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词条 1993 Storm of the Century
释义

  1. Meteorological history

     Forecasting 

  2. Impact

     Gulf of Mexico  Florida  Cuba  North Atlantic  Tornadoes spawned by the storm 

  3. See also

  4. References

{{About|the 1993 blizzard|other uses|Storm of the Century (disambiguation)}}{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2018}}{{Infobox storm
| name = 1993 Storm of the Century
| image = Storm of the century satellite.gif
| caption = Satellite image by NASA of the storm on March 13, 1993, at 10:01 UTC.
| stormtype = Superstorm
Extratropical cyclone
Nor'easter
Blizzard
Tornado outbreak
Derecho
Ice Storm
| formed = March 12, 1993
| dissipated = March 15, 1993
| RSI = 24.63
| maximum snow = {{convert|69|in|cm|abbr=on}} – Mt. Le Conte, TN
| lowest pressure = 960
| lowest temperature = −12 °F (−24 °C)
| tornadoes = 11 on March 13 (all in Florida)
| fujitascale = F2
| tornado duration = 2 hours, 32 minutes
| damages = >US$2 billion (1993 dollars)
| fatalities = 318 fatalities
| affected = Eastern United States, Canada, Mexico, Cuba, Bahamas, Bermuda
| notes = Part of the 1992–93 North American winter storms
}}

The 1993 Storm of the Century (also known as the 93 Superstorm, The No Name Storm, or the Great Blizzard of 1993) was a large cyclonic storm that formed over the Gulf of Mexico on March 12, 1993. The storm was unique and notable for its intensity, massive size, and wide-reaching effects; at its height, the storm stretched from Canada to Honduras.[1] The cyclone moved through the Gulf of Mexico and then through the eastern United States before moving on to Canada. The storm eventually dissipated in the North Atlantic Ocean on March 15, 1993.

Heavy snow was first reported in highland areas as far south as Alabama and northern Georgia, with Union County, Georgia reporting up to {{convert|35|in|cm}} of snow in the north Georgia mountains. Birmingham, Alabama, reported a rare {{convert|13|in|cm}} of snow.[2][3] The Florida Panhandle reported up to {{convert|4|in|cm}} of snow,[4] with hurricane-force wind gusts and record low barometric pressures. Between Louisiana and Cuba, the hurricane-force winds produced high storm surges across the big bend of Florida which, in combination with scattered tornadoes, killed dozens of people.

Record cold temperatures were seen across portions of the south and east of the US in the wake of this storm. In the United States, the storm was responsible for the loss of electric power to more than 10 million households. An estimated 40 percent of the country's population experienced the effects of the storm[5] with a total of 208 fatalities.[1]

Meteorological history

During March 11 and 12, 1993, temperatures over much of the eastern United States began to drop as an arctic high pressure system built over the Midwest and Great Plains. Concurrently, an extratropical area of low pressure formed over Mexico along a stationary front draped west to east. By the afternoon of March 12, a defined airmass boundary was present along the deepening low. An initial burst of convective precipitation off the southern coast of Texas (facilitated by the transport of tropical moisture into the region) enabled initial intensification of the surface feature on March 12. Supported by a strong split-polar jet stream and a shortwave trough, the nascent system rapidly deepened.[7] The system's central pressure fell to {{convert|991|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}} by 00:00 UTC on March 13. A powerful low-level jet over eastern Cuba and the Gulf of Mexico enhanced a cold front extending from the low southward to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Furthermore, the subtropical jet stream was displaced unusually far south, reaching into the Pacific Ocean near Central America and extending toward Honduras and Jamaica. Intense ageostrophic flow was noted over the southern United States, with winds flowing perpendicular to isobars over Louisiana.[7]

As the area of low pressure moved through the central Gulf of Mexico, a short wave trough in the northern branch of the jet stream fused with the system in the southern stream, which further strengthened the surface low. A squall line developed along the system's cold front, which moved rapidly across the eastern Gulf of Mexico through Florida and Cuba.[7] The cyclone's center moved into north-west Florida early on the morning of March 13, with a significant storm surge in the northwestern Florida peninsula that drowned several people.

