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词条 1993 Spanish general election
释义

  1. Overview

     Electoral system  Election date 

  2. Status at dissolution

  3. Parties and alliances

  4. Opinion polls

  5. Campaign period

     Leaders' debates 

  6. Results

     Congress of Deputies  Senate 

  7. Aftermath

  8. Notes

  9. Bibliography

  10. References

{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1993 Spanish general election
| country = Spain
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1989 Spanish general election
| previous_year = 1989
| next_election = 1996 Spanish general election
| next_year = 1996
| outgoing_members =
| elected_members =
| seats_for_election = All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies and 208 (of 256) seats in the Senate
176 seats needed for a majority in the Congress of Deputies
| opinion_polls = Opinion polling for the 1993 Spanish general election
| registered = 31,030,511 {{small|4.8%}}
| turnout = 23,718,816 (76.4%)
6.7 pp
| election_date = 6 June 1993
| image1 =
| leader1 = Felipe González
| party1 = Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
| leader_since1 = 28 September 1979
| leaders_seat1 = Madrid
| last_election1 = 177 seats, 40.1%{{efn|Aggregated data for PSOE and EE in the 1989 election.}}
| seats1 = 159
| seat_change1 = 18
| popular_vote1 = 9,150,083
| percentage1 = 38.8%
| swing1 = 1.3 pp
| image2 =
| leader2 = José María Aznar
| party2 = People's Party (Spain)
| leader_since2 = 4 September 1989
| leaders_seat2 = Madrid
| last_election2 = 107 seats, 25.8%
| seats2 = 141
| seat_change2 = 34
| popular_vote2 = 8,201,463
| percentage2 = 34.8%
| swing2 = 9.0 pp
| image3 =
| leader3 = Julio Anguita
| party3 = United Left (Spain)
| leader_since3 = 12 February 1989
| leaders_seat3 = Madrid
| last_election3 = 17 seats, 9.1%
| seats3 = 18
| seat_change3 = 1
| popular_vote3 = 2,253,722
| percentage3 = 9.6%
| swing3 = 0.5 pp
| image4 =
| leader4 = Miquel Roca
| party4 = Convergence and Union
| leader_since4 = 4 July 1982
| leaders_seat4 = Barcelona
| last_election4 = 18 seats, 5.0%
| seats4 = 17
| seat_change4 = 1
| popular_vote4 = 1,165,783
| percentage4 = 4.9%
| swing4 = 0.1 pp
| image5 =
| leader5 = Iñaki Anasagasti
| party5 = Basque Nationalist Party
| leader_since5 = 1986
| leaders_seat5 = Biscay
| last_election5 = 5 seats, 1.2%
| seats5 = 5
| seat_change5 = 0
| popular_vote5 = 291,448
| percentage5 = 1.2%
| swing5 = ±0.0 pp
| image6 =
| leader6 = Luis Mardones
| party6 = Canarian Coalition
| leader_since6 = 18 April 1986
| leaders_seat6 = Santa Cruz de Tenerife
| last_election6 = 1 seats, 0.3%
| seats6 = 4
| seat_change6 = 3
| popular_vote6 = 207,077
| percentage6 = 0.9%
| swing6 = 0.6 pp
| map_image = SpainProvinceMapCongress1993.png
| map_size = 435px
| map_caption = Constituency results map for the Congress of Deputies
| title = Prime Minister
| before_election = Felipe González
| before_party = Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
| after_election = Felipe González
| after_party = Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
}}

The 1993 Spanish general election was held on Sunday, 6 June 1993, to elect the 5th Cortes Generales of the Kingdom of Spain. All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as 208 of 256 seats in the Senate.

The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party under Felipe González achieved the largest number of votes and seats for the fourth consecutive time, though it lost the absolute majority it had held in both chambers of the Cortes since 1982. In contrast, José María Aznar's People's Party won a large share of the vote, thus increasing their seats in both the Congress and the Senate and consolidating its position as the main opposition party. For the first time since 1979, the election brought in a hung parliament, forcing the governing PSOE to seek the support of nationalist groups in order to renew its mandate and secure a fourth term in government.

In the aftermath of the election, the PSOE saw itself under increased pressure due both to political instability as a result of its low majority (relying on increasingly unstable pacts with Convergence and Union to pass its legislation) and of the uncovering of numerous cases of corruption within the government itself. The pact with CiU would end in the fall of 1995, forcing González to call early elections 15 months before their scheduled date, which would see the opposition People's Party win for the first time.

