“University of Milan”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The University of Milan ({{lang-it|Università degli Studi di Milano}}, {{lang-la|Universitas Studiorum Mediolanensis}}), known colloquially as UniMi or Statale, is a higher education institution in Milan, Italy. It is one of the largest universities in Europe, with about 60,000 students,^[3] a permanent teaching and research staff of about 2,000.^[4]

The University of Milan has 9 schools and offers 134 undergraduate and graduate courses, 21 Doctoral Schools and 92 Specialization Schools.

The University's research and teaching activities have developed over the years and have received important international recognitions.

The University is the only Italian member of the League of European Research Universities (LERU), a group of twenty-one research-intensive European Universities. It consistently ranks one of the best universities of Italy, both overall and in specific subject areas.

One Nobel Prize in Physics, Riccardo Giacconi^[5], as well as one Fields medalist, Enrico Bombieri^[6], studied at the University.

Rankings

The University of Milan is the only Italian member of the League of European Research Universities (LERU), a group of twenty-one research-intensive European Universities, which it helped found.

The university consistently ranks as Italy's best university in a number of areas. In the most recent ranking of Italian universities released by ANVUR in February 2017, Statale ranked first among Italian universities in the areas of political science, sociology, law, and philosophy.^[11] It also ranked among the top three in economics and statistics, earth science, history, and antiquities.^[12]

The university is ranked third in Italy by Center for World University Rankings (CWUR)^[13] and fourth in the Webometrics Ranking of World Universities.^[14] It is ranked first in Italy (five-way tie) by the Academic Ranking of World Universities while the Times Higher Education World University Rankings^[15] ranks it 6th to 9th (tied with four other universities).

History

Early years

The University of Milan was founded in 1924 from the merger of two institutions that boasted a great tradition of medical, scientific and humanistic studies: the Accademia Scientifico-Letteraria (Scientific-Literary Academy), active since 1861, and the Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento (Clinical Specialisation Institutes), established in 1906.

By 1928, the University already had the fourth-highest number of enrolled students in Italy, after Naples, Rome and Padua.

Its premises are located in Città Studi (the City of Studies), the university district built from 1915 onwards (that is also home to the Politecnico), where scientific schools have its headquarters, and in several buildings in the historic city centre, which house the humanities schools.

At the time of its foundation, there were four "traditional" schools – Law, Humanities, Medicine and Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences; then, in the 1930s, the Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture were introduced, after the aggregation of the old schools of Veterinary Medicine (1792) and Agriculture (1871).

At the end of the Second World War, the old Ospedale dei Poveri (Hospital for the Poor) building, known as "la Cà Granda" (the Big House), was assigned to the University. The building, one of the first Italian examples of civil architecture – commissioned in the 15th century by the Sforza family, the dukes of Milan – was seriously damaged by the bombings of 1943. In 1958, after a complex series of reconstruction and renovation works, it became home to the University Rector's Office, the administrative offices and the schools of Law and Humanities.

1960s reformation

In the 1960s, due to the extension of compulsory school attendance and the subsequent liberalisation of access to higher education, the number of people entering Italian universities progressively increased and the University of Milan enrolled more than 60,000 students.

The University added to its range of courses and at the same time increased its number of centres. Two new schools were established, Pharmacy and Social and Political Sciences, which were based, respectively, in Città Studi and in Via Conservatorio, in Milan city centre.

Città Studi was also the site of a new complex, intended entirely for the biology departments, which was the work of architect Vico Magistretti.

There was also an increase in the number of agreements with the city's hospital facilities, where students from the School of Medicine receive their clinical training.

In 1968, the University was occupying approximately {{convert|127,000|m2|abbr=on}}; by the beginning of the 1980s this had increased to {{convert|205,000|m2|abbr=on}}. In 1989 there were 22 degree courses and 75,000 enrolled students, which increased to 90,000 by 1993.

1980s streamline process

In view of this increase, the University began a process of streamlining and delocalising its facilities: from 1986 onwards, new centres began to appear in other areas of Milan, particularly in the Bicocca district, as well as in other parts of the region: in Como, Varese, Crema and Lodi.

In 1998, the University split in two and the city's second public institution was founded: The University of Milan-Bicocca. The University of Insubria was also established in Varese, bringing together courses that were already offered at Varese and Como by the Universities of Milan and Pavia.

At the conclusion of this process, notwithstanding the reduction in the number of students, the University of Milan was still the largest institution in Lombardy and still one of the largest in the country.

The 2001 law that transformed the education system opened a new phase of change.

The University updated its range of courses, trying to adapt them to better suit the evolution of the social demand for education and the innovation of the production system: thus, the number of degree courses rose to 74 and there was a new increase in enrolments.

