“1980 United States Senate elections”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Democrat Wendell Ford won re-election, he defeated Republican Mary Louise Foust.

Louisiana

Maryland

Missouri

Nevada

Incumbent Republican U.S. Senator Paul Laxalt won re-election to a second term over Mary Gojack, former State Senator (1974–1978) and former State Assemblywoman (1972–1974).^[23]

New Hampshire

Incumbent Democrat John Durkin was defeated by former Attorney General of New Hampshire Warren Rudman in a relatively close election, where nationwide Republicans would have a landslide election known as the Reagan Revolution.

New York

Incumbent Republican U.S. Senator Jacob K. Javits was defeated in the primary, and Republican Al D'Amato, Presiding Supervisor of the Town of Hempstead, won the three way election with Elizabeth Holtzman, U.S. Representative.

Javits's refusal to adjust politically to the rightward movement of his party as well as his 1979 diagnosis with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (also known as Lou Gehrig's Disease) led to a primary challenge. Javits was defeated in the primary by Hempstead Presiding Supervisor Al D'Amato on September 9.

D'Amato, also running on the Conservative line, proceeded to defeat Democratic U.S. Representative Elizabeth Holtzman and Javits, who ran on the Liberal Party ticket. In the traditionally liberal state of New York, Javits split the Democratic vote with Holtzman to give D'Amato a close victory.^[26]

North Carolina

Incumbent Democrat Robert Morgan lost re-election a second term to Republican John East, Professor at East Carolina University.

North Dakota

Incumbent Republican Milton Young was retiring. Republican Mark Andrews defeated North Dakota Democratic-NPL Party candidate Kent Johanneson to fill the vacated seat.^[3]

Andrews, who had served as a Representative since 1965, easily received the Republican nomination, and the endorsed Democratic-NPL candidate was Kent Johanneson. Andrews and Johanneson won the primary elections for their respective parties.

Two independent candidates, Harley McLain and Don J. Klingensmith also filed before the deadline under the Chemical Farming Banned and Statesman parties respectively. McLain would later run for the same seat in 1998 against then incumbent Byron Dorgan.

Ohio

Incumbent Democrat John Glenn won re-election to a second term in a landslide with 69% of the vote over Jim Betts, State Representative, coinciding with Ronald Reagan's substantial win in the state during the presidential election.

Oklahoma

Incumbent Republican Henry Bellmon decided to retire, instead of seeking a third term. Republican nominee Don Nickles won the open seat over Andy Coats, Oklahoma County, Oklahoma district attorney.^[29]

After two years in the State Senate and displeased by the policies of the Carter Administration, Nickles ran for the United States Senate in 1980 to succeed Republican Henry Bellmon who was retiring. As an unknown in a field crowded with business and political bigwigs, Nickles was not initially given much of a chance. Bellmon even tried to convince him to wait and run for the U.S. House. Utilizing personal contact and passing out unique "wooden nickel" campaign button novelties, Nickles unique grassroot community ties to local Amway distributors throughout Oklahoma gave him an interpersonal network which proved helpful.{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}} Nickles beat two well funded oil millionaires (Jack Zink and Ed Noble) in the primary and won the primary run-off against Zink, a race car driver. He later won the general election against Democrat Oklahoma City Mayor Andy Coats and independent Charles Nesbitt, the Oklahoma Corporation Commissioner and former Oklahoma Attorney General. At the age of 32, Nickles was the youngest Republican ever elected to the United States Senate.

Oregon

Republican incumbent Bob Packwood was re-elected to a third term, defeating Democratic state senator Ted Kulongoski and Libertarian Tonie Nathan.