Overview

Electoral system

The Spanish Cortes Generales were envisaged as an imperfect bicameral system. The Congress of Deputies had greater legislative power than the Senate, having the ability to vote confidence in or withdraw it from a Prime Minister and to override Senate vetoes by an absolute majority of votes. Nonetheless, the Senate possessed a few exclusive, yet limited in number functions—such as its role in constitutional amendment—which were not subject to the Congress' override.[1][2] Voting for the Cortes Generales was on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprised all nationals over eighteen and in full enjoyment of their political rights.{{sfn|Carreras|Tafunell|Soler|Fontana|1989|pp=1077}}

For the Congress of Deputies, 348 seats were elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with a threshold of 3 percent of valid votes—which included blank ballots—being applied in each constituency. Parties not reaching the threshold were not taken into consideration for seat distribution. Additionally, the use of the D'Hondt method might result in an effective threshold over three percent, depending on the district magnitude.[3] Seats were allocated to constituencies, corresponding to the provinces of Spain. Each constituency was entitled to an initial minimum of two seats, with the remaining 248 allocated among the constituencies in proportion to their populations. Ceuta and Melilla were allocated the two remaining seats, which were elected using plurality voting.[1][4][5][6]

For the Senate, 208 seats were elected using an open list partial block voting, with electors voting for individual candidates instead of parties. In constituencies electing four seats, electors could vote for up to three candidates; in those with two or three seats, for up to two candidates; and for one candidate in single-member districts. Each of the 47 peninsular provinces was allocated four seats, whereas for insular provinces, such as the Balearic and Canary Islands, districts were the islands themselves, with the larger—Majorca, Gran Canaria and Tenerife—being allocated three seats each, and the smaller—Menorca, Ibiza–Formentera, Fuerteventura, La Gomera, El Hierro, Lanzarote and La Palma—one each. Ceuta and Melilla elected two seats each. Additionally, autonomous communities could appoint at least one senator each and were entitled to one additional senator per each million inhabitants.[1][4][5][6]

The electoral law provided that parties, federations, coalitions and groupings of electors were allowed to present lists of candidates. However, groupings of electors were required to secure the signature of at least 1 percent of the electors registered in the constituency for which they sought election. Electors were barred from signing for more than one list of candidates. Concurrently, parties and federations intending to enter in coalition to take part jointly at an election were required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election being called.[4][6]

Election date

The term of each House of the Cortes Generales—the Congress and the Senate—expired four years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier. The election Decree was required to be issued no later than the twenty-fifth day prior to the date of expiry of the Cortes in the event that the Prime Minister did not make use of his prerogative of early dissolution. The Decree was to be published on the following day in the Official State Gazette, with election day taking place between the fifty-fourth and the sixtieth day from publication. The previous election was held on 29 October 1989, which meant that the legislature's term would expire on 29 October 1993. The election Decree was required to be published no later than 5 October 1993, with the election taking place on the sixtieth day from publication, setting the latest possible election date for the Cortes Generales on Saturday, 4 December 1993.[4][6][7]

The Prime Minister had the prerogative to dissolve both Houses at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election, provided that no motion of no confidence was in process, no state of emergency was in force and that dissolution did not occur before one year had elapsed since the previous one. Additionally, both Houses were to be dissolved and a new election called if an investiture process failed to elect a Prime Minister within a two-month period from the first ballot.[1][5] Barred this exception, there was no constitutional requirement for simultaneous elections for the Congress and the Senate, there being no precedent of separate elections and with governments having long preferred that elections for the two Houses take place simultaneously.

