| 词条 | Basmati |
| 释义 |
| name = Basmati rice | image = Khyma and Basmati rice.jpg | image_caption = Brown regular rice (left) compared to brown basmati rice | genus = Oryza | species = | origin = Indian subcontinent }}Basmati (pronounced {{IPA-hns|baːsmət̪iː|IPA}} in the Indian subcontinent) is a variety of long, slender-grained aromatic rice which is traditionally from the Indian subcontinent.[1] As of 2014, India exported 65% of the overseas basmati rice market, while Pakistan accounted for the remainder, according to the Indian state-run Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority.[2] However, many countries use domestically grown basmati rice crops.[3] History and etymology"Basmati" derives from the Hindustani ({{lang|hi|बासमती}}, {{lang|ur|باسمتی}}) {{transl|hi|bāsmatī}}, literally meaning "fragrant"[4] (Sanskrit {{lang|sa|बासमती}}, {{transl|sa|bāsamatī}}). Basmati rice is believed to have been cultivated in the Indian subcontinent for centuries. The earliest extant work to mention basmati rice is Heer Ranjha (1766).[5][6] Basmati was introduced to the Middle East and Central Asia by Hindu traders. It remains not only an important part of various cusines of the Indian subcontinent, but now is also used extensively in Central Asian, Persian, Arab, and other Middle Eastern cuisines as well. This type of rice is grown and exported by those from the Indian subcontinent.[2] Production and cultivationIndia accounts for over 70% of the world's basmati rice production.[7] A small portion of that is being grown organically. Organisations such as Kheti Virasat Mission are trying to increase the amount of basmati rice that is being grown in the Punjab in India.[8][9] In IndiaThe areas of basmati rice production in India are in the states of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. India's total basmati production for the July 2011–June 2012 crop year was five million tonnes.[10] In IndonesiaIndonesia produced its own local variant of basmati in West Java and Central Kalimantan, with production capacity estimated could reach up to 8.2 tonnes per hectare.[11] Basmati seeds were first brought from Pakistan in 2007, however the seeds were unable to be grown due to soil incompatibility. The Ministry of Agriculture then managed to produce and cultivate a hybrid between basmati and local rice in 2017.[12] In NepalBasmati rice is produced mainly in the Kathmandu Valley and the Terai region of Nepal. Unique Nepali varieties of basmati rice were barred from export to other parts of the world although this bar might be lifted. [13] In PakistanIn Pakistan, 95 percent of the basmati rice cultivation takes place in the Punjab province (started by Britain colonials pouring Bengal revenue, primarily, to make farming in semi-arid West Punjab building a vast canal system to help impoverished Punjabi landless peasants gain livelihood) where total production was 2.47 million tonnes in 2010.[14][15] Aroma and flavourBasmati rice has a typical pandan-like (Pandanus amaryllifolius leaf) flavour caused by the aroma compound 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline.[16] Basmati grains contain about 0.09 ppm of this aromatic chemical compound naturally, a level that is about 12 times more than non-basmati rice varieties, giving basmati its distinctive spicy fragrance and flavour.[17] This natural aroma is also found in cheese, fruits and other cereals. It is a flavoring agent approved in the United States and Europe, and is used in bakery products for aroma.[18] During cooking, the level of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline decreases. Soaking the rice for 30 minutes before cooking permits 20% shorter cooking times and preserves more of the 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline.[19] Varieties and hybridsThere are several varieties of basmati rice. Traditional Indian types include basmati 370, basmati 385, and basmati Ranbirsinghpura (R.S.Pura) and Gujjar Chack area in Jammu province situated at the India-Pakistani border in Jammu and Kashmir state of India. 