“Marine Conservation Zone”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

A Marine Conservation Zone (MCZ) is a type of marine nature reserve in UK waters. They are established under the Marine and Coastal Access Act (2009) and are areas designated with the aim to protect nationally important, rare or threatened habitats and species.^[1]^[2] Approximately 20% of UK waters now have some protection although some conservation, fisherman and wildlife groups are concerned that there are no management plans for each zone.^[3]

No Take Zones

Two more no-take zones have been established in UK waters (bringing the total area protected to five square kilometres):^[5]

There has been criticism of the MCZs for not providing "no-take" protection for a higher proportion of UK waters; for example, the environmentalist George Monbiot has raised the issue in his column in The Guardian.^[7]^[8]

England

On 21 November 2013 the first twenty-seven Marine Conservation Zones were designated, followed by a further twenty-three on 17 January 2016. There are now fifty MCZs in English seas protecting an area of {{convert|7886|sqmi|km2|0|abbr=on}}.^[2]

2013 Marine Conservation Zones

2016 Marine Conservation Zones

Northern Ireland

Following the passing of the Marine Act (Northern Ireland) 2013 only Strangford Lough was designated as a Marine Conservation Zone. In 2015 consultations for a further four proposed MCZs were announced.^[9]

The consultations ended in March 2016 and the four MCZs were designated in December 2016.^[10]

Proposed Marine Conservation Zones

Scotland

In the summer of 2014 the Cabinet Secretary for Rural Affairs, Food and the Environment announced thirty new Marine Protection Areas^[11]. Along with thirty Special Areas of Conservation (SAC), forty-seven Special Protection Areas (SPA) and sixty-one Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), 20% of Scottish waters have differing levels of protection.^[12]

Nature Conservation Marine Protected Areas

There are seventeen protected areas within Scotland's territorial waters (i.e. within {{convert|12|nmi|km}})^[13]

Wales

References

1. ^{{cite web | url=http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-4525 | title=Marine Conservation Zones | publisher=JNCC | accessdate=11 April 2015}}
2. ^¹{{cite web|title=Marine conservation zone designations in England|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/marine-conservation-zone-designations-in-england#2013-mcz-designation-orders-and-factsheets|website=GOV.UK|accessdate=19 February 2016}}
3. ^¹{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-35328286|title=Coastal zones: UK's protected 'blue belt' expanded|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=18 January 2016}}
4. ^This was the first statutory no-take zone for marine nature conservation in the UK. It is illegal to remove sea life from the area in question which is in the waters to the east of Lundy Island.[https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/jan/12/lundy-island-marine-conservation-zone]
5. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.snh.gov.uk/protecting-scotlands-nature/protected-areas/national-designations/mpas/mpa-arr/ | title=South Arran MPA | publisher=Scottish Natural Heritage | accessdate=4 September 2016}}
6. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.marinereservescoalition.org/resources/marine-reserves-around-the-world/flamborough-head-no-take-zone-uk/ | title=Flamborough Head | accessdate=4 September 2016}}
7. ^¹{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/georgemonbiot/2014/oct/24/ripping-up-the-sea-floor-on-behalf-of-royal-profits | title=Ripping up the sea floor... | date=2014 | accessdate=4 September 2016 | author=Monbiot, George}}
8. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/georgemonbiot/2012/may/10/uk-marine-reserves | title=The UK's marine reserves are nothing but paper parks | work=theguardian.com | date=2012 | accessdate=7 April 2015 | author=Monbiot, George}}
9. ^{{cite web|title=Marine conservation zones consultation|url=https://www.doeni.gov.uk/consultations/marine-conservation-zones-consultation|website=GOV.UK|publisher=Department of Environment Northern Ireland|accessdate=19 February 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302222809/https://www.doeni.gov.uk/consultations/marine-conservation-zones-consultation|archivedate=2 March 2016|df=}}
10. ^{{Cite web |url=http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-6682 |title=MCZ Project Northern Ireland |access-date=2018-01-18}}
11. ^Marine Scotland Marine Protection Areas.
12. ^{{cite journal|title=Support for our seas|journal=The Nature of Scotland|date=2014|issue=20|pages=10–15}}
13. ^{{cite web|title=Nature Conservation Marine Protected Areas|url=http://www.snh.gov.uk/protecting-scotlands-nature/protected-areas/national-designations/mpas/|website=Scottish Natural History. Dualchas Nàdair na h-Alba|accessdate=19 February 2016}}
14. ^{{cite web|title=Nature Conservation Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)|url=http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/scottishmpas|website=JNCC|accessdate=19 February 2016}}
15. ^JNCC Central Fladen.
16. ^JNCC East of Gannet and Montrose Fields.
17. ^JNCC Faroe-Shetland Sponge Belt.
18. ^JNCC Firth of Forth Banks Complex.
19. ^JNCC Geikie Slide and Hebridean Slope.
20. ^{{cite web|title=Marine Conservation Zones in Wales|url=https://naturalresources.wales/conservation-biodiversity-and-wildlife/find-protected-areas-of-land-and-seas/marine-conservation-zones-in-wales/?lang=en|website=Natural Resources Wales|accessdate=19 February 2016}}