Barometric pressures recorded during the storm were low. Readings of {{convert|976.0|mb|inHg}} were recorded in Tallahassee, Florida, and even lower readings of {{convert|960.0|mb|inHg|lk=on}} were observed in New England. Low pressure records for March were set in areas of twelve states along the Eastern Seaboard,[5] with all-time low pressure records set between Tallahassee and Washington, D.C.[6] Snow began to spread over the eastern United States, and a large squall line moved from the Gulf of Mexico into Florida and Cuba. The storm system tracked up the East Coast during Saturday and into Canada by early Monday morning. In the storm's wake, unseasonably cold temperatures were recorded over the next day or two in the Southeast.

Forecasting

The 1993 Storm of the Century marked a milestone in the weather forecasting of the United States. By March 8, 1993, several operational numerical weather prediction models and medium-range forecasters at the United States National Weather Service recognized the threat of a significant snowstorm. This marked the first time National Weather Service meteorologists were able to predict accurately a system's severity five days in advance. Official blizzard warnings were issued two days before the storm arrived, as shorter-range models began to confirm the predictions. Forecasters were finally confident enough of the computer-forecast models to support decisions by several northeastern states to declare a State of Emergency even before the snow started to fall.[7]

Impact

{{more citations needed|section|date=March 2018}}

The storm complex was large and widespread, affecting at least 26 US states and much of eastern Canada. It brought in cold air along with heavy precipitation and hurricane-force winds which, ultimately, caused a blizzard over the affected area; this also included thundersnow from Georgia to Pennsylvania and widespread whiteout conditions. Snow flurries were seen in the air as far south as Jacksonville, Florida,[8] and some areas of central Florida received a trace of snow. The storm severely impacted both ground and air travel. Airports were closed all along the eastern seaboard, and flights were cancelled or diverted, thus stranding many passengers along the way. Every airport from Halifax, Nova Scotia, to Tampa, was closed for some time because of the storm. Highways were also closed or restricted all across the affected region, even in states generally well prepared for snow emergencies.

Snowstorm Totals
Totals are for the main system only.
Snowshoe, WV44|in|cm|abbr=on}}[9]
Syracuse, NY43|in|cm|abbr=on}}[9]
Tobyhanna, PA42|in|cm|abbr=on}}[9]
Lincoln, NH35|in|cm|abbr=on}}[9]
Blairsville, GA35|in|cm|abbr=on}}[3]
Boone, NC33|in|cm|abbr=on}}
Gatlinburg, TN30|in|cm|abbr=on}}[9]
Pittsburgh, PA25.2|in|cm|abbr=on}}
Chattanooga, TN23|in|cm|abbr=on}}[9]
London, KY22|in|cm|abbr=on}}[10]
Worcester, MA20.1|in|cm|abbr=on}}[11]
Ottawa, ON17.7|in|cm|abbr=on}}[12]
Birmingham, AL13|in|cm|abbr=on}}[13]
Montreal, QC16.1|in|cm|abbr=on}}[14]
Trenton, NJ14.8|in|cm|abbr=on}}
30 miles NW of Washington D.C. (Dulles)14.1|in|cm|abbr=on}}
Birmingham, AL13|in|cm|abbr=on}}[15]
Boston, MA12.8|in|cm|abbr=on}}
New York, NY (LaGuardia)12.3|in|cm|abbr=on}}
Baltimore, MD (BWI)11.9|in|cm|abbr=on}}
Atlanta, GA (northern suburbs)10.0|in|cm|abbr=on}}
Huntsville, AL7|in|cm|abbr=on}}[16]
Washington, D.C. (National Airport)6.6|in|cm|abbr=on}}
Atlanta, GA (Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport)4.5|in|cm|abbr=on}}[9]
Mobile, AL3|in|cm|abbr=on}}
Knoxville, TN15|in|cm|abbr=on}}

Some affected areas in the Appalachian Mountain region saw {{convert|5|ft|m}} of snow, and snowdrifts as high as {{convert|35|ft|m}}. Mount Leconte, Tennessee recorded {{convert|60|in|cm}} of snowfall and Mount Mitchell, N.C. recorded {{convert|49|in|cm}}. The volume of the storm's total snowfall was later computed to be {{convert|12.91|mi3|km3}}, an amount which would weigh (depending on the variable density of snow) between 5.4 and 27 billion tons.

