| 词条 | 1988 Summer Paralympics |
| 释义 |
| image = Seoul 1988 Para.png | host_city = Seoul, South Korea | motto = United for the Challenge (Korean: 도전을 위한 화합) | nations = 60 | athletes = 3,057 | events = 732 in 16 sports | opening = 15 October | closing = 24 October | opened_by = President Roh Tae-Woo | stadium = Jamsil Olympic Stadium | summer_prev = 1984 | summer_next = Barcelona 1992 | winter_prev = Innsbruck 1988 | winter_next = Tignes/Albertville 1992 }} The 1988 Summer Paralympics ({{Korean|hangul=서울 하계 패럴림픽|Korean|hanja=서울 夏季 패럴림픽|rr=Seoul Hagye Paeleollimpik}}), were the first Paralympics in 24 years to take place in the same city as the Olympic Games. They took place in Seoul, South Korea. This was the first time the term "Paralympic" came into official use. BackgroundThe 1988 Summer Paralympics were the first Paralympic Games to be held under the aegis of the International Co-ordinating Committee (ICC).[1] The ICC was accepted into the Olympic Family, which allowed greater co-operation by National Olympic Committees in regards to the organization of Paralympic Games.[1] The Seoul Olympic Organizing Committee (SLOOC) regarded the Paralympic Games as an extension of the Olympic Games and formulated a support plan which allowed sharing of Seoul Olympic manpower, facilities, equipment, and sharing of key personnel.[1] The SLOOC gave a subsidy of $12,857,143 US dollars.[1] It was not possible to use the Olympic Village so a new Paralympic Village, consisting of 10 apartment blocks, was created, providing catering, recreation, banking, post office facilities, medical centres, religious centres, and a shopping mall.[1][6] The 1988 Seoul Paralympic Games was also the first time both the Olympics and Paralympics used the same venues, and since then, every Winter and Summer Paralympic Games have been held in the same city as the Olympic Games.[2] The Seoul Paralympic Organizing Committee (SPOC) designed the first Paralympic Symbol which was used from 1988–1994. The Five 'teardrops' (resembling the halves of the taeguk pattern, also found in the Korean flag) in the 'W' configuration and colours of the Olympic rings represented the five oceans and the five continents.[1] This symbol was eventually changed in 1994, as it was considered to be too close to the International Olympic Committee's (IOC) 5-ring emblem.[3] The 1988 Seoul Paralympic Games is considered as the genesis of the Modern Paralympic Games.[2] Opening CeremonyDuring the Opening Ceremony there were more than 75,000 people within the Olympic Stadium with a then record of 3,057 competitors from 61 nations.[4] The President of South Korea, Roh Tae-Woo, presented the new Paralympic flag to the President of the ICC, Jens Bromann.[5] Paul Croft, competing in his second Paralympic Games, was the flag bearer for Australia during the Opening Ceremony.[6] Parachutists in the Paralympic colors of blue, black, red, yellow, and green swept down into the Olympic Stadium following a procession of children in wheelchairs.[7] The Olympic Torch was carried in by a one-legged South Korean Paralympic volleyball player and handed to a 19 year old athlete with cerebral palsy, who in turn passed it to Cho Hyun-hui, a wheelchair athlete. Cho Hyun-hai was wheeled around the stadium by her 7-year-old daughter before handing the Torch to blind runner Lee Jae-oon, who linked hands with women's handball Olympic gold medalist Kiifi Hyun-mi, who together, were carried up by elevator platform to light the Olympic Flame.[7] Chief Paralympic Organiser Koh Kwi-nam addressed the athletes by saying "The goal you as athletes should try to reach for in the Games is not to accomplish the Olympic slogan of 'faster, higher and farther' but to show the world your real selves as courageous challengers, glorious conquerors and impartial participants."[7] ControversiesThe Seoul Paralympic Games were not without controversies. The Iranian goalball team were disqualified for refusing to play against the Israeli team. It was deemed that the Iranian team had misused the sporting platform for political aims by the ICC who made immediate arrangements to send the team home.[5] Asghar Dadkhan, the Iranian team manager, made a formal statement of apology pledging that all other Iranian athletes would compete with full regard to the regulations and would compete against Israel and any other nation.[5] A Libyan team arrived at the Seoul Paralympic Games without having gone through the normal entry procedures.[5] The SPOC urged the ICC to accept the Libyan team and a compromise was reached, permitting the Libyans to participate as observers. They could compete in the marathon event, however they would not have any medal entitlement, nor would they be officially recognized at the Closing Ceremony.[5] Twenty-seven athletes were incorrectly awarded medals after the first round of competition in the men's and women's wheelchair slalom event. The mistake was discovered when officials realised that the medals should not have been awarded until after a second round of competition.[8] SportsThe games consisted of events in seventeen sports, including one demonstration sport, but the medals count for the official medal list. Powerlifting and weightlifting were considered to be a single sport.[9]
