| 词条 | Walter Dornberger |
| 释义 |
|image = Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1980-009-33, Walter Dornberger.jpg |image_size = |caption = Portrait of Major General Dr. Walter Dornberger taken during captivity, 1945 |name = Walter Dornberger |nationality = Germany |birth_date = {{birth date|1895|09|06|df=yes}} |birth_place = Gießen, Germany |death_date = {{death date and age|1980|06|27|1895|09|06|df=yes}} |death_place = Obersasbach, Germany |education = |spouse = |parents = |children = |discipline = |institutions = Peenemünde Army Research Center |practice_name = |significant_projects = V-1 flying bomb V-2 rocket |significant_design = |significant_advance = |significant_awards = }} Major-General Dr. Walter Robert Dornberger (6 September 1895 – 27 June 1980) was a German Army artillery officer whose career spanned World War I and World War II. He was a leader of Nazi Germany's V-2 rocket program and other projects at the Peenemünde Army Research Center. Dornberger was born in Gießen and enlisted in 1914.[1] In October 1918, as an artillery lieutenant Dornberger was captured by United States Marines and spent two years in a French prisoner of war camp, mostly in solitary confinement because of repeated escape attempts.[1] In the late 1920s, Dornberger completed an engineering course with distinction at the Berlin Technical Institute,[2] and in the Spring of 1930,[3] Dornberger graduated after five years with an MS degree in mechanical engineering from the Technische Hochschule Charlottenburg in Berlin.[1][4] In 1935, Dornberger received an honorary doctorate, which Col. Karl Emil Becker arranged as Dean of the new Faculty of Military Technology at the TH Berlin.[5] Rocket developmentIn April 1930,[6] Dornberger was appointed to the Ballistics Council of the German Army (Reichswehr) Weapons Department as Assistant Examiner to secretly develop[4] a military liquid-fuel[7] rocket suitable for mass-production that would surpass the range of artillery.[8][9] In the spring of 1932, Dornberger, his commander (Captain Ritter von Horstig), and Col. Karl Emil Becker visited the Verein für Raumschiffahrt (VfR)'s leased Raketenflugplatz (English: "Rocket Flight Field") and subsequently issued a contract for a demonstration launch.[4][5] On 21 December 1932, Captain Dornberger watched a rocket motor explode at Kummersdorf while Wernher von Braun tried to light it with a flaming gasoline can at the end of a four meter long pole.[3][4][5] In 1933, Waffenamt Prüfwesen (Wa Prüf, English: "Weapons Testing") 1/1, under the Heereswaffenamt (Army Weapons Department), commenced work under the direction of Colonel/Dr. Ing. h. c. Dornberger. Dornberger also took over his last military command on 1 October 1934, a powder-rocket training battery at Königsbrück.[3] In May 1937, Dornberger and his ninety-man organization were transferred from Kummersdorf to Peenemünde.[10] In September 1942, Dornberger was given two posts: coordinating the V-1 flying bomb and V-2 rocket development programs and directing active operations.[11] The first successful test launch of a V-2 was the third test launch on 3 October 1942. In the early morning of 7 July 1943, Dr. Ernst Steinhoff flew[12] von Braun and Major-General Dornberger in his Heinkel He 111 to Hitler's Führerhauptquartier "Wolfsschanze" headquarters and the next day Hitler viewed the film of the successful V-2 test launch (narrated by von Braun) and the scale models of the Watten bunker and launching-troop vehicles:[13] {{quote|This third day of October, 1942, is the first of a new era in transportation, that of space travel ...|source=speech at Peenemünde 3 October 1942[3]|author=Walter Dornberger }}{{quote|I have had to apologize only to two men in my whole life. The first was Field Marshal von Brauchitsch. I did not listen to him when he told me again and again how important your research was. The second man is yourself. I never believed that your work would be successful.|source=Apology to Major-General Dornberger, 8 July 1944[14]|author= Adolf Hitler}}In January 1944, Dornberger was named Senior Artillery Commander 191 and was headquartered at Maisons-Lafitte near Saint Germain, and in December 1944, Dornberger was given complete authority for anti-aircraft rocket development (Flak E Flugabwehrkanonenentwicklung).