The primary elections were held on May 20, 1980 in conjunction with the Democratic and Republican presidential primaries. Interest in the primaries was somewhat subdued because they occurred just two days after the eruption of Mount St. Helens, about {{convert|60|mi|km}} north of Oregon's most populous city, Portland.^[31]^[32] The eruption (which was a VEI = 5 event) was the first significant one to occur in the contiguous 48 U.S. states since the 1915 eruption of California's Lassen Peak.^[33]

In addition to the candidates chosen in the primaries, Tonie Nathan was chosen as the Libertarian Party candidate at that party's convention in June.^[36] Previously, Nathan had been the Libertarian vice presidential candidate in the 1972 Presidential election and was the first woman to ever receive an electoral vote in a U.S. Presidential election from a faithless elector who voted for her.^[37]

As a well-funded incumbent, Packwood was expected to have a fairly easy road to re-election and led by double digit margins in most early polls.^[38]^[39] Packwood chose defense spending as his key issue in the campaign while Kulongoski focused on the economy and unemployment. Nathan hammered at core Libertarian principles of limited government, with a goal of 5% of votes which would keep the party as a valid minor party.^[40] The three candidates agreed to three debates, to be held across the state in the summer of 1980.^[41] As the challenger, Kulongoski aggressively attempted to engage Packwood in the debates, but the debate format did not allow the candidates to ask follow-up questions or rebut each other's statements and Packwood was largely able to avoid confrontation and stay above the fray.^[40] As the campaign wore on, Kulongoski grew more confident and tried to appeal to Oregonians' independent values by saying that Packwood's enormous cash advantage was due to "eastern" money.^[31]

Kulongoski closed to within a few points in some late polls, but with no mistakes made by Packwood and with the coattail effect of Ronald Reagan's Presidential victory, the incumbent achieved an electoral majority and a fairly comfortable 8-point margin over Kulongoski. Nathan finished with less than 4% of the vote, short of her goal of 5%.^[42] With Republicans taking control of the U.S. Senate, Packwood was in line to become chairman of the Senate Commerce Committee. Fellow Oregon Republican Senator Mark Hatfield was also elevated to chairman of the Senate Appropriations Committee, giving Oregon power in the Senate it had never seen before.^[43]

Pennsylvania

Incumbent Republican Richard Schweiker decided to retire, instead of seeking a third term. Republican nominee Arlen Specter won the open seat, defeating Democratic nominee Peter F. Flaherty, former Mayor of Pittsburgh.

Arlen Specter, formerly a member of the Democratic party, had served as legal counsel to the Warren Commission, which investigated the 1963 assassination of President John F. Kennedy, after which he became District Attorney of Philadelphia. After he was defeated in a 1967 run for Mayor of Philadelphia, Specter was defeated in his bid for a third term as district attorney. He had run in the Republican primary in the 1976 Senate election, but was defeated by John Heinz and also ran in the 1978 gubernatorial election, but was defeated by Dick Thornburgh in the primary. Shortly after Specter opened a law practice in Atlantic City, New Jersey, incumbent Republican U.S. Senator Richard Schweiker unexpectedly announced his decision not to seek re-election to his seat. Specter, believing his reputation as a political moderate would help him in the general election, d would help him in the general electionecided to run. In the Republican primary, Specter faced state senator Edward Howard, as well as Delaware County councilman Bud Haabestad, who was endorsed by Schweiker, then-governor Thornburgh and John Heinz. Specter ultimately defeated Haabestad, his most prominent challenger, by approximately 37,000 votes.^[45]

In the Democratic primary, former Pittsburgh mayor Peter Flaherty contended with State Representative Joseph Rhodes Jr., former U.S. Representative Edward Mezvinsky, State Senator H. Craig Lewis and Dean of Temple University Law School Peter J. Liacouras. Flaherty's name recognition enabled him to defeat his primary opponents, winning every county and thus winning the Democratic nomination.^[45]

Flaherty employed a general election strategy he had used in two previous statewide office campaigns: win by a wide margin in the southwestern part of the state and narrowly win Philadelphia. He also hoped to carry several swing towns on account of his support from several labor unions. Specter hoped to carry his home town of Philadelphia, despite the Democrats' 7-2 voter registration advantage there. To this end, Specter sought endorsements among city Democratic leadership, including future mayor John F. Street. Specter hoped that, with wins in suburban areas and the heavily Republican central portion of the state in addition to winning Philadelphia, he would be able to win the election. Specter distanced himself from Governor Dick Thornburgh, who had become unpopular in some demographics due to his proposals to decrease welfare program spending.^[45]