1121 and Muradabadi 6465 Extra Long Grain Rice. Pakistani varieties of basmati rice are PK 385, Super Kernel Basmati Rice and D-98. Scientists at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Delhi, used conventional plant breeding to produce a hybrid semi-dwarf plant which had most of the good features of traditional basmati (grain elongation, fragrance, alkali content). This hybrid was called Pusa Basmati-1 (PB1; also called "Todal", because the flower has awns); crop yield is up to twice as high as traditional varieties. Fragrant rices that are derived from basmati stock but are not true basmati varieties include PB2 (also called sugandh-2), PB3, and RS-10. Approved varietiesBasmati, P3 Punjab, type III Uttar Pradesh, hbc -19 Safidon, 386 Haryana, Kasturi (Baran, Rajasthan), Muradabadi Basmati 6465, Basmati 198, Basmati 217, Basmati 370, Bihar, Kasturi, Mahi Suganda, Pusa 1121. Popular/Major Indian BrandsAnantatva, Lal Quila, Lal Mahal, Chabbi, Puri brand, etc. Indian varietiesBasmati, P3 Punjab, type III Uttar Pradesh, hbc -19 Safidon, 386 Haryana, Kasturi (Baran, Rajasthan), Muradabadi Basmati 6465, Basmati 198, Basmati 217, Basmati 370, Bihar, Kasturi, Mahi Suganda, Pusa 1121. Bangladesh varietiesNumerous varieties produced as in India. Nepal varietiesBasmati 217, Pusa Basmati, Basmati 1, Nepalese red Basmati. Pakistani varietiesBasmati 370 (Pak Basmati), Super Basmati (Best Aroma), Basmati Pak (Kernal), 386 or 1121 basmati rice,[20] Basmati 385, Basmati 515, Basmati 2000, Basmati 198 and Chanab Basmati.[21] Related varietiesIn Indonesia, the variant of basmati called baroma (basmati aromatik; aromatic basmati) was launched in February 2019.[11] This variant could be grown in low-altitude terrain and managed to attract interest among potential middle-to-upper class consumers.[22] In the United States, a variety of rice based on basmati called Texmati is grown in Texas.[23] In Kenya, a rice variety called Pishori or Pisori is grown in the Mwea region.[24] Basmati certificationThe "Basmati Mark" is a DNA-fingerprinting-based certification done by the laboratory of Basmati Export Development Foundation (BEDF).[25] On February 15, 2016, the Agricultural & Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA), an autonomous organisation under the Department of Commerce in India, registered Basmati Rice as a product with Geographical Indication (GI).[26] AdulterationDifficulty in differentiating genuine basmati from other types of rice and the significant price difference between them has led fraudulent traders to adulterate basmati rice with crossbred basmati varieties and long-grain non-basmati varieties. In Britain, the Food Standards Agency found in 2005 that about half of all basmati rice sold was adulterated with other strains of long-grain rice, prompting rice importers to agree to a code of practice.[27] A 2010 UK test on rice supplied by wholesalers found 4 out of 15 samples had cheaper rice mixed with basmati, and one had no basmati at all.[28] A PCR-based assay similar to DNA fingerprinting in humans allows adulterated and non-basmati strains to be detected, with a detection limit from 1% adulteration upwards with an error rate of ±1.5%.[29] Exporters of basmati rice use "purity certificates" based on DNA tests for their basmati rice consignments.[30] Based on this protocol, which was developed at the Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, the Indian company Labindia has released kits to detect basmati adulteration.[31] Patent battleIn September 1997, an American company, RiceTec, was granted U.S. Patent No. 5,663,484 on "basmati rice lines and grains". The patent secures lines of basmati and basmati-like rice and ways of analyzing that rice. RiceTec, owned by Prince Hans-Adam of Liechtenstein, faced international outrage over allegations of biopiracy. It had also caused a brief diplomatic crisis between India and the United States, with India threatening to take the matter to the WTO as a violation of TRIPS. Both voluntarily and due to review decisions by the United States Patent and Trademark Office, RiceTec lost or withdrew most of the claims of the patent, including, most importantly, the right to call their rice products "basmati".[32] A more limited varietal patent was granted to RiceTec in 2001 on claims dealing with three strains of the rice developed by the company.[33] Glycemic indexAccording to the Canadian Diabetes Association, basmati, brown, wild, short and long grain rice has a "medium" glycemic index (between 56 and 69) opposed to jasmine and "instant" white rice with a glycemic index of 89, thus making it more suitable for diabetics as compared to certain other grains and products made from white flour.[34] See also