Medal table{{Main|1988 Summer Paralympics medal table}}The top ten listed NOCs by number of gold medals are listed below. The host nation, South Korea, is highlighted. {{Medals table| caption = | host = | show_limit = | remaining_text = | flag_template = FlagIPC | event = 1988 Summer | team = | gold_USA = 92 | silver_USA = 90 | bronze_USA = 91 | gold_FRG = 76 | silver_FRG = 66 | bronze_FRG = 51 | gold_GBR = 65 | silver_GBR = 65 | bronze_GBR = 53 | gold_CAN = 54 | silver_CAN = 42 | bronze_CAN = 55 | gold_FRA = 47 | silver_FRA = 44 | bronze_FRA = 49 | gold_SWE = 42 | silver_SWE = 38 | bronze_SWE = 23 | gold_KOR = 40 | silver_KOR = 35 | bronze_KOR = 19 | host_KOR = yes | gold_NED = 31 | silver_NED = 25 | bronze_NED = 30 | gold_POL = 24 | silver_POL = 25 | bronze_POL = 33 | gold_AUS = 23 | silver_AUS = 35 | bronze_AUS = 38 }} Participating delegationsSixty delegations took part in the Seoul Paralympics.[10] Burma, which had taken part in the previous Games, was absent. The Seoul Paralympics occurred mere weeks after the 8888 Uprising and the military coup which brought the State Peace and Development Council to power. Burma would return as Myanmar in 1992.[11] The Soviet Union made its Summer Paralympic début, having previously taken part in the 1988 Winter Paralympics. It was not only the USSR's first participation in the Summer Games, but was also to be its last, as the Union was dissolved prior to the 1992 Summer Paralympics. It won a total of 56 medals, of which 21 gold. Other countries who made first appearances were Bulgaria, Cyprus, Iran, Macau, Morocco, Oman, Philippines, Singapore and Tunisia.[12] {{clear}}{{Col-begin}}{{Col-3}}
See also{{Portal|Paralympics}}
References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{Cite book|title = Stoke Mandeville Road to the Paralympics|last = Scruton|first = Joan|publisher = The Peterhouse Press|year = 1988|isbn = 0 946312 10 9|location = Brill, Aylesbury, England|pages = 399–347}} 2. ^1 {{Cite book|title = Paralympic Legacies (Sport and Society)|last = Legg|first = David|publisher = Common Ground Publishing|year = 2011|isbn = 978-1-86335-896-5|location = |pages = 47–51|last2 = Gilbert|first2 = Keith}} 3. ^{{Cite journal|url = http://jss.sagepub.com/content/37/4/384|title = An (In)convenient Truce? Paralympic Stakeholders' Reflections on the Olympic– Paralympic Relationship|last = Purdue|first = David|date = 2013|journal = Journal of Sport and Social Issues|volume = 37|issue = 4|pages = 384–402|doi = 10.1177/0193723513491751|pmid = |access-date = 2015-10-28}} 4. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.paralympic.org/seoul-1988|title = '88 Seoul Paralympics|date = |accessdate = 20 October 2015|website = Official website of the Paralympic Movement|publisher = International Paralympic Committee (IPC)|last = |first = }} 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{Cite book|url = |title = Athlete First: A History of the Paralympic Movement|last = Bailey|first = Steve|date = 2008|publisher = John Wiley & Sons |pages = 91–137|doi = 10.1002/9780470724323.ch5|pmid = |access-date = |isbn = 9780470724323}} 6. ^{{cite book|title='88 Paralympics Appeal report |year=1989 |publisher=Australian Confederation of Sports for the Disabled |url=http://www.paralympic.org.au/sites/default/files/88%20Paralympics%20Appeal%20Report.pdf }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 7. ^1 2 {{Cite news|url = http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article102015230?searchTerm=1988%20Seoul%20Paralympics&searchLimits=|title = Paralympics open with a joyful ceremony|last = Reuter|first = |date = 16 October 1988|work = The Canberrra Times|access-date = 27 October 2015|via = Trove}} 8. ^{{cite news |url = http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article102016477|title = Disabled athletes told to return wheelchair medals.|newspaper = The Canberra Times|date = 21 October 1988|accessdate = 28 October 2015|page = 18|publisher = National Library of Australia}} 9. ^{{cite web |title=1988 Seoul |publisher=International Paralympic Committee |date=2008 |url=http://www.paralympic.org/Paralympic_Games/Past_Games/Seoul_1988/index.html |accessdate=2008-08-06 }} 10. ^{{cite web |title= Medal Standings - Seoul 1988 Paralympic Games |publisher=International Paralympic Committee |date=2008 |url=http://www.paralympic.org/Sport/Results/reports.html?type=medalstandings&games=1988PG&sport=all |accessdate=2008-08-08}} 11. ^Burma at the Paralympics, International Paralympic Committee 12. ^Soviet Union at the Paralympics, International Paralympic Committee External links
11 : 1988 Summer Olympics|1988 in multi-sport events|1988 Summer Paralympics|International sports competitions hosted by South Korea|Multi-sport events in South Korea|1988 in South Korean sport|Sports competitions in Seoul|Summer Paralympic Games|1980s in Seoul|October 1988 sports events|Bear mascots |
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