In the end, Specter defeated Flaherty by approximately 108,000 votes, carrying Philadelphia and its suburbs as well as the central and northeastern portions of the state. Flaherty performed strongest in the western portion of the state, including Cambria, Clarion, Erie and Mercer counties.^[45]

South Carolina

Incumbent Democrat Senator Fritz Hollings easily defeated Republican challenger Marshall Mays to win his third full term.

South Dakota

Incumbent Democrat George McGovern ran for re-election to a fourth term, but was defeated by Republican James Abdnor, U.S. Representative.

McGovern was one of several liberal Democratic U.S. senators targeted for defeat in 1980 by the National Conservative Political Action Committee (NCPAC), which put out a year's worth of negative portrayals of McGovern.^[47] They and other pro-life groups especially focused on McGovern's support for pro-choice abortion laws.^[48] McGovern faced a Democratic primary challenge for the first time, from a pro-life candidate.^[49]

Abdnor, a four-term incumbent congressman who held identical positions to McGovern on farm issues, was solidly conservative on national issues, and was well liked within the state.^[48]^[50] Abdnor's campaign focused on both McGovern's liberal voting record and what it said was McGovern's lack of involvement in South Dakotan affairs.^[48] McGovern made an issue of NCPAC's outside involvement, and that group eventually withdrew from the campaign after Abdnor denounced a letter they had sent out.^[48] Far behind in the polls earlier, McGovern outspent Abdnor 2-to-1, hammered away at Abdnor's refusal to debate him (drawing attention to a slight speech defect Abdnor had), and, showing the comeback pattern of some of his past races in the state, closed the gap for a while.^[48]^[51]^[89]

However, in the general election McGovern was solidly defeated, getting only 39 percent of the vote to Abdnor's 58 percent.^[51] McGovern became one of many Democratic casualties of that year's Republican sweep,^[52] which became known as the "Reagan Revolution".

Utah

Vermont

Incumbent Democrat Patrick Leahy ran successfully for reelection to a second term in the United States Senate, defeating Stewart M. Ledbetter

Washington

Incumbent Democrat Warren Magnuson lost re-election to State Attorney General Slade Gorton.

Wisconsin

Incumbent Democrat Gaylord Nelson ran for re-election to a fourth term, but was defeated by Bob Kasten, Former U.S. Representative from Wisconsin's 9th congressional district (1975-1979).^[3]