The weight of the record snowfalls collapsed several factory roofs in the South; and snowdrifts on the windward sides of buildings caused a few decks with substandard anchors to fall from homes. Though the storm was forecast to strike the snow-prone Appalachian Mountains, hundreds of people were nonetheless rescued from the Appalachians, many caught completely off guard on the Appalachian Trail or in cabins and lodges in remote locales. Snow drifts up to {{convert|14|ft|m}} were observed at Mount Mitchell. Snowfall totals of between {{convert|2|and|3|ft|m}} were widespread across northwestern North Carolina. Boone, North Carolina—in a high-elevation area accustomed to heavy snowfalls—was nonetheless caught off-guard by more than {{convert|30|in|cm}} of snow and 24 hours of temperatures below {{convert|11|°F|°C}}. Boone's Appalachian State University closed that week, for the first time in its history. Stranded motorists at Deep Gap broke into Parkway Elementary School to survive, and National Guard helicopters dropped hay in fields to keep livestock from starving in northern N.C. mountain counties.

In Virginia, the LancerLot sports arena in Vinton collapsed due to the weight of the record snowfall, as did the roofs of a Lowe's store in Christiansburg and the Dedmon Center, at Radford University. Thousands of travelers were stranded along interstate highways in Southwest Virginia.[17]

Electricity was not restored to many isolated rural areas for up to three weeks, with power outages occurring all over the east. Nearly 60,000 lightning strikes were recorded as the storm swept over the country for a total of 72 hours. As one of the most powerful, complex storms in recent history, this storm was described as the "Storm of the Century" by many of the areas affected.

Gulf of Mexico

The United States Coast Guard dealt with "absolutely incredible, unbelievable" conditions within the Gulf of Mexico. The {{convert|200|ft|m|adj=on}} freighter Fantastico sank {{convert|70|mi|km}} off Ft. Myers, Florida, and seven of her crew died when a Coast Guard helicopter was forced back to base due to low fuel levels after rescuing three of her crew. The {{convert|147|ft|m|adj=on}} freighter Miss Beholden ran aground on a coral reef {{convert|10|mi|km}} from Key West, Florida. Several other smaller vessels sank in the rough seas. In all, the Coast Guard rescued 235 people from over 100 boats across the Gulf of Mexico during the tempest.[18]

Florida

Besides producing record-low barometric pressure across a swath of the Southeast and Mid-Atlantic states, and contributing to one of the nation's biggest snowstorms, the low produced a potent squall line ahead of its cold front. The squall line produced a serial derecho as it moved into Florida and Cuba shortly after midnight on March 13. Straight-line winds gusted above 100 mph ({{convert|100|mph|kn|disp=output only}}, {{convert|100|mph|km/h|disp=output only}}) at many locations in Florida as the squall line moved through. A substantial tree fall was seen statewide from this system. The supercells in the derecho produced eleven tornadoes. The first tornado was an F2 that touched down in Chiefland at 04:38 UTC on March 13, damaging several mobile and downing trees and power lines. Three people were killed and seven people sustained injures. Around the same time, an F1 tornado was spawned near Crystal River. After moving eastward into the town, the twister damaged 15 homes, several of them severely. A total of three people were injured. The next tornado was a waterspout that moved ashore over Treasure Island around 05:00 UTC. Rated F0, the tornado deroofed one home, damaged several others, and impacted a few boats.[20]

Around 05:04 UTC, an F0 tornado was reported in New Port Richey, damaging several homes and injuring 11 people. About 16 minutes later, an F2 tornado formed to the southwest of Ocala. Many trees fell and several storage buildings and a warehouse suffered extensive damage, while one hangar was destroyed and two others received major damage at the Ocala International Airport. At 05:20 UTC, approximately the same time as the Ocala tornado, another twister – rated F1 – touched down near LaCrosse. Several trees and power lines were downed and a few homes were destroyed, one from a propane explosion. One person was killed and four others received injuries. About 10 minutes later, another F2 twister was spawned near Howey-in-the-Hills. It moved through Mount Dora, destroying 13 homes, substantially damaging 80 homes, and inflicting minor damage on 266 homes. One person, a 5-month-old baby, was killed, while two others were injured.[20]