Status at dissolution

The Cortes Generales were officially dissolved on 13 April 1993, after the publication of the dissolution Decree in the Official State Gazette.[8] The tables below show the status of the different parliamentary groups in both chambers at the time of dissolution.[9][10]

Congress of Deputies
Parliamentary group Deputies
Socialist Group175{{efn>155 PSOE, 20 PSC.}}
People's Group in the Congress106{{efn>104 PP, 2 UPN.}}
Convergence and Union Catalan Group18{{efn>13 CDC, 5 UDC.}}
United Left–Initiative for Catalonia Group17{{efn>14 IU, 3 IC.}}
CDS Group 12
PNV Basque Group 5
Mixed Group17{{efn>4 HB, 2 PA, 2 UV, 2 EA, 2 EE, 1 PAR, 1 AIC, 3 independents (2 ex-CDS, 1 ex-PP).}}
Total 350
 
Senate
Parliamentary group Senators
Socialist Group128{{efn>103 PSOE, 8 PSC.}}
People's Group91{{efn>88 PP, 2 UPN, 1 UM.}}
Convergence and Union Catalan Group14{{efn>11 CDC, 3 UDC.}}
Basque Nationalist Senators Group 6
Mixed Group15{{efn>5 CC–AHI, 3 IU, 3 HB, 1 CDS, 1 EA, 1 PAR, 1 ENV.}}
Total 254

Parties and alliances

Below is a list of the main parties and electoral alliances which contested the election:

Party or allianceCandidate Ideology Refs
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)
{{font|text=
  • Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE){{efn|Includes the newly-formed Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE)) from the fusion of the Socialist Party of the Basque Country (PSE–PSOE) and Basque Country Left (EE).}}
  • Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC)
size=85%} Felipe González Social democracy [11]
[12]
[13]
People's Party (PP)
{{font|text=
  • People's Party (PP)
  • Navarrese People's Union (UPN)
size=85%} José María Aznar Conservatism
Christian democracy		 [14]
[15]
Convergence and Union (CiU)
{{font|text=
  • Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (CDC)
  • Democratic Union of Catalonia (UDC)
size=85%} Miquel Roca Catalan nationalism
Centrism
United Left (IU)
{{font|text=
  • United Left (IU)
  • Initiative for Catalonia (IC)
  • Galician Left (EG)
size=85%} Julio Anguita Socialism
Communism
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) Rafael
Calvo Ortega		 Centrism
Liberalism		 [16]
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) Iñaki Anasagasti Basque nationalism
Christian democracy
Conservative liberalism
Popular Unity (HB) Jon Idigoras Basque independence
Left-wing nationalism
Andalusian Party (PA) Salvador
Pérez Bueno		 Andalusian nationalism
Social democracy
Valencian Union (UV) Vicente
González Lizondo		 Blaverism
Conservatism
Basque Solidarity–Basque Left (EA–EuE)
{{font|text=
  • Basque Solidarity (EA)
  • Basque Left (EuE)
size=85%} Xabier Albistur Basque nationalism
Social democracy
Aragonese Party (PAR) José María Mur Regionalism
Centrism
{{Collapsible list title = Canarian Coalition (CC)text=
  • Canarian Independent Groups (AIC)
  • Nationalist Canarian Initiative (ICAN)
  • Independent Canarian Centre (CCI)
  • Canarian Nationalist Party (PNC)
  • Independent Herrenian Group (AHI)
  • Majorera Assembly (AM)
size=85%}
}}		 Lorenzo Olarte Regionalism
Canarian nationalism
Centrism
Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) Pilar Rahola Catalan independence
Social democracy

Opinion polls

{{Main|Opinion polling for the 1993 Spanish general election}}{{Opinion polling for the 1993 Spanish general election (Graphical summary)}}

Campaign period

Leaders' debates

1993 Spanish general election debates
DateOrganisersModerator(s){{small|   {{Colors|black|#90FF90| P  {{small|Present  
PSOEPPAudienceRefs
24 MayAntena 3Manuel Campo VidalP
{{small|González}}}}		P
{{small|Aznar}}}}		{{small>(9,625,000)}} [17]
[18]
31 MayTele 5Luis MariñasP
{{small|González}}}}		P
{{small|Aznar}}}}		{{small>(10,526,000)}} [17]
[18]
Opinion polls
Candidate viewed as "performing best" or "most convincing" in each debate
DebatePolling firm/CommissionerPSOEPPTieNone{{Qmark
24 MayDemoscopia/El País[19] 21.050.029.0
Opina/La Vanguardia[20] 18.442.5 8.1 13.9 17.2
Sigma Dos/El Mundo[21] 28.049.822.2
31 MayDemoscopia/El País[22]48.0 18.034.0
Opina/La Vanguardia[23]36.2 15.3 17.4 13.6 17.5

