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词条 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane
释义

  1. Uses

  2. Climate change considerations

  3. History

  4. Production

  5. Safety

  6. Medical use

  7. See also

  8. References

  9. External links

{{short description|haloalkane refrigerant}}{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2012}}{{Chembox
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 477201460
| Name = 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane
| ImageFileL1 = 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane.svg
| ImageNameL1 = Structure
| ImageFileR1 = 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane-3D-balls.png
| ImageNameR1 = 3-D structure
| IUPACName = 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane
| OtherNames = Freon 134a
Dymel 134a
Forane 134a
Genetron 134a
HFA-134a
HFC-134a
R-134a
Suva 134a
Norflurane
|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
| SMILES = FCC(F)(F)F
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 12577
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = DH9E53K1Y8
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| KEGG = D05208
| InChI = 1/C2H2F4/c3-1-2(4,5)6/h1H2
| InChIKey = LVGUZGTVOIAKKC-UHFFFAOYAU
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/C2H2F4/c3-1-2(4,5)6/h1H2
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = LVGUZGTVOIAKKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CASNo = 811-97-2
| EINECS = 212-377-0
| RTECS = KI8842500
|Section2={{Chembox Properties
| Formula = CH2FCF3 [1]
| MolarMass = 102.03 g/mol
| Appearance = Colorless gas
| Density = 0.00425 g/cm3, gas
| Solubility = 0.15 wt%
| MeltingPtC = -103.3
| MeltingPt_notes =
| BoilingPtC = -26.3
| BoilingPt_notes =
|Section3={{Chembox Structure
| MolShape =
| Dipole =
|Section7={{Chembox Hazards
| ExternalSDS =
| GHSPictograms = {{GHSp|GHS04}}
| GHSSignalWord = WARNING
| MainHazards = Asphyxiant
| NFPA-H = 1
| NFPA-F = 0
| NFPA-R = 1
| FlashPtC = 250
| HPhrases = {{H-phrases|280}}
| PPhrases = {{P-phrases|410+403}}
|Section8={{Chembox Related
| OtherAnions =
| OtherCations =
| OtherFunction_label = refrigerants
| OtherFunction = Difluoromethane
Pentafluoroethane
| OtherCompounds = 2-Chloro-
1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
}}

1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (also known as norflurane (INN), R-134a, Freon 134a, Forane 134a, Genetron 134a, Florasol 134a, Suva 134a, or HFC-134a) is a hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) and haloalkane refrigerant with thermodynamic properties similar to R-12 (dichlorodifluoromethane) but with insignificant ozone depletion potential and a somewhat lower global warming potential (1,430, compared to R-12's GWP of 10,900).[2] It has the formula CH2FCF3 and a boiling point of −26.3 °C (−15.34 °F) at atmospheric pressure. R-134a cylinders are colored light blue.[3] Attempts at phasing out its use as a refrigerant with substances that have lower global warming potential, such as HFO-1234yf, are underway.

Uses

1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane is a non-flammable gas used primarily as a "high-temperature" refrigerant for domestic refrigeration and automobile air conditioners. These devices began using 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane in the early 1990s as a replacement for the more environmentally harmful R-12 and retrofit kits are available to convert units that were originally R-12-equipped. Other uses include plastic foam blowing, as a cleaning solvent, a propellant for the delivery of pharmaceuticals (e.g. bronchodilators), wine cork removers, gas dusters, such as Dust-Off, and in air driers for removing the moisture from compressed air. 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane has also been used to cool computers in some overclocking attempts. It is the refrigerant used in plumbing pipe freeze kits. It is also commonly used as a propellant for airsoft airguns. The gas is often mixed with a silicone-based lubricant.

1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane is also being considered as an organic solvent suitable for extraction of flavor and fragrance compounds, as a possible alternative to other organic solvents and supercritical carbon dioxide.[4][5]

It can also be used as a solvent in organic chemistry, both in liquid and supercritical fluid.[6]

It is used in the resistive plate chamber particle detectors in the Large Hadron Collider.[7][8] It is also used for other types of particle detectors, e.g. some cryogenic particle detectors.[9] It can be used as an alternative to sulfur hexafluoride in magnesium smelting as a shielding gas.[10]

1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane is also being considered as an alternative to sulfur hexafluoride as a dielectric gas.[11] Its arc-quenching properties are poor, but its dielectric properties are fairly good.