At 05:30 UTC, a waterspout-turned F0 tornado tossed a {{convert|23|ft|m|abbr=on}} sailboat about {{convert|300|ft|m|abbr=on}} at the Davis Islands yacht club in Tampa, while five other boats broke loose from their cradles and twelve were smashed into the seawall. About 30 minutes later,

an F1 tornado formed in Jacksonville, demolishing four dwellings and damaging sixteen others.[20] Also at 06:00 UTC, an F0 tornado spawned near Bartow snapped a few trees and damaged a few doors. The eleventh and final tornado developed in Jacksonville at 06:10 UTC. The twister damaged a few trees near the Jacksonville International Airport. At the airport itself, the tornado damaged several jetways and service vehicles, while a Boeing 737 was pushed about {{convert|40|ft|m|abbr=on}}.[20]

A substantial storm surge was also generated along the gulf coast from Apalachee Bay in the Florida Panhandle to north of Tampa Bay. Due to the angle of the coast relative to the approaching squall, Taylor County along the eastern portion of Apalachee Bay and Hernando County north of Tampa were especially hard-hit.[4]

Storm surges in those areas reached up to {{convert|12|ft|m}},[19] higher than many hurricanes. With little advance warning of incoming severe conditions, some coastal residents were awakened in the early morning of March 13 by the waters of the Gulf of Mexico rushing into their homes.[21] More people died from drowning in this storm than during Hurricanes Hugo and Andrew combined.[22] Overall, the storm's surge, winds, and tornadoes damaged or destroyed 18,000 homes.[23] A total of 47 lives were lost in Florida due to this storm.[4]

Cuba

In Cuba, wind gusts reached {{convert|100|mph|km/h}} in the Havana area. A survey conducted by a research team from the Institute of Meteorology of Cuba suggests that the maximum winds could have been as high as {{convert|130|mph|km/h}}. It is the most damaging squall line ever recorded in Cuba.

There was widespread and significant damage in Cuba, with damage estimated as intense as F2.[24] The squall line finally moved out of Cuba near sunrise, leaving 10 deaths and US$1 billion in damage on the island.

North Atlantic

The cargo ship Gold Bond Conveyor en route from Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada to Tampa, Florida foundered in the Atlantic Ocean 60 nautical miles (110 km) SE of Sable Island, Nova Scotia with the loss of all 33 crew.[25] It is thought that water entered the hold where gypsum ore was being stored and caused the rock to shift and harden. This instability compounded with winds of 90 miles an hour (145 km/h) and 100-foot (30 m) waves led to her sinking. The Liberian-flagged ship was owned by Skaarup Shipping Corp., of Greenwich, Connecticut, and under charter to National Gypsum Co., a U.S. company. The ship previously survived the Perfect Storm of 1991 two years earlier. [26]

Tornadoes spawned by the storm

{{Tornado Chart | Total = 11 | F0 = 4 | F1 = 4 | F2 = 3 | F3 = 0 | F4 = 0 | F5 = 0}}
F#LocationCountyTime (UTC)Path lengthFatalities
Florida
cat2}} | F2NW of Chiefland Levy 04381|mi|km}}3 deaths
cat1}} | F1E of Crystal River Citrus 04380.5|mi|km}}
storm}} | F0Treasure Island Pinellas 05000.2|mi|km}}
storm}} | F0New Port Richey area Pasco 05040.1|mi|km}}
cat2}} | F2Ocala area Marion 052015|mi|km}}
cat1}} | F1N of LaCrosse Alachua 05200.8|mi|km}}1 death
cat2}} | F2NW of Howey Height to Alamonte Springs Lake 053030|mi|km}}1 death
cat1}} | F1Tampa area Hillsborough 05300.6|mi|km}}
cat1}} | F1Jacksonville area (1st tornado) Duval 06000.8|mi|km}}
storm}} | F0Bartow area Polk 06000.1|mi|km}}
storm}} | F0Jacksonville area (2nd tornado) Duval 06100.1|mi|km}}
Sources:

Tornado History Project Storm Data – March 12, 1993, Tornado History Project Storm Data – March 13, 1993