Results

Congress of Deputies

{{For|results by autonomous community/constituency|Results breakdown of the 1993 Spanish general election (Congress)}}
← Summary of the 6 June 1993 Congress of Deputies election results →
Parties and coalitionsPopular voteSeats
Votes%±ppTotal+/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)1 9,150,083 38.78 –1.33 159 –18
People's Party (PP) 8,201,463 34.76 +8.97 141 +34
United Left (IU) 2,253,722 9.55 +0.48 18 +1
Convergence and Union (CiU) 1,165,783 4.94 –0.10 17 –1
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 414,740 1.76 –6.13 0 –14
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 291,448 1.24 ±0.00 5 ±0
Canarian Coalition (CC)2 207,077 0.88 +0.45 4 +3
Popular Unity (HB) 206,876 0.88 –0.18 2 –2
Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) 189,632 0.80 +0.39 1 +1
The Greens (LV) 185,940 0.79 –0.11 0 ±0
Aragonese Party (PAR) 144,544 0.61 +0.26 1 ±0
Basque Solidarity–Basque Left (EA–EuE) 129,293 0.55 –0.12 1 –1
Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG) 126,965 0.54 +0.31 0 ±0
Valencian Union (UV) 112,341 0.48 –0.23 1 –1
Andalusian Party (PA) 96,513 0.41 –0.63 0 –2
The Ecologists (LE) 68,851 0.29 –0.38 0 ±0
Ruiz-Mateos Group–European Democratic Alliance (ARM–ADE) 54,518 0.23 –0.84 0 ±0
Andalusian Progress Party (PAP) 43,169 0.18 New 0 ±0
Valencian People's Union (UPV) 41,052 0.17 –0.03 0 ±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST) 30,068 0.13 –0.27 0 ±0
Union for the Progress of Cantabria (UPCA) 27,005 0.11 New 0 ±0
Nationalists of the Balearic Islands (PSM–ENE) 20,118 0.09 +0.05 0 ±0
Regionalist Party of Cantabria (PRC) 18,608 0.08 New 0 ±0
Alavese Unity (UA) 16,623 0.07 New 0 ±0
Liberal Independent Group (GIL) 16,452 0.07 New 0 ±0
Party of Gran Canaria (PGC) 15,246 0.06 New 0 ±0
Leonese People's Union (UPL) 13,097 0.06 New 0 ±0
Natural Law Party (PLN) 11,392 0.05 New 0 ±0
Asturianist Party (PAS) 11,088 0.05 +0.02 0 ±0
United Extremadura (EU) 10,653 0.05 ±0.00 0 ±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 10,233 0.04 –0.27 0 ±0
Majorcan, Menorcan and Pityusic Union (UMMP) 10,053 0.04 New 0 ±0
Ecologist Party of Catalonia–VERDE (PEC–VERDE) 9,249 0.04 –0.06 0 ±0
Humanist Party (PH) 8,834 0.04 –0.04 0 ±0
Revolutionary Workers' Party (POR) 8,667 0.04 ±0.00 0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 8,000 0.03 –0.09 0 ±0
Coalition for a New Socialist Party (CNPS)3 7,991 0.03 –0.03 0 ±0
Riojan Party (PR) 7,532 0.03 New 0 ±0
Aragonese Union (CHA) 6,344 0.03 +0.01 0 ±0
Galician Nationalist Convergence (CNG) 4,663 0.02 New 0 ±0
Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC) 4,647 0.02 New 0 ±0
Galician Alternative (AG) 3,286 0.01 New 0 ±0
Spanish Democratic Republican Action (ARDE) 3,063 0.01 +0.01 0 ±0
Regionalist Unity of Castile and León (URCL) 2,715 0.01 New 0 ±0
Party of El Bierzo (PB) 2,681 0.01 New 0 ±0
Extremaduran Regionalist Party (PREx) 2,086 0.01 New 0 ±0
Health and Ecology in Solidarity (SEES) 1,959 0.01 New 0 ±0
Madrilenian Independent Regional Party (PRIM) 1,917 0.01 –0.01 0 ±0
Gray Panthers of Spain (ACI) 1,644 0.01 New 0 ±0
Valencian Nationalist Left (ENV) 1,517 0.01 ±0.00 0 ±0
Independent Spanish Phalanx (FEI) 1,415 0.01 +0.01 0 ±0
People's Palentine Group (APP) 1,410 0.01 New 0 ±0
Rainbow (Arcoiris) 1,407 0.01 New 0 ±0
The Greens of the Alicantine Country (PVPA) 1,375 0.01 New 0 ±0
Cantonal Party (PCAN) 1,300 0.01 New 0 ±0
Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL) 1,193 0.01 ±0.00 0 ±0
Spanish Catholic Movement (MCE) 1,178 0.00 New 0 ±0
