请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 .us
释义

  1. History

  2. Locality namespace

     States and territories {{anchor|Second-level domains for states}}  Locality domains  Affinity namespaces 

  3. Kids.us

  4. Restrictions on use of .us domains

  5. Other top-level domains related to the United States

      Country code top-level domains (ccTLDs) for territories of the United States    New generic top-level domains for areas in the United States    Domain hacks  

  6. See also

  7. References

  8. External links

{{short description|Internet country code top-level domain for the United States}}{{Use American English|date=July 2018}}{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2018}}{{Infobox top level domain
| name = .us
| background = #CCF
| image =
| introduced = {{start date and age|1985|2|15}}
| type = Country code top-level domain
| status = Active
| registry = Neustar
| sponsor = National Telecommunications and Information Administration
| intendeduse = Entities connected with the {{flagicon|USA}} United States of America
| actualuse = Low to medium popularity in the United States due to gTLDs
{{bulleted list|1=U.S. state and local governments (declining in favor of .gov)|2=Some American businesses as alternative to .com|3=Domain hacks (e.g. del.icio.us)
}}
| registereddomains = 1,715,757
| dateregistereddomains = March 2016
| refregistereddomains = [1]
| restrictions = U.S. nexus requirement can be enforced by challenge but seldom is
| structure = 2nd-level registrations allowed; originally only 3rd- or 4th-level registrations in a complex hierarchy
| document = RFC 1480; USDoC agreements with Neustar
| disputepolicy = [https://www.ntia.doc.gov/files/ntia/publications/ustld2007_33_appg_usdrp.pdf usTLD Dispute Resolution Policy (usDRP)]
| website = about.us
| dnssec = yes
}}

.us is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the United States of America. It was established in 1985. Registrants of .us domains must be American citizens, residents, or organizations, or a foreign entity with a presence in the United States of America. Most registrants in the United States of America have registered for .com, .net, .org and other gTLDs, instead of .us, which has primarily been used by state and local governments even though private entities may also register .us domains.{{Citation needed|date=October 2017}}

History

On February 15, 1985, .us was created as the Internet's first ccTLD.[2] Its original administrator was Jon Postel of the Information Sciences Institute (ISI) at the University of Southern California (USC). He administered .us under a subcontract that the ISI and USC had from SRI International (which held the .us and the gTLD contract with the United States Department of Defense) and later Network Solutions (which held the .us and the gTLD contract with the National Science Foundation).

Postel and his colleague Ann Westine Cooper[3] codified the .us ccTLD's policies in December 1992 as RFC 1386[4] and revised them the following June in RFC 1480. Registrants could only register third-level domains or higher in a geographic and organizational hierarchy. From June 1993 to June 1997, Postel delegated the vast majority of the geographic subdomains under .us to various public and private entities. .us registrants could register with the delegated manager for the specific zone they wished to register in, but not directly with the .us administrator. In July 1997, Postel instituted a "50/500 rule" that limited each delegated manager to 500 localities maximum, 50 in a given state.[5]

On October 1, 1998, the NSF transferred oversight of the .us domain to the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) of the United States Department of Commerce.[5] Postel died that month, leaving his domain administration responsibilities with ISI. In December 2000, these responsibilities were transferred to Network Solutions, which had recently been acquired by Verisign.[5][6][7]

On October 26, 2001, Neustar was awarded the contract to administer .us. On April 24, 2002, second-level domains under .us became available for registration. One of the first .us domain hacks, icio.us, was registered on May 3, 2002, for the creation of the subdomain del.icio.us.[8][9] A moratorium was placed on additional delegations of locality-based namespaces, and Neustar became the default delegate for undelegated localities.[10] Neustar's contract was renewed by the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) in 2007 and most recently in 2014.[5][11]

Locality namespace

The .us ccTLD is historically organized under a complex locality namespace hierarchy. Until second-level registrations were introduced in 2002, .us permitted only fourth-level domain registrations of the form {{var|organization-name}}.{{var|locality}}.{{var|state}}.us, with some exceptions for government entities. Registrants of locality-based domains must meet the same criteria as in the rest of the .us ccTLD. Though the locality namespace is most commonly used for government entities, it is also open to registrations by private businesses and individuals. Since 2002, second-level domain registrations have eclipsed those in the locality namespace, and many local governments have transitioned to .org and other TLDs.[5] In the 2010s, the first top-level domains for U.S. cities became available as paid alternatives to third-level locality domains, including .nyc as an alternative to .new-york.ny.us.