References1. ^[https://archive.today/20150819201038/http://www.fao.org/ag/magazine/0207sp1.htm Big money in "specialty rices"] Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations (2002) 2. ^1 {{cite web|title=Rice Sales From India to Reach Record as Iran Boosts Reserve|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-02-13/rice-exports-from-india-climbing-to-record-on-mideast-demand|website=bloomberg.com|accessdate=9 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521172103/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-02-13/rice-exports-from-india-climbing-to-record-on-mideast-demand|archive-date=2017-05-21|dead-url=no|df=}} 3. ^[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-02-13/rice-exports-from-india-climbing-to-record-on-mideast-demand Rice Sales From Pakistan to Reach Record as Iran Boosts Reserve] Bloomberg (February 13, 2014) 4. ^Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. basmati. 5. ^{{cite book |title=Aromatic Rices |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fJi0FxyM7pQC&pg=PA135 |year=2000 |publisher=International Rice Research Institute |isbn=978-81-204-1420-4 |author=VP Singh |pages=135–36 }} 6. ^{{cite book |author=Daniel F. Robinson |title=Confronting Biopiracy: Challenges, Cases and International Debates |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J7qvJQiFd_AC&pg=PA47 |year=2010 |publisher=Earthscan |isbn=978-1-84977-471-0 |page=47 }} 7. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/basmati-rice-industry-may-revive-in-next-harvest-2016-17-icra-116040300236_1.html|title=Basmati rice industry may revive in next harvest 2016-17: Icra|first=Press Trust of|last=India|date=3 April 2016|publisher=|accessdate=21 March 2018|via=Business Standard|newspaper=Business Standard India}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.magazine.nationalgeographic.nl/artikel/de-prijs-van-basmati-witte-rijst-met-een-donkere-rand-1|title=De prijs van basmati: witte rijst met een donkere rand - National Geographic Nederland/België|author=|date=|website=National Geographic Nederland/België|accessdate=21 March 2018}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://journalismgrants.org/projects/basmati-rice-the-unsustainable-truth|title=The Price of Basmati - Journalism Grants|author=|date=|website=journalismgrants.org|accessdate=21 March 2018}} 10. ^{{cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/2012/07/06/india-basmati-idINL3E8I62QO20120706 |title=India's to export record basmati rice in 2012/13 | Reuters |work=In.reuters.com |date= July 6, 2012|accessdate=2013-09-11}} 11. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://industri.kontan.co.id/news/kemtan-akan-luncurkan-varietas-beras-basmati-bernama-bamora|title=Kemtan akan luncurkan varietas beras basmati bernama bamora|last=Mediatama|first=Grahanusa|date=2019-01-16|website=kontan.co.id|language=id|access-date=2019-01-31}} 12. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.gatra.com/nasional/384041-Kementan-Berhasil-Merakit-Beras-Basmati-Asli-Indonesia|title=Gatracom - Kementan Berhasil Merakit Beras Basmati Asli Indonesia|last=GATRAcom|website=www.gatra.com|language=id|access-date=2019-01-31}} 13. ^{{cite news |date=12 July 2016 |title=Traders call for easing ban on Basmati exports |url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2016-07-12/traders-call-for-easing-ban-on-basmati-exports.html |newspaper=Kathmandu Post}} 14. ^Rice export: ‘Pakistan has potential of $4b but barely touches $1b’. The Express Tribune. February 8, 2012. 15. ^Global market: Pakistani basmati may slip down the pecking order. The Express Tribune. July 19, 2012. 16. ^{{cite journal|author1=S. Wongpornchai |author2=T. Sriseadka |author3=S. Choonvisase | year = 2003| title = Identification and quantitation of the rice aroma compound, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, in bread flowers (Vallaris glabra Ktze)| journal = J. Agric. Food Chem.