Tenerife Assembly (ATF) 1,159 0.00 New 0 ±0
Socialist Party of the People of Ceuta (PSPC) 1,155 0.00 New 0 ±0
Insular Group of Gran Canaria (AIGRANC) 1,009 0.00 New 0 ±0
Castilianist Union (UC) 949 0.00 New 0 ±0
Andecha Astur (AA) 787 0.00 New 0 ±0
Authentic Spanish Phalanx (FEA) 747 0.00 New 0 ±0
Alicantine Democratic Union (UniDA) 715 0.00 New 0 ±0
Progressive Front of Spain (FPE) 641 0.00 New 0 ±0
Union of Autonomies (UDLA) 594 0.00 New 0 ±0
Socialist October (OS) 540 0.00 New 0 ±0
Independent Council of Asturias (Conceyu) 528 0.00 New 0 ±0
Integration Party for Almeria and its Peoples (PIAP) 466 0.00 New 0 ±0
Spanish Balearic Alternative (ABE) 416 0.00 New 0 ±0
Referendum Tolerant Independent Political Party (PITRCG) 408 0.00 New 0 ±0
Party of The People (LG) 385 0.00 New 0 ±0
Nationalist Party of Cantabria (PNC) 383 0.00 New 0 ±0
Federated Independents of Aragon (IF) 303 0.00 New 0 ±0
Radical Balearic Party (PRB) 282 0.00 New 0 ±0
Tagoror Party (Tagoror) 278 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
Regionalist Party of Guadalajara (PRGU) 267 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
Socialdemocrat Spanish Christian Monarchy (MCES) 244 0.00 New 0 ±0
Progressive Sorian Union (US) 98 0.00 New 0 ±0
Nationalist Party of Castile and León (PANCAL) 70 0.00 –0.01 0 ±0
Initiative for Ceuta (INCE) 42 0.00 New 0 ±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 0 0.00 New 0 ±0
Coalition for Free Canaries (CCL) 0 0.00 New 0 ±0
Centrist Unity–Democratic Spanish Party (PED) 0 0.00 –0.02 0 ±0
Freixes Independent Group (Freixes) 0 0.00 New 0 ±0
Blank ballots 188,679 0.80 +0.11
Total 23,591,864 350 ±0
Valid votes 23,591,864 99.46 +0.20
Invalid votes 126,952 0.54 –0.20
Votes cast / turnout 23,718,816 76.44 +6.70
Abstentions 7,311,695 23.56 –6.70
Registered voters 31,030,511
Sources[24][25]
{{bar box
|title=Popular vote
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=550px
|barwidth=500px
|bars={{bar percent|PSOE|{{Spanish Socialist Workers' Party/meta/color}}|38.78}}{{bar percent|PP|{{People's Party (Spain)/meta/color}}|34.76}}{{bar percent|IU|{{United Left (Spain)/meta/color}}|9.55}}{{bar percent|CiU|{{Convergence and Union/meta/color}}|4.94}}{{bar percent|CDS|{{Democratic and Social Centre (Spain)/meta/color}}|1.76}}{{bar percent|EAJ/PNV|{{Basque Nationalist Party/meta/color}}|1.24}}{{bar percent|CC|{{Canarian Coalition/meta/color}}|0.88}}{{bar percent|HB|{{Herri Batasuna/meta/color}}|0.88}}{{bar percent|ERC|{{Republican Left of Catalonia/meta/color}}|0.80}}{{bar percent|PAR|{{Aragonese Party/meta/color}}|0.61}}{{bar percent|EA–EUE|{{Eusko Alkartasuna/meta/color}}|0.55}}{{bar percent|UV|{{Valencian Union/meta/color}}|0.48}}{{bar percent|Others|#777777|3.97}}{{bar percent|Blank ballots|#DDDDDD|0.80}}
}}{{bar box
|title=Seats
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=550px
|barwidth=500px
|bars={{bar percent|PSOE|{{Spanish Socialist Workers' Party/meta/color}}|45.43}}{{bar percent|PP|{{People's Party (Spain)/meta/color}}|40.29}}{{bar percent|IU|{{United Left (Spain)/meta/color}}|5.14}}{{bar percent|CiU|{{Convergence and Union/meta/color}}|4.86}}{{bar percent|EAJ/PNV|{{Basque Nationalist Party/meta/color}}|1.43}}{{bar percent|CC|{{Canarian Coalition/meta/color}}|1.14}}{{bar percent|HB|{{Herri Batasuna/meta/color}}|0.57}}{{bar percent|ERC|{{Republican Left of Catalonia/meta/color}}|0.29}}{{bar percent|PAR|{{Aragonese Party/meta/color}}|0.29}}{{bar percent|EA–EUE|{{Eusko Alkartasuna/meta/color}}|0.29}}{{bar percent|UV|{{Valencian Union/meta/color}}|0.29}}
}}

