“Boyar of Fogaras”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

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Boyar of Fogaras

释义

Background
References
Sources

The boyars of Fogaras (now Făgăraș in Romania) were a group of Vlach (or Romanian) conditional nobles in the medieval Kingdom of Hungary and the Principality (and Grand Principality) of Transylvania.

Background

The earliest royal charter which mentioned the Vlachs' presence in southern Transylvania was issued in the early 13th century.{{sfn|Curta|2006|p=354–355}} The document recorded that Andrew II of Hungary had deprived the local Vlachs from a small territory between the rivers Olt, Arpaș (Árpás) and Cârțișoara and granted it to the newly established Cistercian Kerc Abbey.{{sfn|Curta|2006|p=354}}{{sfn|Makkai|1994|p=189}} A hoard of hacksilver discovered at Cârțișoara, which contained a Byzantine coin from the first half of the 12th century, also confirm the Vlachs' presence in the region.{{sfn|Curta|2006|p=354}} The earliest record about a permanent Vlach settlement in the region{{spaced ndash}}Kerch Olachorum (or "Vlachs' Kerc" at present-day Cârțișoara){{spaced ndash}}was made in 1332.{{sfn|Makkai|1994|p=191}} Decades later, the first place names of Romanian origin were also recorded: Cuciulata in 1372 and Mândra in 1401.{{sfn|Makkai|1994|p=191}}

Louis I of Hungary forced Vladislav I of Wallachia to accept his suzerainty in 1366.{{sfn|Pop|2005|p=249}} To secure Vladislav's loyalty, the king also granted him landed property in southern Transylvania, including the district of Fogaras (around present-day Făgăraș in Romania).{{sfn|Pop|2005|p=249}} Six years later, Vladislav donated estates to Wallachian boyars (or noblemen) in the district.{{sfn|Makkai|1994|p=191}} Most of Vladislav's successors who also held Fogaras{{spaced ndash}}Mircea the Elder, Vlad the Impaler, Radu the Fair and Basarab Laiotă{{spaced ndash}}regularly granted estates to their boyars or awarded the heads of the local communities with the title boyar.{{sfn|Costea|2009|p=216}}

References

Sources

{{cite book |last=Costea |first=Ionuț |editor1-last=Pop |editor1-first=Ioan-Aurel |editor2-last=Nägler |editor2-first=Thomas |editor3-last=Magyari |editor3-first=András |title=The History of Transylvania, Volume II (From 1541 to 1711) |publisher=Romanian Academy, Center for Transylvanian Studies |year=2009 |pages=199–225 |chapter=Social Structures |isbn=973-7784-04-9 |ref=harv}}
{{cite book |last=Curta |first=Florin |authorlink=Florin Curta |year=2006 |title=Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-89452-4 |ref=harv}}
{{cite book |last=Makkai |first=László |editor1-last=Köpeczi |editor1-first=Béla |editor2-last=Barta |editor2-first=Gábor |editor3-last=Bóna |editor3-first=István |editor4-last=Makkai |editor4-first=László |editor5-last=Szász |editor5-first=Zoltán |editor6-last=Borus |editor6-first=Judit | title=History of Transylvania |publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |year=1994 |pages=178–243 |chapter=The Emergence of the Estates (1172–1526) |isbn=963-05-6703-2 |ref=harv}}
{{cite book |last=Pop |first=Ioan-Aurel |editor1-last=Pop |editor1-first=Ioan-Aurel |editor2-last=Bolovan |editor2-first=Ioan |title=History of Romania: Compendium |publisher=Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies) |year=2005 |pages=209–314 |chapter=Romanians in the 14th–16th Centuries: From the "Christian Republic" to the "Restoration of Dacia" |isbn=978-973-7784-12-4 |ref=harv}}

2 : Conditional nobility (Kingdom of Hungary)|Wallachian nobility

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