“African-American architects”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The National Council of Architectural Registration Boards estimates that, at the end of 2013 there were 105,847 licensed architects in the United States.^[1] Of these, 2,006, or about 2%, are self-identified as African American, and listed in the Directory of African American Architects; only 343 of these are African American women.^[2] "If there is any kind of profession that's gotten away with a kind of benign neglect of diversifying itself over the course of last 30 years, it's architecture," says Ted Landsmark.^[3]

Notable African American female architects

Danita M. Brown, in 1990 became the first African American woman licensed to practice architecture in North Carolina and is one of the first African American women to graduate from Clemson University School of Architecture program earning her Bachelor of Design and Master of Architecture degrees in 1983 and 1987, respectively. She formed Danita M. Brown Architect, Inc. in 1997 in Atlanta, Georgia where she currently practices.

Georgia Louise Harris Brown is considered to be the second African American woman to become a licensed architect in the United States.^[4] who worked in Chicago and Brazil with Mies.

Alma Carlisle was an LA based preservationist in the mid-20th century.

Donna Carter, sole proprietor of Carter Design Associates, located in Austin, TX, a multi-disciplined architectural and planning firm.

Donna Criner, partner and co-founder (with her husband, Robert C. deJohgh) of deJongh Associates, Architects & Planners, located in St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands.

Beverly Greene (1915–1957) was, according to architectural editor Dreck Spurlock Wilson, "believed to have been the first African-American female licensed as an architect in the United States."{{sfn|Wilson|2004|pages=175–176}}^[5] She was registered as an architect in Illinois in 1942.

Alberta Jeannette Cassell is one of the first two African American women to graduate from Cornell University in 1948, along with Martha Cassell Thompson.^[4] She became a naval architect with the United States Naval Sea Systems Command between in the 1970s.

Robyn M. Fleming, founder and principal of RMF Bryant Architects, located in Brooklyn, New York (founded in 1991).

Lynda Haith R.A. is the First Black Female graduate of Lawrence Institute of Technology and the first Black woman licensed to practice architecture in the State of Michigan. Employed in the profession of architecture since 1967, Haith has held positions in every capacity of the profession and set her mark as a pioneer in the field of architecture throughout her career.

Beverly K. Hannah, founder and CEO of Hannah & Associates, Inc., an Architecture and interior design firm based in Detroit MI.

Patricia Harris, in 1994 became one of the first African American woman licensed to practice Architecture in North Carolina and is one of the first 30 African American woman to licensed to practice Architecture in the United States. Patricia Harris received her Masters of Architecture from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1986.^[6]

Nicole Hollant-Denis, founder and principal of AARRIS Architects, located in New York, NY, Architects of the African Burial Ground National Monument in New York, NY. AARRIS Architects provides full architectural services.

Laurette M. LeGendre-Purse, President of Legendre-Purse Architects, PC located in White Plains NY.

Ivenue Love-Stanley, co-principal (with her husband William J. Stanley III) of the Atlanta-based firm, Stanley, Love-Stanley, PC.

Cheryl L. McAfee, President of Charles F. McAfee, FAIA, NOMA, PA, Architecture, Engineering Planning and Interiors

Helen Eugenia Parker designed Trinity Hospital in Detroit.

Zevilla Jackson Preston, R.A., principal of J-P Design, Inc. a Harlem-based full service architectural firm founded in 1993.

Michaele Pride-Wells, sole proprietor of RE: Architecture, in Marina del Rey, CA

Kathryn Tyler Prigmore, was the 16th African American woman to become licensed in the United States and the 5th to be elevated to Fellow of the American Institute of Architects. She holds dual Bachelor of Science in Building Science and Bachelor of Architecture degrees from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and a Master of Science in Engineering from The Catholic University of America. For a number of years she both practiced and taught in the Howard University School of Architecture and Planning and between 1992 and 1998, held the position of Associate Dean.

Herminie E. Ricketts, founder of HER Architects, Inc located in Coral Gables, FL (founded in 1986).

Norma Sklarek (1926–2012) was the first black woman to be licensed as an architect in the United States,^[7] the first woman to become a licensed architect in the states of New York (1954) and later the first woman to be licensed in the state of California (1962).^[8] She remained the only licensed black woman in California until 1980.^[9] She had many awards and honors, such as she was association of Black Women Entrepreneurs’ Outstanding Business Role Model Award, 1987.^[10]

Martha Cassell Thompson is one of the first two African American women to graduate from Cornell University in 1948, along with Alberta Jeannette Cassell.^[4] She was the chief restoration architect for the National Cathedral.