Many locality-based zones of .us are delegated to various public and private entities known as delegated managers. Domains in these zones are registered through the delegated manager, rather than through Neustar. As the delegated managers are expected to receive requests directly from registrants, few if any domain name registrars serve this space, possibly contributing to its lower visibility and utilization. RFC 1480 describes the rationale for the locality namespace's deep hierarchy and local delegation, which has proven unappealing to companies that operate nationally or globally:[5]

{{blockquote|One concern is that things will continue to grow dramatically, and this will require more subdivision of the domain name management. Maybe the plan for the US Domain is overkill on growth planning, but there has never been overplanning for growth yet.}}

As of October 31, 2013, 12,979 domains were registered under the locality namespace, of which 3,653 were managed by about 1,300 delegated managers while 9,326 were managed by Neustar as the de facto manager.[12] According to a 2013 survey of 539 delegated managers, 282 were state or local government agencies, while 98 were private individuals and 85 were commercial Internet service providers. Nearly 90% of the respondents offer domain registrations for free.[5]

States and territories {{anchor|Second-level domains for states}}

A two-letter second-level domain is formally reserved for each U.S. state, federal territory, and the District of Columbia. Each domain corresponds to a USPS abbreviation. For example, .ny.us is reserved for websites affiliated with New York, while .va.us is for those affiliated with Virginia. Second-level domains are also reserved for five U.S. territories: .as.us for American Samoa, .gu.us for Guam, .mp.us for the Northern Mariana Islands, .pr.us for Puerto Rico, and .vi.us for the U.S. Virgin Islands. However, these domains go unused because each territory has its own ccTLD per ISO 3166-1 alpha-2: respectively, .as, .gu, .mp, .pr, and .vi.

A state's main government portal is usually found at the third-level domain state.{{var|state}}.us, which is reserved for this purpose. However, some state administrations prefer .gov domains: for example, California's government portal is located at both {{URL|http://www.ca.gov/}} and {{URL|http://www.state.ca.us/}}, while {{URL|http://www.state.ma.us/}} redirects to Massachusetts's portal at {{URL|https://www.mass.gov/}}. Fully spelled-out names of states are also reserved under .us,[5] so the State of Ohio's website was at one point available at {{URL|http://www.ohio.us/}}[13] in addition to the usual {{URL|http://www.ohio.gov/}}, with the former {{URL|http://www.state.oh.us/}} remaining as a redirect. Other than for state governments, no third-level domain registrations are permitted under state or territory second-level domains.

A few additional names are reserved at the second level for government agencies that are not subordinate to a state government:

  • fed.us for agencies of the U.S. federal government (which in practice generally use .gov)
    • Example: {{URL|http://www.fs.fed.us/}} (United States Forest Service)
  • isa.us for interstate authorities created by interstate compacts
    • Example: {{URL|http://www.imcc.isa.us/}} (Interstate Mining Compact Commission)
  • nsn.us for Native Sovereign Nations (which may also use -nsn.gov)
    • Example: {{URL|http://www.mohegan.nsn.us/}} (Mohegan Tribe)
  • dni.us for distributed national institutes
    • Example: {{UR|http://ccj.ncsc.dni.us/}} (Conference of Chief Justices, part of the National Center for State Courts)

Locality domains

A large number of third-level domains are reserved for localities within states. Each fourth-level domain registration under this namespace follows the format {{var|organization-name}}.{{var|locality}}.{{var|state}}.us, where {{var|state}} is a state's two-letter postal abbreviation and {{var|locality}} is a hyphenated name that corresponds to a ZIP code or appears in a well-known atlas.[14]

Two values of {{var|organization-name}} are formally reserved across the entire locality namespace for city and county governments:[14]

  • ci.{{var|locality}}.{{var|state}}.us for city governments
    • Example: {{URL|http://www.ci.davenport.ia.us/}} (Davenport, Iowa)
  • co.{{var|locality}}.{{var|state}}.us for county governments
    • Example: {{URL|http://co.adams.id.us/}} (Adams County, Idaho)

Delegated managers often reserve additional names for different kinds of local governments:[14]