See also

Notes

1. ^¹The Independent caucused with the Democrats.
2. ^Harry F. Byrd Jr. (VA) was an Independent who caucused with the Democrats. In some circles he is called an "Independent Democrat," but his actual registration was listed as "Independent." See, e.g., {{Biographical Directory of Congress |id=B001209|inline=yes|name=Harry Flood Byrd, Jr.}}
3. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²¹³¹⁴¹⁵¹⁶¹⁷¹⁸¹⁹²⁰{{cite web | url= http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1980election.pdf | title = Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 4, 1980 | publisher= U.S. Government Printing Office | year= 1981 | author= Clerk of the United States House of Representatives}}
4. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/11/18/AR2008111803227.html?hpid%3Dtopnews&sub=AR | title = Ted Stevens Loses Battle For Alaska Senate Seat | author=Kane, Paul | newspaper=The Washington Post | date=November 19, 2008 | accessdate=November 19, 2008}}
5. ^Robert KC Johnson, "Not Many Senators Have Found Themselves in Joe Lieberman's Predicament", History News Network, August 7, 2006. Accessed July 7, 2007.
6. ^¹Alex Koppelman, "Don't worry, be Mike Gravel", Salon.com, May 7, 2007. Accessed July 4, 2007.
7. ^¹²{{cite news | url=https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=FB0817FA355F12728DDDA10A94D0405B8084F1D3 | title = Gravel Loses a Bitter Fight In Senate Primary in Alaska | author=Wallace Turner | newspaper=The New York Times | date=August 28, 1980 | accessdate=December 10, 2007 | format=fee required}}
8. ^¹Wallace Turner, [https://select.nytimes.com/search/restricted/article?res=FB0613F9385F0C758CDDAE0894DA484D81 "Side Issues Figure in Tricky Alaska Primary"], The New York Times, July 6, 1982. Accessed July 7, 2007.
9. ^¹http://www.elections.alaska.gov/results/80PRIM/80prim.pdf
10. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID= 230776|title= Our Campaigns - AZ US Senate - D Primary Race - Sep 09, 1980|website= www.ourcampaigns.com|accessdate= 20 December 2017}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=3293|title=Our Campaigns - AZ US Senate Race - Nov 04, 1980|website=www.ourcampaigns.com|accessdate=20 December 2017}}
12. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID= 3415|title= Our Campaigns - AR US Senate Race - Nov 04, 1980|website= www.ourcampaigns.com|accessdate= 20 December 2017}}
13. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID= 3870|title= Our Campaigns - CA US Senate Race - Nov 04, 1980|website= www.ourcampaigns.com|accessdate= 20 December 2017}}
14. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID= 3895|title= Our Campaigns - CT US Senate Race - Nov 04, 1980|website= www.ourcampaigns.com|accessdate= 20 December 2017}}
15. ^¹{{cite book | last=Abramowitz | first=Alan I. | author2=Segal, Jeffrey Allan | title = Senate Elections | publisher=University of Michigan Press | year=1992 | accessdate=January 31, 2007 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tuwHqrbKge8C&pg=RA1-PA78&lpg=RA1-PA78&dq=%22bill+gunter%22+%22richard+stone%22&source=web&ots=QhKyyGdL94&sig=F5XJ8v9g02KzPXHynBkZY5LTTfI#PRA1-PA4,M1 | isbn=0-472-08192-6 | page=78}}
16. ^¹{{Cite web |url= https://doe.dos.state.fl.us/elections/resultsarchive/Index.asp?ElectionDate= 9%2F9%2F1980&DATAMODE= |title= Archived copy |access-date= 2011-03-28 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110718144952/https://doe.dos.state.fl.us/elections/resultsarchive/Index.asp?ElectionDate= 9%2F9%2F1980&DATAMODE= |archive-date= 2011-07-18 |dead-url= yes |df= }}
17. ^¹{{Cite web |url= https://doe.dos.state.fl.us/elections/resultsarchive/Index.asp?ElectionDate= 10%2F7%2F1980&DATAMODE= |title= Archived copy |access-date= 2011-03-28 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110718145008/https://doe.dos.state.fl.us/elections/resultsarchive/Index.asp?ElectionDate= 10%2F7%2F1980&DATAMODE= |archive-date= 2011-07-18 |dead-url= yes |df= }}
18. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=3890| title = United States Senator | publisher = Our Campaigns | date = | accessdate = January 1, 2009}}
19. ^{{cite web | url= http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID= 3887 | title = IL US Senate Race - November 04, 1980 | publisher= Ourcampaigns.com | date= | accessdate= April 4, 2015}}
20. ^{{cite web | url= http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID= 260647 | title = Official Results | publisher= OurCampaigns | date= | accessdate= March 6, 2009}}
21. ^http://sos.iowa.gov/elections/pdf/results/80s/1980primcanv.pdf