Roberta Washington, founder of Roberta Washington Architects, PC. located in New York City, a full architectural design and planning services

Allison Williams, FAIA, LEED AP, Vice President, Design Director—US West, of AECOM, located in San Francisco, CA.

Notable African American male architects

Julian Francis Abele (1881–1950) The first African American to graduate from the University of Pennsylvania School of Architecture (1902). After traveling and studying in Europe under the sponsorship of Horace Trumbauer, Abele returned to Philadelphia and joined Trumbauer's firm in 1906. He served as chief designer from 1909 to 1938.^[11]^[12] The Philadelphia Museum of Art was a collaboration between Trumbauer's firm and that of Zantzinger, Borie and Medary. While another Trumbauer architect, Howell Lewis Shay, is credited with the building's plan and massing, the presentation drawings are in Abele's hand.^[13] It was not until after Trumbauer's death that Abele signed his architectural drawings, or claimed credit for designing buildings at Duke University in North Carolina.^[14]

Walter T. Bailey, was the first African-American graduate of the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, to receive a Bachelor of Science degree in Architectural Engineering in 1904 and an honorary master's degree from the same school in 1910. Bailey assisted in the planning of Champaign's Colonel Wolfe School before being appointed head of the mechanical industries department at Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, where he supervised planning design and construction of several campus buildings.^[15]

Vernell Edwin Barnes, on October 15, 1981, became the first licensed African American Architect in the State of Mississippi. In 1975, he became the first African-American to graduate from the School of Architecture at Auburn University.

Calvin Brent (1854–1899) generally thought to be the first African-American architect to practice in Washington, D.C.

John S. Chase, in 1952, became the first African American to enroll and graduate from the University of Texas at Austin School of Architecture and later became the first African American male licensed to practice Architecture in the state of Texas. In addition, he was also the first African American admitted to the Texas Society of Architects and the Houston Chapter of the American Institute of Architects (AIA). In 1970 John S. Chase became the first African American Architect to serve on the United States Commission on Fine Arts and in 1970, he co-founded the National Organization of Minority Architects (NOMA), (along with 12 other black architects).^[16]

Henry Beard Delany (1858–1928) taught at St. Augustine College from 1885–1908 and designed several buildings there.

Darrell A. Fitzgerald (a protege of John S. Chase), in 1992, became the first African American Architect elected to the College of Fellows in Texas, since John S. Chase.

George Washington Foster (1866–1923) was among the first African-American architects licensed by the State of New Jersey in 1908, and later New York (1916)

Moses McKissack III (1879–1952) and Calvin Lunsford McKissack (1890–1968) established McKissack & McKissack in 1905, the first African-American architecture firm in the United States.

William Sidney Pittman (1875–1958) established an early firm in Washington, D.C.

Marshall E. Purnell, in 2007, was elected to serve as the 2007 First Vice President/ President-elect / 2008 President of the American Institute of Architects (AIA), Washington, DC. Purnell, an AIA regional director from the Mid-Atlantic Region and design principal of Devrouax+Purnell Architects and Planners PC, Washington, DC, has been involved in numerous AIA activities, including service on the Board Advocacy and Diversity committees, as well as on the AIA Scholarship, Historic Resources and Housing committees. He has also been involved in leadership at the local component level through the AIA District of Columbia chapter and is a fellow of the National Organization of Minority Architects (NOMA), of which he was elected president, and to several other executive positions.

Wallace Rayfield (1874–1941) was the second formally educated practicing African-American architect in the USA.

Hilyard Robinson (1899–1986) is best known for the design of the Langston Terrace Dwellings, built in 1936. Robinson also designed the Army training base of the infamous Tuskegee Airmen.

Vertner Woodson Tandy (1885–1949) was the first African-American architect licensed by New York.

Robert R. Taylor, was the first African American admitted to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Architecture and the only African American among 19 first-year students in the architecture atelier of the first school of architecture in the United States. In 1892, he became the first African American to earn a Bachelor of Science in Architecture from MIT ("African American Architects – A Biographical Dictionary 1865–1945).