[15] On 12 January 1945 on Dornberger's proposal, Albert Speer replaced the Long-Range Weapons Commission with "Working Staff Dornberger".[16] In February 1945, Dornberger and staff relocated his headquarters from Schwedt-an-der-Oder to Bad Sachsa, then on 6 April 1945, from Bad Sachsa to Haus Ingeborg in Oberjoch near Hindelang in the Allgäu mountains of Bavaria.[17][18] Before going to the Alps, General Dornberger had hidden his own papers near Bad Sachsa,[19] which were recovered by the 332nd Engineer Regiment. On 2 May 1945, Dornberger, von Braun, and five other men departed from Haus Ingeborg and travelled through Gaicht Pass and towards the little Austrian village of Schattwald. They met American soldiers who convoyed the group to the Tyrolean town of Reutte[20] for the night.[21] Other sources place them being arrested by Patton's Third Army on May 3, 1945 near Prague, Czechoslovakia.{{According to whom|date=February 2017}} At an internment camp after the war, known as "CSDIC Camp 11", the British bugged Dornberger, who in conversation with Generalmajor Gerhard Bassenge (GOC Air Defences, Tunis & Biserta) said that he and Wernher von Braun had realized in late 1944 that things were going wrong and consequently was in touch with the General Electric Corporation through the German Embassy in Portugal, with a view to coming to some arrangement.[22] Post World War IIIn mid-August 1945, after taking part in Operation Backfire, Dornberger was escorted from Cuxhaven to London for interrogation by the British War Crimes Investigation Unit in connection with the use of slave labor in the production of V-2 rockets; he was subsequently transferred and detained for two years at Bridgend in South Wales.[23] Along with some other German rocket scientists, Dornberger was released and brought to the United States under the auspices of Operation Paperclip, and worked for the United States Air Force for three years, developing guided missiles. From 1950 to 1965 he worked for the Bell Aircraft Corporation where he worked on several projects, rising to the post of Vice-President. He played a major role in the creation of the North American X-15 aircraft and was a key consultant for the Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar project. He also had a role on the creation of ideas and projects, which, in the end, led to the creation of the Space Shuttle.[24][25][26] Dornberger also developed Bell's ASM-A-2, the world's first guided nuclear air-to-surface missile developed for the Strategic Air Command.[27] Dornberger advised Germany on a European space program.[28] During the 1950s he had some attrition with von Braun and was instrumental in recruiting several engineers out of the Huntsville's team for Air Force projects. The most remarkable of them was Krafft Ehricke, who later created the Centaur rocket stage and actively participated in several more Defense projects. Following retirement, Dornberger went to Mexico and later returned to Germany, where he died in 1980 in Baden-Württemberg. Works
Awards and decorations
See also
References1. ^1 2 {{cite book |last=McGovern |first=J. |title=Crossbow and Overcast |date=1964 |publisher=W. Morrow |location=New York |page=18 |ref=harv}} 2. ^{{cite book |last=Middlebrook|first=Martin|title=The Peenemünde Raid: The Night of 17–18 August 1943|date=1982|publisher=Bobs-Merrill|location=New York|page=19}} 3. ^1 2 3 {{cite book |last=Dornberger |first=Walter |authorlink=Walter Dornberger |title=V2--Der Schuss ins Weltall |trans-title= |date=1952 |publisher=Bechtle Verlag |location=Esslingan |language=German |pages=17, 20, 26, 36}} {{cite book |last=Dornberger |first=Walter |authorlink=Walter Dornberger |title=V2 |date=1954 |publisher=Viking |ref=harv}} Dornberger's detailed account of the V2 project was one of the first to be published by a major participant. 4. ^1 2 3 {{cite book |last=Ordway |first= Frederick I., III |authorlink=Frederick I. Ordway III |last2=Sharpe |first2=Mitchell R. |title=The Rocket Team |series=Apogee Books Space Series |volume=36 |date=1979 |publisher=Thomas Y. Crowell |location=New York |isbn=0-69001656-5 |ref=harv |pages=21, 26, 27, 40}}; edition for pagerefs unknown; 1979, 1982, 2003, 2008 editions. 