Climate change considerations

Recently, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane has been subject to use restrictions due to its contribution to climate change.[12] It has a global warming potential of 1300.[13]

The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) has proposed 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane to be best replaced by a new fluorochemical refrigerant HFO-1234yf (CF3CF=CH2) in automobile air-conditioning systems.[14] California may also prohibit the sale of canned 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane to individuals to avoid non-professional recharge of air conditioners.[15] A ban had been in place in Wisconsin since October 1994 under ATCP 136 prohibiting sales of container sizes holding less than 15 lbs of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, but this restriction applied only when the chemical was intended to be a refrigerant. However, the ban was lifted in Wisconsin in 2012.[16] During the time that it was active, this Wisconsin-specific ban contained loopholes. For example, it was legal for a person to purchase gas duster containers with any amount of the chemical because in that instance the chemical is neither intended to be a refrigerant{{hsp}}[16] nor is HFC-134a included in the § 7671a listing of class I and class II substances.[17]

History

1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane first appeared in the early 1990s as a replacement for dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12), which has ozone depleting properties.[18] 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane has been atmospherically modeled for its impact on depleting ozone and as a contributor to global warming. Research suggests that over the past 10 years the concentration of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane has increased significantly in the Earth's atmosphere, with a recent study revealing a doubling in atmospheric concentration between 2001 and 2004.[19] It has insignificant ozone depletion potential (ozone layer), significant global warming potential (100-yr GWP = 1430)[20] and negligible acidification potential (acid rain). Because of its high GWP, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane has been banned from use in the European Union, starting with cars in 2011 and phasing out completely by 2017.[21]

Production

Tetrafluoroethane is typically made by reacting trichloroethylene with hydrogen fluoride:[22]

CHCl=CCl2 + 4 HF → CH2FCF3 + 3 HCl

Safety

Mixtures with air of the gas 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane are not flammable at atmospheric pressure and temperatures up to 100 °C (212 °F). However, mixtures with high concentrations of air at elevated pressure and/or temperature can be ignited.[23] Contact of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane with flames or hot surfaces in excess of 250 °C (482 °F) may cause vapor decomposition and the emission of toxic gases including hydrogen fluoride and carbonyl fluoride.[24] 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane itself has an {{LD50}} of 1,500 g/m3 in rats, making it relatively non-toxic, apart from the dangers inherent to inhalant abuse. Its gaseous form is denser than air and will displace air in the lungs. This can result in asphyxiation if excessively inhaled.[25][26] This is what contributes to most deaths by inhalant abuse.

Aerosol cans containing 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, when inverted, become effective freeze sprays. Under pressure, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane is compressed into a liquid, which upon vaporization absorbs a significant amount of thermal energy. As a result, it will greatly lower the temperature of any object it contacts as it evaporates. This can result in frostbite when it contacts skin, as well as blindness upon eye contact.

Medical use

For its medical uses, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane has the generic name norflurane. It is used as propellant for some metered dose inhalers.[27] It is considered safe for this use.[28][29][30] In combination with pentafluoropropane, it is used as a topical vapocoolant spray for numbing boils before curettage.[31][32] It has also been studied as a potential inhalational anesthetic,[33] but it is nonanaesthetic at doses used in inhalers.[28]

See also

  • List of refrigerants
  • Dichlorodifluoromethane
  • 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (data page)
  • Tetrabromoethane
  • Tetrachloroethane