Senate

← Summary of the 6 June 1993 Senate of Spain election results →
Parties and coalitionsDirectly
elected		{{abbr|Reg.
app.|Regional appointees		Total
Seats+/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 96 –11 21 117
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 90 –11 19 109
Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC) 6 ±0 2 8
People's Party (PP) 93 +15 13 106
People's Party (PP)1 90 +14 13 103
Navarrese People's Union (UPN) 3 +1 0 3
Convergence and Union (CiU) 10 ±0 5 10
Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (CDC) 7 –1 4 11
Democratic Union of Catalonia (UDC) 3 +1 1 4
Canarian Coalition (CC) 5 +1 1 6
Canarian Independent Groups (AIC) 2 ±0 1 3
Nationalist Canarian Initiative (ICAN) 1 +1 0 1
Majorera Assembly (AM) 1 ±0 0 1
Independent Herrenian Group (AHI) 1 ±0 0 1
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 3 –1 2 5
United Left (IU) 0 –1 2 2
Popular Unity (HB) 1 –2 0 1
Aragonese Party (PAR) 0 ±0 1 1
Basque Solidarity (EA) 0 ±0 1 1
Riojan Party (PR) 0 ±0 1 1
Valencian Nationalist Left (ENV) 0 ±0 1 1
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 0 –1 0 0
Total 208 ±0 48 256
Sources[10][26][27][25]
{{bar box
|title=Seats
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=550px
|barwidth=500px
|bars={{bar percent|PSOE|{{Spanish Socialist Workers' Party/meta/color}}|45.70}}{{bar percent|PP|{{People's Party (Spain)/meta/color}}|41.41}}{{bar percent|CiU|{{Convergence and Union/meta/color}}|5.86}}{{bar percent|CC|{{Canarian Coalition/meta/color}}|2.34}}{{bar percent|EAJ/PNV|{{Basque Nationalist Party/meta/color}}|1.95}}{{bar percent|IU|{{United Left (Spain)/meta/color}}|0.78}}{{bar percent|HB|{{Herri Batasuna/meta/color}}|0.39}}{{bar percent|PAR|{{Aragonese Party/meta/color}}|0.39}}{{bar percent|EA|{{Eusko Alkartasuna/meta/color}}|0.39}}{{bar percent|PR|{{Riojan Party/meta/color}}|0.39}}{{bar percent|ENV|{{Valencian Nationalist Left/meta/color}}|0.39}}
}}

Aftermath

Investiture
Felipe González (PSOE)
Ballot → 9 July 1993
Required majority →15}}
{{Collapsible list | title = Yes • PSOE (159) • CiU (17) • PNV (5)
}}		181|350|green|width=125px}}
{{Collapsible list | title = No • PP (141) • IU–IC (17) • CC (4) • ERC (1) • EA (1) • UV (1)
}}		165|350|red|width=125px}}
{{Collapsible list | title = Abstentions • PAR (1)
}}		1|350|gray|width=125px}}
{{Collapsible list | title = Absentees • HB (2) • IU–IC (1)
}}		3|350|black|width=125px}}
Sources[28]