There was also an increase in the University's commitment to providing student services (orientation, internships and training, online education) and in investments for new education and research facilities, covering approximately {{convert|80,000|m2|abbr=on}}.

The most recent phase of expansion concerned the fields of communication science, intercultural mediation and art, but there are also ongoing projects relating to the sectors of information technology, veterinary medicine and biomedicine.

Furthermore, there was also a strengthening of commitment to technology transfer and the practical application of scientific research results in the economic-production context.

Present

At the present time, the University comprises 9 schools, 134 study courses (both undergraduate and graduate), 19 doctoral schools (scuole di dottorato) and 92 specialisation schools (scuole di specializzazione).

Approximately 65,000 students are enrolled at the University. The teaching staff is composed of 2,500 tenured professors and researchers and approximately 500 adjunct professors.

The University of Milan was one of the institutions that helped to found LERU, the League of European Research Universities, and is the only Italian University to be a member of the organisation.

Thanks to its commitment to basic and applied research, the University is among the top institutions in the main national and international rankings.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}}

Campuses

The University of Milan possesses an important artistic and cultural heritage that includes important historic buildings, inherited and acquired collections, archives, botanical gardens and the old Brera Astronomical Observatory commissioned by Maria Theresa of Austria.

The University's departments are housed in important historic buildings in the centre of Milan and in modern buildings in the area known as Città Studi (City of Studies).

Among the palazzos that house the University's facilities are the old "Ca’ Granda" ("the big house"), a monumental complex from the 15th century in the heart of the historical city centre; the 18th-century Palazzo Greppi designed by Giuseppe Piermarini (architect of La Scala in Milan) and the 17th-century Sant’Alessandro College commissioned by the Arcimboldi family.

The book collection, which is one of the richest in the region, is preserved in 87 libraries, while the APICE Centre collects rare and valuable book stocks and archives.

The total university surface area is about {{convert|500,000|m2|abbr=on}}, comprising 356 classrooms with approximately 27,382 seats, 203 teaching and computer laboratories with approximately 1,831 seats and 171 libraries and study rooms with approximately 4,417 seats.

Academics

The University of Milan is a public teaching and research university, which – with nine schools and a teaching staff of about 2,200 – comprises a wide variety of disciplinary fields.

The university offers 69 undergraduate 3-year courses, 9 5-year or 6-year courses, 57 graduate 2-year courses and 15 1-year master courses.

Moreover, there are 20 research doctorate schools and 74 specialization schools.

Schools

The Law School is located in the Ca’ Granda campus, a former hospital built in several layers across five centuries since 1456. It became the main campus of the University after World War II.

The Law School was established in 1924; since then, several distinguished professors have delivered courses: among them, Angelo Sraffa, Emilio Betti, Enrico Besta, Santi Romano, Roberto Ago, Francesco Carnelutti, Enrico Tullio Liebman, Cesare Grassetti, Pietro Nuvolone, Giandomenico Pisapia, Giovanni Pugliese, Uberto Scarpelli and Renato Treves.^[16]

The Faculty of Medicine and Surgery was established in 1924. It offers bachelor, master, and doctoral-level degrees, as well as medical specialization training. Medical students are trained on four different campuses. The faculty has an academic and research staff of about 700, and enrolls some 1500 new students each year.^[17]

Research

Budget

In 2010, income – excluding special accounting and clearing entries – amounted to €562 million, primarily from:

Sports, arts and entertainment

Sporting activities

Centro Universitario Sportivo (CUS), University Sports Centre, is an amateur sports association which, for the last 60 years, has promoted the practice of physical education and sport by students and university collaborators.

Every year, the centre organises a vast range of sports courses, which cover everything from traditional disciplines, such as swimming and athletics, to more modern activities, such as hydro-biking, yoga and capoeira.

Arts and entertainment

University of Milan students can take part in music and theatre initiatives organised by the University's resident cultural institutions, which include the Orchestra, the Choir and the CUT, the University Theatre Centre.

The University of Milan Orchestra offers students the possibility to audition for a classical music ensemble in collaboration with the "Giuseppe Verdi" Conservatory of Milan and with the direction of Maestro Alessandro Crudele.

The University Choir is composed of university staff, students, professors and enthusiasts from outside the university. It is possible to become a member by passing an audition.

The Centro Universitario Teatrale (CUT), University Theatre Centre, is currently directed by Professor Alberto Bentoglio and collaborates actively with groups of university students who have been involved in theatre productions for several years.

Concessions for cultural activities

The University works closely with cinema, theatre, dance and music agents, to provide their students and collaborators with access to cultural initiatives and services at reduced prices.