See also

{{Portal|Weather}}
  • List of derecho events
  • Great Flood of 1993
  • Early 2014 North American cold wave
  • Snowmageddon
  • March 2019 North American blizzard

References

1. ^1 {{cite web|last1=Armstrong|first1=Tim|title=Superstorm of 1993: "Storm of the Century"|url=http://www.weather.gov/ilm/Superstorm93|website=NOAA|accessdate=February 12, 2017}}
2. ^{{cite web|title=Birmingham Cold Weather Facts (updated Nov. 24, 2015)|url=https://www.weather.gov/bmx/climo_bhmcoldwxfacts|website=National Weather Service-Birmingham|accessdate=February 12, 2017}}
3. ^1 {{cite web | url=http://www.ajc.com/news/local/years-ago-atlanta-slammed-rare-blizzard/o73EFo56ljUslA8zfawsbL/ | title=21 years ago, Atlanta slammed by rare blizzard | work=ajc.com | date=March 13, 2013}}
4. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=Event Details|author=National Climatic Data Center|url=http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~ShowEvent~194933|accessdate=December 22, 2010|year=1993|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416060920/http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~ShowEvent~194933|archive-date=April 16, 2009|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}
5. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/research/roth/MarchWhenRecordLowSLPs.gif|author=David M. Roth|publisher=Weather Prediction Center|title=Occurrence of March Record Low SLPs|date=March 2016|accessdate=March 14, 2016}}
6. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/research/roth/AllTimeWhenRecordLowSLPs.gif|author=David M. Roth|publisher=Weather Prediction Center|title=Months when All-Time Record Low SLPs Were Set|year=2016|accessdate=March 14, 2016}}
7. ^{{cite web | title = Forecasting the "Storm of the Century" | url = http://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/events/storm/welcome.html#firsts | date=December 14, 2006 |accessdate =March 14, 2007|author=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration }}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wunderground.com/history/airport/KNIP/1993/3/13/DailyHistory.html?req_city=NA&req_state=NA&req_statename=NA |title=History | Weather Underground |publisher=Wunderground.com |date= |accessdate=2012-11-01}}
9. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web | url = ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/techrpts/tr9301/tr9301.pdf | title = The Big One! A Review of the March 12–14, 1993 "Storm of the Century | publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | author=Neal Lott | date=May 14, 1993| accessdate =March 3, 2007|format=PDF}}
10. ^{{cite web | url = http://kyclim.wku.edu/factSheets/blizzard.htm | title = Fact Sheet: Blizzard of 1993 | author1 = David Sander | author2 = Glen Conner | accessdate = March 3, 2007 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://archive.is/20051202040137/http://kyclim.wku.edu/factSheets/blizzard.htm | archivedate = December 2, 2005 | df = mdy-all }}
11. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.erh.noaa.gov/box/RecordSnows.htm | title = Top 10 Record Snowfalls of New England |author1=Mike Carbone |author2=Neal Strauss |author3=Frank Nocera |author4=Dave Henry | date=March 16, 2001|publisher=National Weather Service Forecast Office, Taunton, Massachusetts|accessdate =June 26, 2009}}
12. ^{{cite news | author = Reuters | title = Plus de 100 morts de Cuba au Quebec | publisher = La Presse | date = March 15, 1993 | page = A3 }}
13. ^{{cite web|title=Birmingham Cold Weather Facts|url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/bmx/?n=climo_winter2006bhm|website=National Weather Service-Birmingham|accessdate=March 3, 2016}}
14. ^{{cite news | author = Lapointe, Pascal | title = Le Québec y a goûté ! | publisher = Le Soleil | date = March 15, 1993 | page = A1 }}
15. ^{{cite web | url=http://blog.al.com/spotnews/2013/03/where_were_you_during_the_bliz.html | title=Where were you during the Blizzard of '93? AL.com wants your pictures, memories | publisher=al.com | date=March 11, 2013 | accessdate=March 15, 2015 | author=Gray, Jeremy}}
16. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.bamawx.com/2008/03/blizard-of-1993.html | title=20th Anniversary of Blizzard of 1993 | work=Mike Wilhelm's Alabama Weather Blog | date=March 11, 2013 | accessdate=March 15, 2015 | author=Wilhelm, Mike}}