22. ^http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1980election.pdf
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=19582|title=Our Campaigns - Candidate - Mary L. Gojack|website=www.ourcampaigns.com|accessdate=20 December 2017}}
24. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=43852.|title= Our Campaigns - PA Governor - D Primary Race - May 16, 1978|website= www.ourcampaigns.com|accessdate= 20 December 2017}}
25. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.9wsyr.com/mostpopular/story/Miner-Kimatian-win-Syracuse-mayoral-primaries/G_EgwHAEskClUf1wm-6wuA.cspx|title= Syracuse Mayoral Primary Results - 9wsyr.com|publisher= |accessdate= 20 December 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110719063010/http://www.9wsyr.com/mostpopular/story/Miner-Kimatian-win-Syracuse-mayoral-primaries/G_EgwHAEskClUf1wm-6wuA.cspx|archive-date= 19 July 2011|dead-url= yes|df= dmy-all}}
26. ^{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tuwHqrbKge8C | title = Senate Elections | last=Abramowitz | first=Alan|last2=Segal|first2=Jeffrey Allan | date=January 1, 1992 | publisher=University of Michigan Press | isbn=0472081926|language=en}}
27. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=3894|title= Our Campaigns - NY US Senate Race - Nov 04, 1980|website= www.ourcampaigns.com|accessdate= 20 December 2017}}
28. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=3885|title= Our Campaigns - OH US Senate Race - Nov 04, 1980|website= www.ourcampaigns.com|accessdate= 20 December 2017}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=31856|title=Our Campaigns - Candidate - Andrew M. Coats|website=www.ourcampaigns.com|accessdate=20 December 2017}}
30. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=3875|title= Our Campaigns - OK US Senate Race - Nov 04, 1980|website= www.ourcampaigns.com|accessdate= 20 December 2017}}
31. ^¹{{cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sKISAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_vYDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4570,5122162 | title = Early turnout moderate as primary vote begins | work=The Bulletin (Bend) | date=May 20, 1980 | accessdate=March 23, 2010 | last=Sand | first=Joseph R.}}
32. ^{{cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=zlYgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KNIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3377,2670006 | title = Volcano upstages Oregon primary | last=Wicker | first=Tom | authorlink=Tom Wicker | date=May 21, 1980 | accessdate=March 23, 2010 | work=Daytona Beach Morning Journal}}
33. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzZeWQ8vTPoC&pg=PA294&dq=volcanoes+usa+st+helens+historical+eruptions+lassen&ei=uTAxStS2DYXeNcjp8PQO#PPA294,M1|title=Volcanoes: Crucibles of Change|first1=Richard V.|last1=Fisher|first2=Grant|last2=Heiken|first3=Jeffrey|last3=Hulen|date=4 October 1998|publisher=Princeton University Press|accessdate=20 December 2017|via=Google Books}}
34. ^{{cite web | url= http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=259576 | title = Oregon US Senate Republican Primary Race, May 20, 1980 | publisher= ourcampaigns.com | accessdate= March 23, 2010}}
35. ^{{cite web | url= http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=259577 | title = Oregon US Senate Democratic Primary Race, May 20, 1980 | publisher= ourcampaigns.com | accessdate= March 23, 2010}}
36. ^{{cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=n3cRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3OEDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4302,6435059 | archive-url=https://archive.is/20130125001207/http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=n3cRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3OEDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4302,6435059 | dead-url=yes | archive-date=January 25, 2013 | title = Nathan, Wright named nominees by Libertarians | work=The Register-Guard | date=June 2, 1980 | accessdate=March 23, 2010}}
37. ^{{cite web| last = Boaz | first = David | url = http://www.cato-at-liberty.org/2008/08/29/first-woman/ | title = First Woman | publisher = Cato @ Liberty (Cato Institute) | date = August 29, 2008 | accessdate = March 23, 2010 }}
38. ^{{cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=3KArAAAAIBAJ&sjid=b_wFAAAAIBAJ&pg=7169,5334968 | title = Campaign '80: Oregon is interested in home races | work=The Telegraph (Nashua) | last=Sand | first=Joseph R. | date=September 25, 1980 | accessdate=March 23, 2010}}