  • borough.{{var|locality}}.{{var|state}}.us for borough governments
    • Example: {{URL|http://www.borough.shippensburg.pa.us/}} (Shippensburg, Pennsylvania)
  • city.{{var|locality}}.{{var|state}}.us for city governments
    • Example: {{URL|http://www.city.cleveland.oh.us/}} (Cleveland, Ohio)
  • county.{{var|locality}}.{{var|state}}.us for county governments
    • Example: {{URL|http://www.co.rockingham.nh.us/}} (Rockingham County, New Hampshire)
  • parish.{{var|locality}}.{{var|state}}.us for parish governments (unused)
  • town.{{var|locality}}.{{var|state}}.us for town governments
    • Example: {{URL|http://town.windermere.fl.us/}} (Windermere, Florida)
  • twp.{{var|locality}}.{{var|state}}.us or township.{{var|locality}}.{{var|state}}.us for township governments
    • Examples: {{URL|http://twp.russell.oh.us/}} (Russell Township, Geauga County, Ohio), {{URL|http://www.township.stroud.pa.us/}} (Stroud Township, Monroe County, Pennsylvania)
  • vil.{{var|locality}}.{{var|state}}.us or village.{{var|locality}}.{{var|state}}.us for village governments
    • Examples: {{URL|http://vil.stockbridge.mi.us/}} (Stockbridge, Michigan), {{URL|http://www.village.fairport.ny.us/}} (Fairport, New York)

In some cases, a local government that serves as the delegated manager for its own locality may locate its website directly under the {{var|locality}}, omitting the {{var|organization-name}}. For example, the website of the City of Brunswick, Ohio, is located at {{URL|http://www.brunswick.oh.us/}} rather than www.ci.brunswick.oh.us, and the website of Delhi Township, Hamilton County, Ohio, is located at {{URL|http://delhi.oh.us/}} instead of www.twp.delhi.oh.us.

Private organizations and individuals may register fourth-level domains parallel to these government domains, for example:

  • {{URL|http://owen.sj.ca.us/}} (a family in San Jose, California)

Affinity namespaces

Directly beneath the {{var|state}}.us zone, several affinity namespaces are reserved for specific purposes:

  • state: state government agencies ({{var|organization-name}}.state.{{var|state}}.us)
    • Example: {{URL|http://www.gov.state.ak.us/}} (Governor of Alaska)
  • dst: government agencies in administrative districts ({{var|organization-name}}.dst.{{var|state}}.us)
    • Example: {{URL|http://www.mcwd.dst.ca.us/}} (a water district in California)
  • cog: councils of governments, that is, federations of cities or counties ({{var|organization-name}}.cog.{{var|state}}.us)
    • Example: {{URL|http://www.texoma.cog.tx.us/}} (Texoma Council of Governments)
  • k12: public elementary and/or secondary unified school districts ({{var|district-name}}.k12.{{var|state}}.us), or individual schools ({{var|school-name}}.k12.{{var|state}}.us)
    • Examples: {{URL|http://sfusd.k12.ca.us/}} (San Francisco Unified School District), {{URL|http://www.pctc.k12.oh.us/}} (Pioneer Career and Technology Center)
    • pvt.k12: private elementary or secondary schools ({{var|school-name}}.pvt.k12.{{var|state}}.us or {{var|school-name}}.{{var|diocese-name}}.pvt.k12.{{var|state}}.us)
    • Examples: {{URL|http://www.hfma.pvt.k12.oh.us/}} (Firelands Montessori Academy), {{URL|https://www.stmary-wooster.cld.pvt.k12.oh.us/}} (a private K-12 school in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland in Ohio)
  • cc: community colleges ({{var|school-name}}.cc.{{var|state}}.us)
    • Example: {{URL|http://www.clackamas.cc.or.us/}} (Clackamas Community College)
  • tec: technical and vocational schools ({{var|school-name}}.tec.{{var|state}}.us)
    • Example: {{URL|http://www.atc.tec.mn.us/}} (Alexandria Technical and Community College)
  • lib: public libraries ({{var|library-name}}.lib.{{var|state}}.us)
    • Example: {{URL|http://www.ccpl.lib.oh.us/}} (Clark County Public Library)
  • mus: museums ({{var|museum-name}}.mus.{{var|state}}.us)
    • Example: {{URL|http://www.tcha.mus.in.us/}} (a local historical museum)
  • gen: general independent entities (clubs or other groups not fitting into the above categories) ({{var|organization-name}}.gen.{{var|state}}.us)
    • Examples: {{URL|http://www.mrc.gen.mn.us/}} (an amateur radio association in Minnesota), {{URL|http://www.ns.gen.tx.us/}} (Texas Regional Hostmaster, the .tx.us delegated manager)

Some of these affinity namespaces have been supplanted by more convenient sponsored top-level domains. The first sTLD, .museum, became available in October 2001 as an alternative to the .mus namespace. Since April 2003, the .edu top-level domain has been available as an alternative for community colleges, technical and vocational schools, and other tertiary educational institutions that might have previously used the .cc or .tec affinity namespaces.[15]

Although the Kentucky Department of Education operates the .k12.ky.us namespace for Kentucky school districts, most districts instead use subdomains of the less formal domain kyschools.us, which the department operates in a similar manner. For example, Gallatin county schools have a website at {{URL|http://www.gallatin.k12.ky.us/}}, while Paducah Public Schools are located at {{URL|http://paducah.kyschools.us/}} and the McCracken County Public Schools use {{URL|http://mccracken.kyschools.us/}} as a redirect to {{URL|http://www.mccrackencountyschools.net/}}.

Kids.us

The Dot Kids Implementation and Efficiency Act of 2002 (PL 107-317) established a .kids.us second-level domain. The general public could register third-level domains under .kids.us for educational content that met strict requirements, including conformance to the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act and adherence to Children's Advertising Review Unit standards. Webpages were prohibited from linking outside the .kids.us namespace. On July 27, 2012, in response to declining usage and a petition by Neustar the previous year, the NTIA suspended .kids.us registrations. By that time, 651 domains were registered under .kids.us, and only six registrants were operating active websites.[16]

Restrictions on use of .us domains

Under .us nexus requirements, .us domains may be registered only by the following qualified entities:

  • Any United States citizen or resident,
  • Any United States entity, such as organizations or corporations,
  • Any foreign entity or organization with a bona fide presence in the United States

To ensure that these requirements are met, Neustar frequently conducts "spot checks" on registrant information.

To prevent anonymous registrations that do not meet these requirements, in 2005 the National Telecommunications and Information Administration ruled that registrants of .us domains may not secure private domain name registration via anonymizing proxies, and that their contact information must be made public.[17] Registrants are required to provide complete contact information without omissions.[18]

Under the locality namespace, delegated managers may impose additional requirements.[14] For example, the Texas Regional Hostmaster restricts each of its delegated localities to organizations that have a mailing address in that locality.[19]

Other top-level domains related to the United States

Country code top-level domains (ccTLDs) for territories of the United States

  • .as – ccTLD for American Samoa
  • .gu – ccTLD for Guam
  • .fm – ccTLD for Federated States of Micronesia
  • .mh – ccTLD for Marshall Islands
  • .mp – ccTLD for Northern Mariana Islands
  • .pr – ccTLD for Puerto Rico
  • .pw – ccTLD for Palau
  • .um – Deprecated ccTLD for United States Minor Outlying Islands
  • .vi – ccTLD for United States Virgin Islands

New generic top-level domains for areas in the United States

  • .boston – New gTLD for Boston, Massachusetts
  • .miami – New gTLD for Miami, Florida
  • .nyc – New gTLD for New York City, New York State
  • .vegas – New gTLD for Las Vegas, Nevada

Domain hacks

  • .la – ccTLD for Laos, but marketed as the TLD for Los Angeles, California
  • .lv – ccTLD for Latvia, but marketed as the TLD for Las Vegas, Nevada, or sometimes the word "love"
  • .mn – ccTLD for Mongolia, but marketed as the TLD for the U.S. state of Minnesota

See also

  • Internet in the United States
  • {{section link|List of Internet top-level domains|North America}}

References

1. ^{{cite web|title=Statistics {{!}} neustar.us|url=http://www.neustar.us/statistics/|author=NeuStar|accessdate=May 4, 2016}}
2. ^{{cite web|title=History of the Internet. ccTLDs in chronological order of Top Level Domain creation at the Internic.|first=Elisabeth|last=Portenueve|publisher=AFNIC|date=October 23, 2003|accessdate=March 29, 2015|url=http://www.ccwhois.org/ccwhois/cctld/ccTLDs-by-date.html}}{{Dead link|date=February 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
3. ^{{cite web|url=https://public.resource.org/eti/RoundThree01.html|title=Exploring the Internet: Round Three, Marina del Rey|author=Carl Malamud|date=1992|website=public.resource.org|accessdate=19 October 2018}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1386|title=The US Domain|first1=Postel|last1=Jon|first2=Cooper|last2=Ann Westine|date=|website=tools.ietf.org|accessdate=19 October 2018}}
5. ^[https://www.ntia.doc.gov/federal-register-notice/2000/requesting-comments-draft-statement-work-regarding-us Requesting comments on draft statement of work regarding .us ]
6. ^[https://www.ntia.doc.gov/page/amendment-21-nsi-cooperative-agreement Amendment 21 to the NSI Cooperative Agreement]
7. ^[https://eprints.qut.edu.au/15901/1/Elizabeth_Williams_Thesis.pdf THE GLOBALISATION OF REGULATION AND ITS IMPACT ON THE DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM : DOMAIN NAMES AND A NEW REGULATORY ECONOMY by ELIZABETH A WILLIAMS]
8. ^Whois query for the domain names "DELICIO.US" and "ICIO.US". Whois database last updated March 29, 2015. Accessed March 29, 2015.
9. ^{{cite web|title=A Del.icio.us Interview|first=Michael|last=Lopp|authorlink=Rands|work=Rands in Repose|date=December 3, 2004|accessdate=March 29, 2015|url=http://randsinrepose.com/archives/a-delicious-int/}}
10. ^Manheim, Karl M. and Solum, Lawrence B., [https://digital.sandiego.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009&context=lwps_econ "An Economic Analysis of Domain Name Policy"] (2004). University of San Diego Law and Economics Research Paper Series. 1. http://digital.sandiego.edu/lwps_econ/art1
11. ^{{cite web|title=.us Domain Space|publisher=National Telecommunications and Information Administration|date=February 17, 2015|accessdate=March 28, 2015|url=http://www.ntia.doc.gov/page/2011/us-domain-space}}
12. ^{{cite web|title=Structure and History|publisher=Neustar|accessdate=March 28, 2015|url=http://www.neustar.us/ustld-stakeholder-council/structure-and-history/}}
13. ^{{cite web|title=Ohio.gov|publisher=State of Ohio|url=http://www.ohio.us/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917220502/http://www.ohio.us/|archivedate=September 17, 2017}}
14. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 {{cite web|title=..US Compliance Report|publisher=Neustar|date=n.d.|accessdate=November 21, 2017|url=https://ns-cdn.neustar.biz/creative_services/biz/neustar/www/resources/domain-names/us-locality-compliance-report.pdf|format=PDF}}
15. ^{{cite press release|title=EDUCAUSE Announces Expansion of Eligibility for .edu Internet Names to Nationally Accredited Institutions|publisher=Educause|date=February 11, 2003|accessdate=August 28, 2016|url=http://net.educause.edu/edudomain/pr-eligibility.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204092109/http://net.educause.edu/edudomain/pr-eligibility.asp|archive-date=December 4, 2011|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}
16. ^{{cite web|title=Kids.us Education Advisory Committee Report|publisher=Neustar|date=October 28, 2014|accessdate=March 28, 2015|page=2|url=http://www.neustar.us/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/education-advisory-committee-final-report.pdf|format=PDF}}
17. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A7251-2005Mar4.html | title=Ruling on '.us' Domain Raises Privacy Issues | work=washingtonpost.com | date=2005-03-04 | accessdate=2015-03-31 }}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.neustar.us/the-ustld-nexus-requirements/ |title=The usTLD Nexus Requirements Policy |publisher=neustar.us |date=2014-06-20 |accessdate=2016-05-14}}
19. ^{{cite web|title=Locality Domain Names in TX.US Administered by the Texas Regional Hostmaster|publisher=Texas Regional Hostmaster|date=May 4, 2000|accessdate=March 29, 2015|url=http://www.ns.gen.tx.us/ftp/pub/requirements/locality.tx.us.names}}

External links

  • .us Domain Registry
  • .US Locality Domains - A wiki page showing instructions for registering a fourth-level .us locality domain name.
  • IANA .us whois information
  • Domain Names: Management of Internet Names and Addresses .us Domain Space
  • usTLD Nexus Requirements - Requirements for registrants of .us domains
  • RFC 1480: The US Domain (June 1993)
  • {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000302160122/http://www.nic.us/usdom-overview.html#Delegation |date=March 2, 2000 }}
{{United States top-level domains}}{{ccTLD|state=collapsed}}{{United States topics}}{{Americas topic|Internet in }}{{DEFAULTSORT:Us}}Toppdomän#U

4 : Country code top-level domains|Domain names in the United States|Council of European National Top Level Domain Registries members|Computer-related introductions in 1985
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/11/14 5:24:07