Paul Revere Williams, in 1921, became the first African American Architect west of the Mississippi. He served on the first Los Angeles City Planning Commission in 1920 and was the first African American member of the American Institute of Architects (AIA) joining the Southern California Chapter in 1923. In 1957, Paul R. Williams became the first African American to be voted an AIA Fellow.

References

1. ^NCARB's 2013 Survey of Registered Architects {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209135532/http://www.ncarb.org/News-and-Events/News/2013/12_2013ArchitectsSurvey.aspx |date=2014-02-09 }}, National Council of Architectural Registration Boards, 2013-12-30. Accessed 2015-11-08.
2. ^The Directory of African American Architects states as of November 8, 2015, that their database lists 2,006 current licensed African American architects, and gives a breakdown of 1,633 men and 343 women.
3. ^{{cite web |url=http://mitworld.mit.edu/video/456/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-11-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926225040/http://mitworld.mit.edu/video/456/ |archivedate=2011-09-26 |df= }}
4. ^¹²{{Cite book|url=http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/470313343|title=African American architects: a biographical dictionary, 1865–1945|last=Wilson|first=Dreck Spurlock|date=2004-01-01|publisher=Routledge|year=|isbn=0-415-92959-8|location=New York|pages=72|language=English}}
5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.arch.illinois.edu/welcome/history-school|title=The Illinois School of Architecture: A History of Firsts|publisher=University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign|accessdate=October 16, 2015}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www4.wittenberg.edu/administration/university_communications/magazine/volume5/issue2/harris.html|title=Archived copy|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927101514/http://www4.wittenberg.edu/administration/university_communications/magazine/volume5/issue2/harris.html|archivedate=2011-09-27|deadurl=yes|accessdate=2011-11-23|df=}}
7. ^Woo, Elaine. "Pioneering African American architect". Los Angeles Times, Feb. 10, 2012.
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://architecture.about.com/od/architectsaz/p/sklarek.htm |title=Norma Merrick Sklarek – First Black Woman to Become a US Architect |publisher=Architecture.about.com |date=1928-04-15 |accessdate=2012-02-11}}
9. ^{{cite book|last1=Ehrhart-Morrison|first1=Dorothy|title=No Mountain High Enough : Secrets of Successful African American Women|date=1997|publisher=Conari|location=Berkeley, CA|isbn=978-0-943233-98-7|page=18,30,150–152}}
10. ^{{Cite web|url=https://pioneeringwomen.bwaf.org/norma-merrick-sklarek/|title=Pioneering Women of American Architecture|website=Pioneering Women of American Architecture|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-14}}
11. ^Jonathan E. Farnham, Ph.D., "Julian F. Abele (1881–1950)" in Celebrating 75 Years on the Parkway: The Central Library of the Free Library of Philadelphia (Philadelphia: Free Library of Philadelphia, 2002), pp. 22-23.
12. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.philadelphiabuildings.org/pab/app/ar_display.cfm/21458|title=Abele, Julian Francis (1881–1950) -- Philadelphia Architects and Buildings|website=www.philadelphiabuildings.org|access-date=2018-10-20}}
13. ^David B. Brownlee, Ph.D., Making a Modern Classic: The Architecture of the Philadelphia Museum of Art (Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1997), pp. 68-69.
14. ^Julian Abele biography at Duke University
15. ^
16. ^

Directory of African American Architects -

African American Architects - A Biographical Dictionary 1865 - 1945 by Wilson, Drek Spulock (2004).{{ISBN|0-415-92959-8}}

"Still Here" by Max Bond – Harvard Design Magazine, Summer 1997, Number 2 [https://web.archive.org/web/20090705132910/http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/research/publications/hdm/back/2bond.html]

Architecture Race Academe – The Black Architect's Journey [https://web.archive.org/web/20110927060337/http://architecture.mit.edu/ara/]

"Black Architects: embracing and defining culture" by Kimberly Davis, Ebony Magazine, 2005

The Crisis of the African American Architect: Conflicting Cultures of Architecture and (Black) Power by Melvin Mitchell (2002) {{ISBN|978-0-595-24326-6}}

African American Registry - [https://web.archive.org/web/20090208063633/http://www.aaregistry.com/african_american_history/904/Black_architects_have_a_rich_American_history]

"Top Women Architects", Ebony Magazine, 1995

"Top 10 Black American Architects" from Jackie Craven, About.com: Architecture

Notable African American female architects

Notable African American male architects

References

Further reading