5. ^1 2 {{cite book |last=Neufeld |first=Michael J. |title=The Rocket and the Reich: Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era |date=1995 |publisher=The Free Press|location=New York |ref=harv}}, pp. 19, 33, 55. 6. ^{{cite book |author=Heashall|title=Hitler's Rocket Sites|date=1985|publisher=St Martin's Press|page=12}} 7. ^Warsitz, Lutz: The First Jet Pilot - The Story of German Test Pilot Erich Warsitz (p. 23), Pen and Sword Books Ltd., England, 2009 8. ^{{cite book |last=Klee |first=Ernst |last2=Merk |first2=Otto |title=The Birth of the Missile: The Secrets of Peenemünde |origyear=1963 |year=1965 |publisher=Gerhard Stalling Verlag |location=Hamburg |asin=B001REHJ98 |ref=harv |page=117}}; The 1965 translation is Publisher: E. P. Dutton, New York – not Stalling; another translation?; citations may be to German edition; https://books.google.com/books/about/The_birth_of_the_missile.html?id=owgNMSQVl_EC. 9. ^{{cite book |last=Collier|first=Basil|title=The Battle of the V-Weapons, 1944-1945 |origyear=1964|date=1976|publisher=The Emfield Press|location=Yorkshire|isbn=0-7057-0070-4|page=24}} 10. ^{{cite book |last=Braun |first=Wernher von |authorlink=Wernher von Braun |last2=Ordway III |first2=Frederick I. |title=Space Travel: A History|date=1985|publisher=Harper & Row|page=45}} 11. ^{{cite book |last=Collier|first=Basil|title=The Battle of the V-Weapons, 1944-1945 |origyear=1964 |date=1976|publisher=The Emfield Press|location=Yorkshire|isbn=0-7057-0070-4 |page=20}} 12. ^{{Harvnb|Neufeld|1995|p=191}} 13. ^{{cite book |last=Garliński|first=Józef|authorlink=Józef Garliński|title=Hitler's Last Weapons: The Underground War against the V1 and V2|date=1978|publisher=Times Books|location=New York|pages=73, 74}} 14. ^{{cite book|last1=Piszkiewicz|first1=Dennis|title=The Nazi Rocketeers: Dreams of Space and Crimes of War|date=2006|publisher=Stackpole Books|location=Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania|isbn=9780811733878|page=94}} 15. ^{{Harvnb|Ordway|Sharpe|1979|pp=61, 214}} 16. ^{{Harvnb|Dornberger|1954|p=260}} 17. ^{{Harvnb|Ordway|Sharpe|1979|p=301}} 18. ^{{Harvnb|Dornberger|1954|pp=266, 271}} 19. ^{{harvnb|McGovern|1964|p=184}} 20. ^{{Harvnb|Klee|Merk|1965|p=110}} 21. ^{{cite book |last=Huzel |first=Dieter K |title=Peenemünde to Canaveral |date=1960 |publisher=Prentice Hall |page=187}} 22. ^C.S.D.I.C Report Entitled G.R.G.G. 341 dated 7 August 1945 (summary of Dornberger's revelations) 23. ^{{Harvnb|Ordway|Sharpe|1979|p=343}} 24. ^{{cite book|author=Paul Dickson|title=A Dictionary of the Space Age|pages=199|year=2009|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press}} 25. ^{{cite web|url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4402/ch4.htm|title=SP-4402 Origins of NASA Names|publisher=NASA}} 26. ^{{cite web|url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4221/ch2.htm|title=The Space Shuttle Decision|publisher=NASA}} 27. ^{{cite news |author= |title=PERSONNEL: Changes of the Week, Nov. 25, 1957 |journal=Time Magazine |volume=LXX |issue=22 |pages= |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,891876,00.html |date=November 25, 1957 |page=116}} 28. ^{{Cite magazine |last=Ley |first=Willy |author= |last2= |first2= |date=June 1964 |title=Anyone Else for Space? |department=For Your Information |url=https://archive.org/stream/Galaxy_v22n05_1964-06_modified#page/n69/mode/2up |magazine=Galaxy Science Fiction |pages=110–128 |type=}} External links
22 : 1895 births|1980 deaths|People from Giessen|People from the Grand Duchy of Hesse|Military personnel from Huntsville, Alabama|Major generals of the German Army (Wehrmacht)|German military personnel of World War I|German aerospace engineers|American aerospace engineers|German physicists|20th-century American physicists|Rocket scientists|NASA people|Hessian emigrants to the United States|Research and development in Nazi Germany|Prussian Army personnel|Reichswehr personnel|Recipients of the Knights Cross of the War Merit Cross|Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class|Recipients of the Order of the White Falcon|Operation Paperclip|20th-century American engineers |
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