17. ^https://www.roanoke.com/weather/region-s-blizzard-of-still-widely-remembered/article_66ef8b52-7e24-5f2c-be1c-b1fafd7d39ed.html
18. ^{{cite journal|url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/environment/natural-disasters/4219886|title=Superstorm: Eastern and Central U.S., March 1993|author=John Galvin|journal=Popular Mechanics|date=December 18, 2009|publisher=Hearst Communication, Inc.|page=1| accessdate= November 23, 2011 }}
19. ^1 {{cite web | title = Superstorm of March 1993 | author = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | url = https://www.weather.gov/media/publications/assessments/Superstorm_March-93.pdf | accessdate=January 31, 2018 | year=1994 | publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131201527/https://www.weather.gov/media/publications/assessments/Superstorm_March-93.pdf | archivedate=January 31, 2018 | deadurl=no}}
20. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal|volume=35|number=3|journal=Storm Data|title=Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena|date=March 1993|issn=0039-1972|publisher=National Climatic Data Center|accessdate=March 12, 2018|url=https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS/IPS-2BDEEC96-FD2E-47CC-855E-9D2A39ACDD98.pdf|format=PDF|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6xsEtWTaJ?url=https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS/IPS-2BDEEC96-FD2E-47CC-855E-9D2A39ACDD98.pdf|archivedate=March 12, 2018|location=Asheville, North Carolina|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www2.sptimes.com/weather/SW.3.3.html|title=Losing a home, then losing a life|author=Rick Gershman|publisher=St. Petersburg Times|date=March 18, 1993|accessdate=December 22, 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723153944/http://www2.sptimes.com/weather/SW.3.3.html|archivedate=July 23, 2011|df=mdy-all}}
22. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/assessments/superstorm/superstorm.pdf|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|accessdate=December 21, 2010|title=Assessment of the Superstorm of March 1993|author=Office of Meteorology|date=August 24, 2000| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110104132301/http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/assessments/superstorm/superstorm.pdf| archivedate=January 4, 2011 | deadurl= no}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www2.sptimes.com/weather/SW.3.html|title=A storm with no name|author=St. Petersburg Times|year=1999|accessdate=December 22, 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723153951/http://www2.sptimes.com/weather/SW.3.html|archivedate=July 23, 2011|df=mdy-all}}
24. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal |author1=Arnaldo P. Alfonso |author2=Lino R. Naranjo|date=March 1996|pages=89–102|journal=Weather and Forecasting|publisher = American Meteorological Society | title = The 13 March 1993 Severe Squall Line over Western Cuba | url = http://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1175%2F1520-0434%281996%29011%3C0089%3ATMSSLO%3E2.0.CO%3B2 | accessdate =April 25, 2007|doi=10.1175/1520-0434(1996)011<0089:TMSSLO>2.0.CO;2 | issn = 1520-0434 | volume = 11|bibcode = 1996WtFor..11...89A }}
25. ^ James Bone (16 March 1993). The Times (64593). London. col E-F, p. 11."British crew lost as storm sinks freighter".
26. ^ http://ngc-heritage.com/op-ships-gbconveyor.htm
{{United States winter storms}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Storm Of The Century, 1993}}

29 : Blizzards in the United States|Blizzards in Canada|Nor'easters|1993 meteorology|1993 natural disasters|1993 natural disasters in the United States|1993 disasters in Canada|1993 in Cuba|Derechos in the United States|F2 tornadoes|Tornadoes in the United States|Natural disasters in Alabama|Natural disasters in Connecticut|Natural disasters in Florida|Natural disasters in Georgia (U.S. state)|Natural disasters in Kentucky|Natural disasters in New Brunswick|Natural disasters in New Hampshire|Natural disasters in New York (state)|Natural disasters in North Carolina|Natural disasters in Nova Scotia|Natural disasters in Ontario|Natural disasters in Pennsylvania|Natural disasters in Quebec|Natural disasters in Tennessee|Natural disasters in Virginia|Natural disasters in West Virginia|Natural disasters in Washington, D.C.|March 1993 events
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