39. ^{{cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=a5oSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ufYDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4981,50446 | title = Poll shows Packwood well ahead of his foe | work=The Bulletin (Bend) | date=August 18, 1980 | accessdate=March 23, 2010}}
40. ^¹{{cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=oYQRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9uEDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3762%2C484112 | title = Senate race stirs memories of 1968 | work=The Register-Guard | date=November 2, 1980 | accessdate=March 23, 2010}}
41. ^{{cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=84URAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7eEDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6758,2798679 | archive-url=https://archive.is/20130124124629/http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=84URAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7eEDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6758,2798679 | dead-url=yes | archive-date=January 24, 2013 | title = Senate contestants schedule 3 debates | work=The Register-Guard | date=July 12, 1980 | accessdate=March 23, 2010}}
42. ^{{cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=pIQRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9uEDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3025%2C1340762 | title = Packwood wins Senate race | work=The Register-Guard | date=November 5, 1980 | accessdate=March 23, 2010}}
43. ^{{cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=qIQRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9uEDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3800,2703098& | title = Never has state had so much power | last=Forrester | first=Steve | work=The Register-Guard | date=November 9, 1980 | accessdate=March 23, 2010}} {{Dead link | date=October 2010 | bot=H3llBot}}
44. ^{{cite web | url= http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=3869 | title = Oregon US Senate Race, Nov 4, 1980 | publisher= ourcampaigns.com | accessdate= March 23, 2010}}
45. ^¹²³{{cite book | last=Kennedy | first=John J. | title = Pennsylvania elections : statewide contests from 1950-2004 | year=2006 | publisher=University Press of America | location=Lanham, Md. | isbn=0761832793 | pages=61–63 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1J_9q-lIWRkC&pg=PA61&dq=1980+specter+flaherty&hl=en&sa=X&ei=OfP2T8m2E8Kl6wHBjuzxBg&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=1980%20specter%20flaherty&f=false}}
46. ^¹{{cite web|url= http://www.sdsos.gov/electionsvoteregistration/electvoterpdfs/72-86/80SDPRIM.pdf|title= South Dakota Secretary of State, Shantel Krebs|website= www.sdsos.gov|accessdate= 20 December 2017}}
47. ^*Marano, Richard Michael, Vote Your Conscience: The Last Campaign of George McGovern, Praeger Publishers, 2003. {{ISBN|0-275-97189-9}}.pp. 22–23.
48. ^¹²³⁴{{cite news | url=https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F10B10F63B5C11728DDDAC0894D9415B8084F1D3 | title = McGovern Fails in Attempt At Fourth Term as Senator | author=Petersen, Iver | newspaper=The New York Times | date=November 5, 1980 | page=A21 | format=fee required}}
49. ^Marano, Vote Your Conscience, p. 27.
50. ^Marano, Vote Your Conscience, p. 29.
51. ^¹Marano, Vote Your Conscience, p. 32.
52. ^¹{{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,950490,00.html | title = Nation: Reagan Gets a G.O.P Senate | magazine=Time | date=November 17, 1980}}
53. ^¹²{{cite web | title = Primary Election Results | url= https://www.sec.state.vt.us/media/62932/p1980.pdf | publisher= Office of the Vermont Secretary of State | accessdate= June 17, 2015}}
54. ^{{cite web | title = General Election Results - U.S. Senator - 1914-2014 | url= https://www.sec.state.vt.us/media/682280/generalelection_USSenator.pdf | publisher= Office of the Vermont Secretary of State | accessdate= June 17, 2015}}
55. ^{{cite web|url= https://www.sos.wa.gov/elections/results_report.aspx|title= Election Search Results - Elections & Voting - WA Secretary of State|first1= Contact Us Washington Secretary of StateElections Division520 Union Ave SEPO Box|last1= 40229Olympia|first2= WA 98504-0229902-4180 Privacy|last2= Policy|publisher= |accessdate= 20 December 2017}}

Gains and losses

Milestones

Results summary

Change in Senate composition

Before the elections

After the elections

Race summary

Special elections during the 96th Congress

Elections leading to the next Congress

Special elections during the 97th Congress

Alabama

Alaska

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Florida

Georgia

Hawaii

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky