| 词条 | Barentsburg | ||||||||
| 释义 |
|name = Barentsburg |settlement_type = Russian coal mining settlement |image_skyline = Barentsburg from above.jpg |imagesize = 300px |image_caption = The town from above |image_map = BarentsburgHeroic sports centre mural.jpg |mapsize = 300px |map_caption = Heroic Soviet-style mural on the community centre building |pushpin_map = Svalbard |pushpin_label_position = bottom |pushpin_mapsize = 300 |pushpin_map_caption = Location in western Svalbard |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = Norway |subdivision_type1 = Syssel |subdivision_name1 = Svalbard |subdivision_type2 = island |subdivision_name2 = Spitsbergen |unit_pref = Imperial |population_as_of = 2015 |population_total = 471[1] |population_blank1_title= Ethnicities |timezone = CET |utc_offset = +1 |timezone_DST = CEST |utc_offset_DST = +2 |coordinates = {{coord|78|04|0|N|14|13|0|E|region:NO|display=inline}} }} Barentsburg ({{lang-ru|Баренцбург}}) is the second-largest settlement on Svalbard, with about 500 inhabitants (2007), almost entirely Russians and Ukrainians. It is the site of the Barentsburg Pomor Museum. History{{further|History of Svalbard}}Rijpsburg was the name of an abandoned Dutch settlement on Spitsbergen on Cape Boheman, at the southern end of the Nordfjorden in the Isfjord, diagonally opposite Longyearbyen. It was built in 1920 by the Rotterdam Van der Eb and Dresselhuys Scheepvaartmaatschappij (Ship building company) with prefabricated huts for the mining of coal. 12 Dutch staff and 52 German miners started mining coal here that year. Dutch Spitsbergen Company (NESPICO) was founded in 1920 and mined coal in Green Harbour fjord on Spitsbergen from 1921 to 1926. The company renamed the settlement Barentsburg after Dutch explorer Willem Barentsz. In 1932 the propriertors sold the mine, including its settlement Barentsburg, to the Russian Trust Arktikugol. The population has declined over the decades; in its heyday, over 1,000 Soviet citizens inhabited Barentsburg. 2006 fireOn October 17, 2006 Norwegian inspectors detected a smoldering underground fire in Barentsburg, prompting fears that an open fire might break out,[2] which would have forced the total evacuation of Barentsburg for an indefinite period of time, and also cause environmental problems of unknown magnitude for the entire archipelago. The fire was later contained.[3] Coal mining resumed at the end of 2010.[4] StatusAlthough Svalbard is under Norwegian sovereignty, the unique Svalbard Treaty of 1920 allows citizens of signatory countries equal rights to exploit natural resources. Russia, along with Norway (via the Sveagruva mine and Mine 7), maintains mining operations on Svalbard as a result. Russia maintains a consulate in Barentsburg,[5] the northernmost diplomatic mission of any kind in the world. Barentsburg still has a Norwegian mail address and Norwegian phone numbers. Economic basisBarentsburg started as a Dutch mining town in the 1920s.[6] In 1932 the Dutch sold their concession to the Soviet Union.[7] Since 1932 the Russian state-owned Arktikugol Trust (Russian for "Arctic Coal") has been operating on Svalbard. The main economic activity is coal mining by the Arktikugol (Арктикуголь) company. The coal is usually exported to Northern European buyers. The town relies entirely on mainland Russia for food and coinage. There have been instances in which not enough food was sent, and aid packages were sent from Longyearbyen. Tourism is now being developed, but does not yet generate enough income to revive the town. TransportationThe distance from Longyearbyen to Barentsburg is about 55 km but there are no roads connecting the two settlements. Most contact between the two is by boat, snowmobile, or helicopter. There is a heliport (ICAO code ENBA) with a road connection at Heerodden ({{coord|78.100809|14.196224}}), 4 km north of Barentsburg. Tourists usually arrive via a 2-3-hour boat trip from Longyearbyen. The coal is freighted by ship. The port is located in the middle of Barentsburg. ClimateBarentsburg features a tundra climate under the Köppen climate classification, with short, chilly “summers” and long, brutally cold winters, though winters here are noticeably warmer than winters in a number of locations with subarctic climates. Due to the fact that the town is located at a latitude approaching 80 degrees, only in four months of the year are average temperatures above freezing, and in no month does the average monthly temperature exceed {{convert|10|C}}. Average low temperatures during the winter routinely drop below {{convert|-15|C}}. Barentsburg averages roughly {{convert|550|mm}} of precipitation, much of which falls as snow. In fact, the town typically experiences snowfall in every month of the year. {{Weather box|location=Barentsburg |metric first=yes |single line=yes |Jan record high C = 6.8 |Feb record high C = 5.6 |Mar record high C = 4.1 |Apr record high C = 5.3 |May record high C = 9.9 |Jun record high C = 14.6 |Jul record high C = 20.3 |Aug record high C = 17.5 |Sep record high C = 12.1 |Oct record high C = 8.5 |Nov record high C = 6.8 |Dec record high C = 5.9 |year record high C = 20.3 |Jan high C = −9.1 |Feb high C = −9.4 |Mar high C = −9.4 |Apr high C = -6.4 |May high C = -1.1 |Jun high C = 4.0 |Jul high C = 8.4 |Aug high C = 7.2 |Sep high C = 2.9 |Oct high C = −2.6 |Nov high C = −5.1 |Dec high C = −7.4 |year high C = −2.3 |Jan mean C = −12.1 |Feb mean C = −12.7 |Mar mean C = −12.4 |Apr mean C = −9.7 |May mean C = -3.3 |Jun mean C = 2.2 |Jul mean C = 6.0 |Aug mean C = 5.1 |Sep mean C = 1.0 |Oct mean C = −4.7 |Nov mean C = −7.6 |Dec mean C = −10.5 |year mean C = −4.9 |Jan low C = −15.2 |Feb low C = −15.7 |Mar low C = −15.5 |Apr low C = −12.1 |May low C = -5.1 |Jun low C = 0.8 |Jul low C = 4.4 |Aug low C = 3.6 |Sep low C = -0.4 |Oct low C = −6.6 |Nov low C = −10.1 |Dec low C = −12.9 |year low C = −7.1 |Jan record low C = −37.1 |Feb record low C = −39.3 |Mar record low C = −39.8 |Apr record low C = −31.3 |May record low C = −22.5 |Jun record low C = −9.2 |Jul record low C = -0.7 |Aug record low C = -3.5 |Sep record low C = −12.0 |Oct record low C = −27.1 |Nov record low C = −29.3 |Dec record low C = −37.3 |year record low C = −39.8 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 61 |Feb precipitation mm = 50 |Mar precipitation mm = 56 |Apr precipitation mm = 44 |May precipitation mm = 28 |Jun precipitation mm = 21 |Jul precipitation mm = 25 |Aug precipitation mm = 35 |Sep precipitation mm = 54 |Oct precipitation mm = 56 |Nov precipitation mm = 59 |Dec precipitation mm = 63 |year precipitation mm = 552 |Jan rain days = 2 |Feb rain days = 1 |Mar rain days = 2 |Apr rain days = 1 |May rain days = 3 |Jun rain days = 10 |Jul rain days = 17 |Aug rain days = 16 |Sep rain days = 12 |Oct rain days = 4 |Nov rain days = 3 |Dec rain days = 2 |year rain days = 73 |Jan snow days = 24 |Feb snow days = 20 |Mar snow days = 22 |Apr snow days = 20 |May snow days = 20 |Jun snow days = 10 |Jul snow days = 1 |Aug snow days = 3 |Sep snow days = 14 |Oct snow days = 22 |Nov snow days = 23 |Dec snow days = 24 |year snow days = 203 |Jan humidity = 77 |Feb humidity = 77 |Mar humidity = 77 |Apr humidity = 77 |May humidity = 79 |Jun humidity = 81 |Jul humidity = 81 |Aug humidity = 82 |Sep humidity = 81 |Oct humidity = 77 |Nov humidity = 77 |Dec humidity = 77 |year humidity = 79 |source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net[8] |date=May 2015 }} Science and cultureThe Barentsburg Pomor Museum presents Pomor culture, Arctic flora and fauna, and archeological objects preserved in the permafrost. It is open when the daily, summer-only boat from Longyear arrives and by special arrangement. There is an athletic complex, including a swimming pool with heated seawater. Every summer, several dozen geophysicists, geologists, archeologists, biologists, glaciologists, geographers, etc., from Russia and elsewhere work in the scientific research centre. There is also a year-round meteorological observatory and the northernmost cosmic rays station. EducationBarentsburg has its own school serving the Russian community; in 2014 it had three teachers, with one for most subjects, one for music, and one for the English language. By 2014 its welfare funds had declined.[9] GallerySee also
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/befsvalbard/halvaar/2015-04-09?fane=tabell&sort=nummer&tabell=223337|title=Large population for mid-winter|author=|date=|website=ssb.no|accessdate=21 April 2018}} 2. ^Norway Svalbard Coal Fire. International Herald Tribune. 1 November 2006. 3. ^Barentsburg: Kullbrann kan føre til evakuering {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629164319/http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article1520002.ece |date=June 29, 2011 }} Aftenposten 1 November 2006 {{no icon}} 4. ^{{Cite news| last = Staalesen | first = Atle | title = Russians restarted coal mining at Svalbard | publisher = Barents Observer | date = 2010-11-08 | url = http://www.barentsobserver.com/en/sections/business/russians-restarted-coal-mining-svalbard | accessdate = 2010-01-26}} 5. ^Russian Embassy in Norway website {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611022740/http://www.norway.mid.ru/en/ |date=2011-06-11 }} 6. ^{{cite book|last=Umbreit|first=Andreas|title=Spitsbergen|publisher=Bradt Travel Guide|year=2009|edition=4|page=35|isbn=978-1-84162-240-8}} 7. ^{{cite book|last=Barr|first=Susan|title=Norway, a consistent polar nation?: analysis of an image seen through the history of the Norwegian Polar Institute|publisher=Kolofon|year=2003|page=174|isbn=978-82-300-0026-7}} 8. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/20107.htm| title = Weather and Climate- The Climate of Barentsburg| publisher = Weather and Climate (Погода и климат)| language = Russian| accessdate = 14 May 2015}} 9. ^{{cite web|author=Skinner, Toby|url=https://www.norwegian.com/magazine/features/2014/05/the-russians-on-svalbard|title=The Russians on Svalbard|publisher=Norwegian Air Shuttle (inflight magazine)|date=May 2014|accessdate=2017-10-29}}
External links
10 : Norway–Soviet Union relations|Populated places in Svalbard|Populated places established in the 1920s|1920s establishments in Norway|Norway–Russia relations|Barentsburg|Company towns in Norway|Pomors|Russian diaspora in Europe|Ukrainian diaspora in Europe |
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