Notes

{{notelist}}

Bibliography

  • {{cite book

|last1 = Carreras de Odriozola
|first1 = Albert
|last2 = Tafunell Sambola
|first2 = Xavier
|year = 2005
|orig-year = 1989
|title = Estadísticas históricas de España, siglos XIX-XX
|url = http://www.fbbva.es/TLFU/dat/autores.pdf
|language = Spanish
|volume = Volume 1
|location = Bilbao
|publisher = Fundación BBVA
|pages = 1072–1097
|edition = II
|isbn = 84-96515-00-1
|deadurl = yes
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924010950/http://www.fbbva.es/TLFU/dat/autores.pdf
|archivedate = 24 September 2015
|df = dmy-all
}}

References

1. ^1 2 3 {{cite act |title=Spanish Constitution of 1978 |work=Official State Gazette |language=Spanish |date=29 December 1978 |url=http://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229&tn=1&p=19920828 |accessdate=27 December 2016}}
2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.congreso.es/consti/constitucion/indice/sinopsis/sinopsis.jsp?art=66&tipo=2 |title=Constitución española, Sinopsis artículo 66 |author= |date= |website=congreso.es |publisher=Congress of Deputies |language=Spanish |accessdate=27 October 2015}}
3. ^{{cite web |last=Gallagher |first=Michael |date=30 July 2012 |url=http://www.tcd.ie/Political_Science/staff/michael_gallagher/ElSystems/Docts/effthresh.php |title=Effective threshold in electoral systems |publisher=Trinity College, Dublin |accessdate=22 July 2017 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730092518/http://www.tcd.ie/Political_Science/staff/michael_gallagher/ElSystems/Docts/effthresh.php |archivedate=30 July 2017 |df= }}
4. ^1 2 3 {{cite act |title=General Electoral System Organic Law of 1985 |type=Organic Law |number=5 |work=Official State Gazette |language=Spanish |date=19 June 1985 |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1985-11672&tn=1&p=19921103 |accessdate=28 December 2016}}
5. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.congreso.es/portal/page/portal/Congreso/Congreso/Hist_Normas/Norm/const_espa_texto_ingles_0.pdf |title=Constitution |author= |date= |website=congreso.es |publisher=Congress of Deputies |accessdate=19 June 2017}}
6. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://www.juntaelectoralcentral.es/cs/jec/documentos/LOREG_ENG |title=Representation of the people Institutional Act |author= |date= |website=juntaelectoralcentral.es |publisher=Central Electoral Commission |accessdate=16 June 2017}}
7. ^{{cite news |date=18 November 1992 |url=https://elpais.com/diario/1992/11/18/espana/722041205_850215.html |title=El 3 de diciembre de 1993, última fecha posible para las elecciones generales |language=Spanish |work=El País |access-date=19 March 2019}}
8. ^{{cite journal |journal=Boletín Oficial del Estado |issue=88 |date=13 April 1993 |pages=10581–10582 |issn=0212-033X |title=Real Decreto 534/1993, de 12 de abril, de disolución del Congreso de los Diputados y del Senado y de convocatoria de elecciones |url=https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1993/04/13/pdfs/A10581-10582.pdf |language=Spanish}}
9. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.historiaelectoral.com/grups.html |title=Parliamentary Groups in the Congress of Deputies and Senate |language=Spanish |website=historiaelectoral.com |publisher=Electoral History |accessdate=15 March 2019}}
10. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.historiaelectoral.com/senado7.html |title=Senate Composition 1977-2019 |language=Spanish |website=historiaelectoral.com |publisher=Electoral History |accessdate=15 March 2019}}
11. ^{{cite news |date=12 September 1992 |url=https://elpais.com/diario/1992/09/12/espana/716248819_850215.html |title=El PSOE proclama candidato a la presidencia a González pese a que este mantiene la incógnita |language=Spanish |work=El País |access-date=19 March 2019}}
12. ^{{cite news |date=1 January 1993 |url=https://elpais.com/diario/1993/01/10/espana/726620405_850215.html |title=Socialistas y Euskadiko Ezkerra ponen en marcha su proyecto de fusión |language=Spanish |work=El País |access-date=19 March 2019}}
13. ^{{cite news |date=22 February 1993 |url=https://elpais.com/diario/1993/02/22/espana/730335604_850215.html |title=318 afiliados de Euskadiko Ezkerra aprueban la fusión con el PSE-PSOE |language=Spanish |work=El País |access-date=19 March 2019}}