References

1. ^Global Warming Potentials of ODS Substitutes Ozone Layer Protection US EPA. Epa.gov (2006-06-28). Retrieved on 2011-08-21.
2. ^{{cite web|title=Table 2.14 (Errata). Lifetimes, radiative efficiencies and direct (except for CH4) GWPs relative to CO2.|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/errataserrata-errata.html#table214|accessdate=2017-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706070425/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/errataserrata-errata.html#table214#table214|archive-date=6 July 2017|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.budgetheating.com/v/vspfiles/assets/images/r134a-refrigerant.jpg|title=Example image of a 30 lbs R134a bottle|author=|date=|website=budgetheating.com|accessdate=26 March 2018}}
4. ^{{cite book |doi=10.1021/bk-2005-0908.ch003 |chapter=1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (R-134a): A Selective Solvent for the Generation of Flavor and Fragrance Ingredients |title=Natural Flavors and Fragrances |series=ACS Symposium Series |year=2005 |last1=Corr |first1=Stuart |isbn=0-8412-3904-5 |volume=908 |page=41}}
5. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.1039/B412697A|title=Solubility of unsaturated carboxylic acids in supercritical 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC 134a) and a methodology for the separation of ternary mixtures|year=2005|last1=Abbott|first1=Andrew P.|last2=Eltringham|first2=Wayne|last3=Hope|first3=Eric G.|last4=Nicola|first4=Mazin|journal=Green Chemistry|volume=7|issue=4|pages=210 }}
6. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.1039/B507554H|title=Hydrogenation in supercritical 1,1,1,2 tetrafluoroethane (HFC 134a)|year=2005|last1=Abbott|first1=Andrew P.|last2=Eltringham|first2=Wayne|last3=Hope|first3=Eric G.|last4=Nicola|first4=Mazin|journal=Green Chemistry|volume=7|issue=10|pages=721 }}
7. ^Anushree Ghosh STUDY OF GLASS RESISTIVE PLATE CHAMBERS (RPC) AND CALCULATION OF EFFICIENCY {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807185247/http://www.hecr.tifr.res.in/~bsn/INO/rpc-anushree.pdf# |date=7 August 2011 }}. INO Graduate Training Programme DHEP, TIFR, Mumbai.
8. ^M. Capeans, I. Glushkov, R. Guida, F. Hahn, S. Haider (CERN, Switzerland) [https://web.archive.org/web/20101116193636/http://project-wp7.web.cern.ch/PROJECT%2DWP7/Documents/Roberto_IEEE2009%20v2.pdf RPC operation at the LHC experiments in an optimized closed loop gas system]. Medical Imaging Conference. 25–31 October 2009.
9. ^{{cite journal |url=http://highenergy.physics.uiowa.edu/HEP/Files/Talks/RadHardPaper.pdf |format=pdf |journal=AIP Conference Proceedings |doi=10.1063/1.2396941 |bibcode=2006AIPC..867...84N |title=Rad Hard Active Media For Calorimeters |year=2006 |last1=Norbeck |first1=E. |last2=Olson |first2=J. E. |last3=Moeller |first3=A. |last4=Onel |first4=Y. |volume=867 |page=84 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323165423/http://highenergy.physics.uiowa.edu/HEP/Files/Talks/RadHardPaper.pdf |archivedate=23 March 2012 |df=dmy-all }}
10. ^Magnesium recycling in the United States in 1998. (PDF) . USGS. Retrieved on 2011-08-21.
11. ^Gaseous dielectrics with low global warming potentials – US Patent Application 20080135817 Description {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013103053/http://www.patentstorm.us/applications/20080135817/description.html |date=13 October 2012 }}. Patentstorm.us (2006-12-12). Retrieved on 2011-08-21.
12. ^European Directive 2006/40/EC relating to emissions from air-conditioning systems in motor vehicles. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2011-08-21.
13. ^Compressed air dusters and environmental concerns. (PDF). Retrieved on 2015-05-26.
14. ^HFO-1234yf A Low GWP Refrigerant For MAC {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227134615/http://refrigerants.dupont.com/Suva/en_US/pdf/DP_HW_2nd_European_Workshop_MAC.pdf |date=27 February 2009 }}. Refrigerants.dupont.com (2011-08-17). Retrieved on 2011-08-21.
15. ^California restricts use of HFC-134a in cars. 27 June 2007. R744.com. Retrieved on 2011-08-21.
16. ^1 Chapter ATCP 136. MOBILE AIR CONDITIONERS; RECLAIMING OR RECYCLING REFRIGERANT. State.wi.us. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2011-08-21.
17. ^Class I Ozone-depleting Substances. EPA.gov. Retrieved on 2011-08-21.
18. ^{{cite journal| author= Franklin J |title=The Atmospheric Degradation and Impact of 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluorethane (Hydrofluorocarbon 134a)|journal=Chemosphere |year=1993|pages=1565–1601|volume=27|doi=10.1016/0045-6535(93)90251-Y| issue= 8|bibcode=1993Chmsp..27.1565F}}
19. ^{{cite web |title = Greenhouse gas monitoring at the Zeppelin station – Annual report 2004 (TA-2110/2005) |publisher = Norwegian Institute for Air Research |url = http://www.r744.com/news/files/NILU-%20exec%20summary%20of%20annual%20report%202004.pdf |accessdate = 2006-01-19 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071030171837/http://www.r744.com/news/files/NILU-%20exec%20summary%20of%20annual%20report%202004.pdf |archivedate = 30 October 2007 |df = dmy-all}}