| volume = 51| issue = 2| pages =457–462| pmid = 12517110| doi = 10.1021/jf025856x}} 17. ^[https://archive.today/20150819201038/http://www.fao.org/ag/magazine/0207sp1.htm Big money in "speciality rices"] Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations (2002) 18. ^Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients, Sixth Edition, George A. Burdock (2009), CRC Press, {{ISBN|978-1420090772}}, p. 36 19. ^{{Cite web | url=https://www.finecooking.com/article/the-science-of-cooking-rice | title=The Science of Cooking Rice - Article| date=2010-07-07}} 20. ^{{cite web|url=http://latifricemills.com/1121-basmati-rice/ |title=Basmati Rice Price - 1121 Basmati Rice Price |publisher=Latifricemills.com |date= |accessdate=2018-07-09}} 21. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.foodstandards.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/fsis4704basmati.pdf |title=Survey on Basmati Rice |work=multimedia.food.gov.uk |date=March 2004 |accessdate=2013-09-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531054743/http://multimedia.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/fsis4704basmati.pdf |archivedate=2014-05-31 |deadurl=yes |df= }} 22. ^{{Cite web|url=https://republika.co.id/share/plsfmu368|title=Indonesia Siap Produksi Massal Beras Premium Baroma|date=2019-01-23|website=Republika Online|access-date=2019-01-31}} 23. ^{{cite journal|last1=Fiaz|first1=N|last2=Khalid|first2=F|last3=Sarwar|first3=MA|title=Whiff of Pearls|journal=Rice Plus Magazine,ojs.irp.edu.pk|date=2013|url=http://ojs.irp.edu.pk/index.php/riceplus/article/download/143/85|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002152710/http://ojs.irp.edu.pk/index.php/riceplus/article/download/143/85|archivedate=2016-10-02|df=}} 24. ^{{cite book|last=Sanginga|first=P. C.|title=Innovation Africa: Enriching Farmers' Livelihoods|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4i14nRDcKw8C&pg=PA301|year=2009|publisher=Earthscan|location=London|isbn=978-1-84407-671-0|pages=301–302}} 25. ^{{cite web|url=http://apeda.gov.in/apedawebsite/about_apeda/bas_ex_dev_found.htm|title=BASMATI EXPORT DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION|author=|date=|website=apeda.gov.in|accessdate=21 March 2018}} 26. ^{{Cite web | url=http://apeda.gov.in/apedawebsite/about_apeda/bas_ex_dev_found.htm | title=Basmati Export Development Foundation}} 27. ^British Retail Consortium (July 2005). Code of practice on Basmati rice {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114142/http://www.brc.org.uk/Downloads/Basmati_Code.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} 28. ^{{cite web |last=Rice |first=Tim |url=http://www.thisisleicestershire.co.uk/Probe-finds-fake-basmati/story-12091373-detail/story.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130505113010/http://www.thisisleicestershire.co.uk/Probe-finds-fake-basmati/story-12091373-detail/story.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2013-05-05 |title=Probe finds fake basmati |publisher=This is Leicestershire |date=2010-01-29 |accessdate=2013-09-11 }} 29. ^Basmati rice collaborative trial - FA0110. defra.gov.uk 30. ^Archak, Sunil et al. (2007). [https://archive.today/20121217211239/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/114280458/ABSTRACT "High-throughput multiplex microsatellite marker assay for detection and quantification of adulteration in Basmati rice (Oryza sativa)"] and Lakshminarayana, V. et al. (2007). "Capillary Electrophoresis Is Essential for Microsatellite Marker Based Detection and Quantification of Adulteration of Basmati Rice ( Oryza sativa)". 31. ^Basmati Testing - Basmati Verifiler Kit. Labindia. 32. ^"Bid for patent for basmati rice hits a hurdle", The Hindu, November 5, 2006 33. ^[https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/25/business/india-us-fight-on-basmati-rice-is-mostly-settled.html?pagewanted=all "India-U.S. Fight on Basmati Rice Is Mostly Settled"], The New York Times 34. ^{{cite web |title=The Glycemic Index |url=https://www.diabetes.ca/diabetes-and-you/healthy-living-resources/diet-nutrition/the-glycemic-index |website=Canadian Diabetes Association |accessdate=30 August 2018}} External links{{commons category|Basmati rice}}{{wiktionary|basmati}}
| first = Shilpa | last = Kannan | title = India and Pakistan link to protect Basmati |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7246900.stm | format = | work = | publisher = BBC News | location = | date = February 15, 2008 | accessdate = April 26, 2010 | language = | quote = }}{{Varieties of rice}}Reis#Basmati-Reis 4 : Bengali cuisine|Rice varieties|Rice production in India|Rice production in Pakistan |
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