1=Steven |last1=Schendel |first2=William Harrison |last2=Bell |first3=Jerome |last3=Eisenfeld |first4=David |last4=Miselevich |first5=William |last5=Epker |volume=70 |number=4 |pages=398–408 |journal=American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics |accessdate=December 18, 2017 |doi=10.1016/0002-9416(76)90112-3 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210160956/http://www.academia.edu/18775738/The_long_face_syndrome_vertical_maxillary_excess |archivedate=February 10, 2018 |df= |pmid=1067758 |year=1976}}
5. ^{{cite journal |title=Long-term stability of surgical-orthodontic correction of class III malocclusions with long-face syndrome |first1=David |last1=Gallego-Romero |first2=José M. |last2=Llamas-Carrera |first3=Daniel |last3=Torres-Lagares |first4=Vanessa |last4=Paredes |first5=Eduardo |last5=Espinar |first6=Eduardo |last6=Guevara |first7=José L. |last7=Gutiérrez-Pérez5 |journal=Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal |date=May 2012 |volume=17 |number=3 |pages=435–441 |doi=10.4317/medoral.17647 |pmc=3476084 |df= |pmid=22143741}}
6. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9gvBlktAT6YC&pg=PA29 |first1=Vinod |last1=Krishnan |first2=Ze'ev |last2=Davidovitch |date=March 18, 2004 |title=Pediatric Endocrinology: Mechanisms, Manifestations, and Management |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=9780781740593 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210160956/https://books.google.com/books?id=9gvBlktAT6YC&pg=PA29 |archivedate=February 10, 2018 |df= }}
7. ^1 {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MHo2JDdbuxwC&pg=PT77 |page=77 |title=Why the Long Face?: The Adventures of a Truly Independent Actor |first1=Craig |last1=Chester |authorlink1=Craig Chester |date=April 1, 2004 |location=New York |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=9781429971980 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210160955/https://books.google.com/books?id=MHo2JDdbuxwC&pg=PT77 |archivedate=February 10, 2018 |df= }}
8. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1N1-12F85B06F124DB38.html |location=Chicago, Illinois |newspaper=Chicago Sun-Times |date=May 5, 2010 |title=Study says a mouthful about kids' breathing |first1=Ellin |last1=Holohan |via=HighBeam Research |accessdate=December 17, 2017 |quote=Breathing through the mouth instead of the nose can lead to more than just dry tongues and palates. Chronic mouth breathers, most often children with allergies, have problems getting enough oxygen into their blood, which affects their size, weight, sleep and even school performance... |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210160956/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1N1-12F85B06F124DB38.html |archivedate=February 10, 2018 |df= }}
9. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.livestrong.com/article/350758-symptoms-mouth-breathing/ |title=Symptoms: Mouth Breathing |first1=Rachel |last1=Morgan |publisher=Live Strong |date=August 14, 2017 |accessdate=December 18, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729064113/http://www.livestrong.com/article/350758-symptoms-mouth-breathing/ |archivedate=July 29, 2017 |df= }}
10. ^{{cite journal |url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-167861975.html |title=Study says a mouthful about kids' breathing: Examining pediatric OSA surgery: although useful for many, the popular adenotonsillectomy treatment is not a cure-all. |journal=Sleep Review |date=January 1, 2006 |last1=Li |first1=Kasey K. |via=HighBeam |accessdate=December 18, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051624/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-167861975.html |archivedate=December 22, 2017 |df= }}
11. ^{{cite journal |journal=The Pediatric OSA Airway |url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-240598022.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051547/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-240598022.html |dead-url=no |archive-date=2017-12-22 |title=Allergic rhinitis in children; allergic rhinitis is the most common chronic disorder affecting children. |via=HighBeam Research |quote=In addition, it is important to appreciate that many children with OSA have dentofacial abnormalities such as maxillomandibular constriction, maxillomandibular deficiency, and long face syndrome. |date=September 2010 |accessdate=December 19, 2017}}
12. ^{{cite journal |title=Multilevel Coblation Therapy of OSA in Long Face Syndrome |journal = Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery|volume = 145|issue = 2_suppl|pages = P273–P274|first1=Srinivasa |last1=Merugumala |date=September 2, 2011 |doi=10.1177/0194599811415823a457}}
13. ^{{cite journal | last = Angelillo | first = J. C. | last2 = Dolan | first2 = E. A. | date = January 1982 | title = The surgical correction of vertical maxillary excess (long face syndrome) | journal = Annals of Plastic Surgery | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | pages = 64–70 | language = en | issn = 0148-7043 | pmid = 7073194 | doi=10.1097/00000637-198201000-00010}}
14. ^{{cite journal | url = http://www.ajodo.org/article/0002-9416(77)90176-2/abstract | last = Bell | first = William H. | last2 = Creekmore | first2 = Thomas D. | last3 = Alexander | first3 = R. G. | date = January 1977 | title = Surgical correction of the long face syndrome | journal = American Journal of Orthodontics | volume = 71 | issue = 1 | pages = 40–67 | language = en | issn = 0002-9416 | doi = 10.1016/0002-9416(77)90176-2}}
15. ^{{cite journal | url = http://www.angle.org/doi/full/10.1043/0003-3219(2005)75[736:TOSOBW]2.0.CO;2 | last = Carano | first = Aldo | last2 = Siciliani | first2 = Giuseppe | last3 = Bowman | first3 = S. Jay | date = September 2005 | title = Treatment of skeletal open bite with a device for rapid molar intrusion: a preliminary report | journal = Angle Orthodontist | volume = 75 | number = 5 | pages = 736–746 | language = en | doi=10.1043/0003-3219(2005)75[736:TOSOBW]2.0.CO;2| doi-broken-date = 2019-02-03 }}
16. ^{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=E_3uCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 |last = Obwegeser |first = Hugo L. |authorlink = Hugo Obwegeser |date = 2001 |title = Mandibular growth anomalies: terminology – aetiology – diagnosis – greatment |publisher = Springer |location = Berlin |isbn = 978-3-642-08655-7 |doi = 10.1007/978-3-662-04534-3 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20180210160956/https://books.google.com/books?id=E_3uCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 |archivedate = 2018-02-10 |df = }}
17. ^{{cite journal | last = Schendel | first = S. A. | last2 = Eisenfeld | first2 = J. | last3 = Bell | first3 = W. H. | last4 = Epker | first4 = B. N. | last5 = Mishelevich | first5 = D. J. | date = October 1976 | title = The long face syndrome: vertical maxillary excess | journal = American Journal of Orthodontics | volume = 70 | issue = 4 | pages = 398–408 | language = en | issn = 0002-9416 | pmid = 1067758 | doi=10.1016/0002-9416(76)90112-3}}
18. ^{{cite book | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=eYeS-sLIv24C&pg=PA369https://books.google.com/books?id=eYeS-sLIv24C&pg=PA369 | last = Taub | first = Daniel I. | last2 = Jacobs | first2 = Jordan M. S. | last3 = Jacobs | first3 = Jonathan S. | date = 2013 | chapter = Chapter 16: Anthropometry, cephalometry, and orthognathic surgery | editor-last = Neligan | editor-first = Peter C. | title = Plastic surgery | others = Warren, Richard J., volume editor. | volume = Volume 2: Aesthetic | edition = 3rd | publisher = Elsevier Saunders | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-4557-4049-9 | pages = 354–372}}

References

{{reflist|30em| refs =[13][14][15][16][17]

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2 : Congenital oral disorders|Syndromes with craniofacial abnormalities
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