14. ^{{cite news |date=18 March 1991 |url=https://elpais.com/diario/1991/03/18/espana/669250801_850215.html |title=El PP desaparece en Navarra al fusionarse con Unión del Pueblo Navarro |language=Spanish |work=El País |access-date=19 March 2019}}
15. ^{{cite news |date=30 November 1992 |url=https://elpais.com/diario/1992/11/30/espana/723078014_850215.html |title=Aznar será proclamado candidato del PP a La Moncloa el 16 de enero |language=Spanish |work=El País |access-date=19 March 2019}}
16. ^{{cite news |date=20 September 1992 |url=https://elpais.com/diario/1992/09/20/espana/716940010_850215.html |title=Calvo Ortega, candidato |language=Spanish |work=El País |access-date=19 March 2019}}
17. ^1 {{cite news |date=13 October 2015 |url=https://www.elmundo.es/enredados/2015/10/13/561d1f9646163f102b8b4639.html |title=Cinco debates en 11 elecciones: del 'desastre' de Felipe a la 'niña' de Rajoy |language=Spanish |work=El Mundo |access-date=23 January 2019}}
18. ^1 {{cite news |date=21 February 2008 |url=https://www.formulatv.com/noticias/6878/los-debates-gonzalez---aznar-entre-las-emisiones-mas-vistas-de-la-historia-de-antena-3-y-telecinco/ |title=Los debates González - Aznar, entre las emisiones más vistas de la historia de Antena 3 y Telecinco |language=Spanish |work=FormulaTV |access-date=23 January 2019}}
19. ^{{cite web |title=Triunfo claro de Aznar en el primer debate |url=https://elpais.com/diario/1993/05/26/espana/738367204_850215.html |language=Spanish |work=El País |date=26 May 1993}}
20. ^{{cite web |title=Aznar superó a González en el debate |url=http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1993/05/26/pagina-11/33719388/pdf.html |language=Spanish |work=La Vanguardia |date=26 May 1993}}
21. ^{{cite web |title=Las encuestas de "El Mundo", "La Vanguardia" y "El País" dan el triunfo a Aznar |url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1993/05/26/027.html |language=Spanish |work=ABC |date=26 May 1993}}
22. ^{{cite web |title=Victoria neta de González sobre Aznar en el segundo cara a cara televisivo |url=https://elpais.com/diario/1993/06/02/espana/738972046_850215.html |language=Spanish |work=El País |date=2 June 1993}}
23. ^{{cite web |title=González ganó por 20,9 puntos a Aznar |url=http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1993/06/02/pagina-11/34720219/pdf.html |language=Spanish |work=La Vanguardia |date=2 June 1993}}
24. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.infoelectoral.mir.es/min/busquedaAvanzadaAction.html?vuelta=1&codTipoEleccion=2&codPeriodo=199306&codEstado=99&codComunidad=0&codProvincia=0&codMunicipio=0&codDistrito=0&codSeccion=0&codMesa=0 |title=Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. June 1993. National totals |language=Spanish |website=infoelectoral.mir.es |publisher=Ministry of the Interior |accessdate=24 September 2017}}
25. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.historiaelectoral.com/e1993.html |title=General election 6 June 1993 |language=Spanish |website=historiaelectoral.com |publisher=Electoral History |accessdate=24 September 2017}}
26. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.infoelectoral.mir.es/min/busquedaAvanzadaAction.html?vuelta=1&codTipoEleccion=3&codPeriodo=199306&codEstado=99&codComunidad=0&codProvincia=0&codMunicipio=0&codDistrito=0&codSeccion=0&codMesa=0 |title=Electoral Results Consultation. Senate. June 1993. National totals |language=Spanish |website=infoelectoral.mir.es |publisher=Ministry of the Interior |accessdate=24 September 2017}}
27. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.historiaelectoral.com/e1993comp.html#s |title=Senate Election 1993 |language=Spanish |website=historiaelectoral.com |publisher=Electoral History |accessdate=24 September 2017}}
28. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.historiaelectoral.com/congresovota.html |title=Congress of Deputies: Most important votes |language=Spanish |website=historiaelectoral.com |publisher=Electoral History |accessdate=28 September 2017}}
{{Spanish elections}}

4 : 1993 elections in Spain|1993 in Spain|General elections in Spain|June 1993 events in Europe
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