20. ^{{cite book| chapter =Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing.| title = Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change| chapter-url =http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter2.pdf |chapter-format=pdf| author =Forster, P.| date =2007 |deadurl=no| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100724041021/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter2.pdf| archivedate= 24 July 2010 |display-authors=etal}}
21. ^{{cite web|title=Refrigerant 1234YF's Potential Impact in Automotive Applications |url=http://www.vtechonline.com/pdf/News-PDFs/New%20Refrigerant%201234YF%20for%20Automotive%20Applications.pdf |work= |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6I4ZD8Q7B?url=http://www.vtechonline.com/pdf/News-PDFs/New%20Refrigerant%201234YF%20for%20Automotive%20Applications.pdf |archivedate=13 July 2013 |deadurl=no |accessdate=2013-07-10 |df=dmy }}
22. ^http://www.solvay.us/en/binaries/PSS-Tetrafluoroethane-164368.pdf
23. ^{{cite report | author=DuPont | title=DuPont HFC-134a— Properties, Uses, Storage, and Handling | url=https://www.chemours.com/Refrigerants/en_US/assets/downloads/h45945_hfc134a_push.pdf | date= 2004 | accessdate=5 August 2016}}
24. ^{{cite journal|author=Honeywell International |title=MSDS # GTRN-0047 For Genetron 134aUV|date= December 2005}}
25. ^{{cite journal |author1=Alexander D. J |author2=Libretto S. E. | title=An overview of the toxicology of HFA-134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane)| journal=Hum. Exp. Toxicol.| year=1995 | volume=14| pages=715–20 | doi=10.1177/096032719501400903 | pmid=8579881 | issue=9 }}
26. ^{{cite journal |author1=G. E. Millward |author2=E. Tschuikow-Roux | title= Kinetic analysis of the shock wave decomposition of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane| year =1972| volume = 76| issue= 3| pages = 292–298| doi =10.1021/j100647a002| journal= The Journal of Physical Chemistry}}
27. ^{{cite journal | doi = 10.1186/s13223-017-0202-0| title = Asthma pressurised metered dose inhaler performance: Propellant effect studies in delivery systems| journal = Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology| volume = 13| year = 2017| last1 = Sellers| first1 = William F. S}}
28. ^1 {{Cite journal | pmc = 4408662 | quote = This propellant has been shown to be safe and nonanaesthetic in standard inhaler doses | year = 2015 | author1 = Shah | first1 = S. B | title = Anaesthetic in the garb of a propellant | journal = Indian Journal of Anaesthesia | volume = 59 | issue = 4 | pages = 258–260 | last2 = Hariharan | first2 = U | last3 = Bhargava | first3 = A. K | doi = 10.4103/0019-5049.155011 | pmid=25937660}}
29. ^{{Cite journal | pmid = 10780756| year = 2000| author1 = Huchon| first1 = G| title = Comparison of the safety of drug delivery via HFA- and CFC-metered dose inhalers in CAO| journal = The European Respiratory Journal| volume = 15| issue = 4| pages = 663–9| last2 = Hofbauer| first2 = P| last3 = Cannizzaro| first3 = G| last4 = Iacono| first4 = P| last5 = Wald| first5 = F| doi=10.1034/j.1399-3003.2000.15d07.x}}
30. ^{{cite web | url = https://www.osha.gov/dts/chemicalsampling/data/CH_270935.html | publisher = Occupational Safety & Health Administration | title = 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane}}
31. ^{{cite web | url = https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB13116 | publisher = DrugBank | title = Norflurane}}
32. ^{{cite web | url = https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-91869/norflurane-pentafluoropropane-topical/details | title = Norflurane-Pentafluoropropane Aerosol, Spray | publisher = WebMD}}
33. ^{{cite journal|last1=Shulman M, Sadove MS|title=1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane: an inhalational agent of intermediate potency |journal=Anesthesia and Analgesia |date=1967 |volume=46 |issue=5 |pages=629–635 |doi=10.1213/00000539-196709000-00029}}

External links

{{Commons|Tetrafluoroethane}}
  • {{ICSC|1281|12}}
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20120626113012/http://www.fluorocarbons.org/chemical-families/hfcs/hfc-products-applications European Fluorocarbons Technical Committee (EFCTC)]
  • MSDS at Oxford University{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
  • Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 11, at inchem.org
  • Pressure temperature calculator
  • {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030929040250/http://www.symp14.nist.gov/PDF/JOI11UST.PDF |date=29 September 2003 |title=The Coexisting Curve of the Refrigerant HFC 134a: Some Scaling Models }}
  • R134a 2 phase computer cooling
{{Anesthetics}}{{GABAAR PAMs}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Tetrafluoroethane, 1, 1, 1, 2-}}

9 : Fluoroalkanes|Refrigerants|Automotive chemicals|Propellants|Airsoft|Excipients|Greenhouse gases|GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators|General anesthetics
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